International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE)

Vol. 13, No. 4, December 2024, pp. 790~797

ISSN: 2252-8792, DOI: 10.11591/ijape.v13.i4.pp790-797  790

Optimized control strategy for a three-phase grid connected

inverter using PI controller and DQ frame

Nagasridhar Arise, Madde Saiteja, V. Siddu, Vadluri Kavya, Mada Vijay

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Teegala Krishna Reddy Engineering College, Hyderabad, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This paper provides a proportional-integral (PI) controller and direct-
quadrature (DQ) frame transformation-based optimum control method for a
Received Sep 26, 2023 three-phase grid-connected inverter. In terms of grid synchronization, voltage
Revised Mar 8, 2024 regulation, and harmonic abatement, the proposed control technique attempts
Accepted Apr 26, 2024 to improve the inverter's performance. By separating the control of active and
reactive power, the control structure is made simpler and independent
regulation of these parameters is possible. This improves the inverter's
Keywords: capacity to quickly react to grid disruptions and track reference values
accurately. In order to lower carbon emissions and improve grid
DQ frame dependability, it has become vital to integrate renewable energy sources into
Grid integration the current power grid. Grid-connected inverters are essential in this situation
PI controller because they transform DC electricity from renewable sources into grid-safe
Renewable energy AC power. This abstract outline a proportional-integral (PI) controller and
Three phase inverters direct-quadrature (DQ) frame-based optimal control method for a three-phase
grid-connected inverter using a MATLAB simulation.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Madde Saiteja
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Teegala Krishna Reddy Engineering College
Hyderabad, India
Email: saitejam1306@gmail.com

1. INTRODUCTION
A crucial component of the global shift to sustainable energy systems is the quick development of
renewable energy sources like wind power. The usage of three-phase LCL-type grid-connected inverters is one
of the favored methods for integrating renewable energy installations like wind turbines into the public grid.
These inverters make it easier to transform variable renewable energy output into a format that can be fed into
the grid. Nevertheless, despite their extensive use, these inverters' interface with the grid has inherent stability
issues. As a result, it is critical to carefully examine and fix these stability issues [1]. The pursuit of energy
efficiency and sustainability is critical in today's society across many businesses. Elevator systems are one key
area where energy-saving technology is crucial, particularly with the use of three-phase grid-connected
inverters. With the use of this technology, extra DC energy may be converted into AC power and easily
incorporated into the power grid, effectively acting as a load [2]. The installation of a grid-connected three-
phase inverter system while abiding by industry norms and criteria is the main topic of this article. Average
models are used to represent the inverter and LCL filter, and the design of the control scheme in the DQ
reference frame is discussed [3]. In order to overcome these difficulties, a proportional-resonant (PR) controller
in a stationary coordinate system is offered as a novel solution in this study. Infinite control gain at a particular
resonance frequency is one of the PR controller's standout traits. At that frequency point, steady-state error-
free control can be achieved thanks to this special characteristic [4]. This study addresses the challenging
problems of power coupling and intricate decoupling in the context of a three-phase grid-connected inverter's

Journal homepage: http://ijape.iaescore.com

Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  791

d-q coordinate system [5]. The gains of the proportional-integral (PI) controllers are improved utilizing a
genetic algorithm (GA) through an adaptive online tuning procedure to guarantee the adaptability and efficacy
of the control system [6]. An external power loop and an internal current control loop, both implemented using
customary PI type controllers, are two crucial parts of the suggested control method [7]. The power generated
travels via a three-phase inverter on its way from generation to consumption, operating in accordance with the
DQ principle to ensure smooth communication with the grid. This integration not only makes it easier to export
excess energy, but it also deals with the crucial problem of poor power quality, which can develop in such
intricate systems [8]. These control techniques' main goal is to smoothly transfer all active power produced by
non-renewable sources into the grid utility while maintaining the highest standards of power quality and
achieving a unity power factor [9]. This paper not only explains the complex design of the controller but
also goes into great detail on how it is implemented and evaluates how well it works using a number of
simulations [10].
The voltage source inverter (VSI) that powers the DVR uses two PI controllers to carefully control
the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) pulses. These controllers accomplish this by fine-tuning the D-Q
axis voltage signals, with each controller handling a single axis component of the load voltage as input and
output [11]. A DC-link voltage control loop using a PI controller is cascaded with an internal current loop using
PI and proportional-resonant (PR) controllers in the suggested topology. For non-renewable systems, these
control techniques are frequently used in a variety of recognized reference frames. The steady-state
performance of the proposed system was determined by evaluating key performance indicators, such as total
harmonic distortion [12]. The incorporation of micro-sources into microgrids, however, also presents
difficulties, particularly in resolving problems with power quality. Non-linear and unbalanced loads in the
distribution system might cause disturbances that degrade the microgrid's overall power quality. This paper
evaluates the efficiency of the voltage source inverter (VSI) topology and suggests a method for improving
stability in the context of current stochastic grid systems by employing a proportional-integral (PI) controller
[13]. Power quality issues in smart microgrid networks are caused by the substantial voltage variations that
these grid systems frequently suffer [14]. The performance of these techniques is then carefully compared,
taking into account elements like grid voltage disturbance rejection and stability under various grid short circuit
levels [15]. Voltage stability has been significantly challenged by the rapid expansion of renewable energy
sources, notably solar energy systems connected to low and medium voltage networks [16]. Three crucial
performance indices are used to assess the effectiveness of the suggested method: the electrical signal's root
mean square (RMS) value, total harmonic distortion (THD), and voltage sag compensation [17]-[19]. The form
of a modular transformer less grid-connected photovoltaic multilayer inverter, a novel approach is presented
in this work [20]-[22]. In this study, we independently set limits for the d-axis and q-axis grid currents using a
thorough nonlinear closed-loop system analysis that is based on input-to-state stability theory [23]-[24]. Our
study's simulation results will be presented and discussed, shedding light on the possibilities of integrated
renewable energy systems as a sustainable and forward-thinking strategy to fulfil our expanding energy needs
while preserving our planet's vulnerable ecosystems [25].

2. SYNCHRONOUS REFERENCE FRAME THEORY

In Figure 1 shows P-Q control schemes of a three-phase grid connected inverter in a micro grid. In
Figure 1, Lf stands for the equivalent inductance of the LC filter, Rf is the equivalent resistance of the LC filter,
and Vdc is the DC voltage supplied by a distribution generation unit. Cd and Cf are the capacitance of the DC
side and the LC filter, respectively. The grid-side voltage, a current and phase detector, an inverter-side voltage
and current detector, a calculation of active and reactive power, an active power PI controller, a reactive power
PI controller, a current PI controller, abc/dq and dq/abc transformations, and space vector pulse width
modulation (SVPWM) are the key operations that make up the P-Q control scheme. A control method used in
power electronics to manage the flow of electrical energy between a microgrid (a localized collection of
distributed energy resources) and the primary utility grid is known as the P-Q control system of a three-phase
grid-connected inverter. The active power (P) and reactive power (Q) exchanged between the utility grid and
the microgrid are the two main parameters that are the subject of this control scheme's attention. An overview
of the P-Q control technique is provided below:
- Active power control (P): The actual work carried out by electrical energy is referred to as active power,
also known as real power. The P control in a microgrid makes sure that the inverter can control the transfer
of actual power with the utility grid. The inverter modifies its output to deliver active power to the microgrid
when the microgrid needs to import power (for instance, during a deficit). On the other hand, the inverter
can export extra electricity to the utility grid when the microgrid generates excess power (for instance, from
renewable sources like solar panels).

Optimized control strategy for a three-phase grid connected inverter using … (Nagasridhar Arise)
792  ISSN: 2252-8792

- Reactive power control (Q): Reactive power is not directly used for labour; rather, it is necessary to keep
the grid's voltage levels stable. By using Q control, the inverter may control the flow of reactive power and
supply or absorb it as necessary. When an inverter is operating in capacitive mode (supplying reactive
power), the microgrid's voltage levels are increased, and when it is operating in inductive mode (absorbing
reactive power), the voltage levels are decreased.

160V/400V
Lf ioR
iR Rf VgR
ioY
DC Vdc Cd iY VgY
Unit ioB VgB
iB

E
Three phase

VoY

VoB
VoR
SVPWM
Cf transformer
Grid-side
Inverter-side voltage voltage,
Dq/abc and current detector current and
phase detector
Current PI abc/dq
controlled
Active and reactive
power calculation
Prf P
Active power PI
controller Q

Reactive power PI
controller Qref

Figure 1. P-Q control schemes of a three-phase grid connected inverter in a micro grid

3. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
In Figure 2 shows the block diagram of the reference current extraction of PI controller based on
instantaneous reactive power (IRP) theory. In Figure 2 the three phase line currents are a, b and c line current;
they are connected to 3-phase to 2-phase Clark’s transformation and it converts 3-phase to 2-phase represented
by α and β currents. The Clarks transformation also to use control the three-phase system. The α and β currents
are connected to the active and reactive power component and the power of the equations are p and q are
connected, it produces the accuracy and it is gives linear system, this PI controller provides a fast response
time, the linear active and reactive powers are connected to the line current of α and β currents, and the line
currents are connected reverse Clarks transformation by using reverse Clark’s transformation we can convert
2 phases to 3 phase line currents. The line currents are connected to hysteresis based PWM current controller,
by using this component to generate controllable frequency and also control ac voltage magnitudes by using
pulse width modulation. So, the line currents are connected to voltage source inverter. So, by using filters we
can reduce the harmonics. And the three phase voltages are connected input to the three phases to two phase
Clark’s transformation in reverse supply, and the three phase to two phase Clark’s transformation and it will
give the output in terms of α and β voltages and it connected to the power components.

3.1. PI controller
Grid inverters and other control systems frequently use the proportional-integral (PI) controller as a
control mechanism. API controller is frequently used in the context of a grid inverter to control the electricity
flow between renewable energy sources (like solar or wind power plants) and the grid. To reduce errors and
keep an output that is accurate and consistent, it makes use of both proportional and integral components. The
controller must be properly tuned to work at its best under various operating settings and grid conditions.
- Proportional component (P): The current error, or the discrepancy between the planned setpoint and the
actual process variable, is what the proportional component of the controller reacts to. It attempts to lessen
the error by producing an output that is proportionate to the error. The magnitude of this response depends
on the proportional gain (Kp).
- Integral component (I): The integral component produces an output that acts to correct any steady-state or
long-term errors by accumulating the past error over time. It is crucial for getting rid of any bias or
offset in the system. How aggressively the controller responds to accumulated error depends on the integral
gain (Ki).

Int J Appl Power Eng, Vol. 13, No. 4, December 2024: 790-797
Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  793

iLR i p = v i + v i PID
3-ph to 2-ph    
iLY controller p
iLB
clark’s
Transformation q = −v  i + v i PID
i v v controller
 q
3-ph to 2-ph clark’s
Transformation
iSR iSY iSB
*
iSR vR v vB
Y 1
i = (v p − v q)
Switching Hysteresis based * Reverse Clark’s 
Signal to VSI PWM current
iSY
controller Tranformation 1
i = (v q + v p)
* 
i
SB

Figure 2. Block diagram of the reference current extraction of PI controller based on IRP theory

3.2. Control algorithms

A DSTATCOM supplies reactive power as needed by the load for reactive power compensation,
because only real Power is provided by the source, and load balancing is accomplished. Through balancing the
source reference current. Reference source current used to determine when the DSTATCOM will switch on
the load current actually has a fundamental frequency component whereby these approaches are used to
extracted by ANFIS controller.
IRP theory is based on the calculation of instantaneous active and reactive power in the -frame and
the transfer of three-phase quantities to two-phase quantities [3], [4]. Figures 2 displays a block diagram of the
reference extraction of using ANFIS controller with IRP theory. He controller receives sensed inputs VR, VY,
and VB as well as iLR, iLY, and iLB. These quantities are then processed to create reference current commands
(iSR, iSY, and iSB), which are then fed to a hysteresis-based pulse width modulated (PWM) signal generator
(shown in Figure 2) to produce final switching signals fed to the DSTATCOM.
The system of the voltages is given by (1).

𝑣𝑅 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋
𝑣𝑌 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜔𝑡 − )
3
4𝜋
𝑣𝐵 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜔𝑡 − ) (1)
3

The load currents are shown in (2).

𝑖𝐿𝑅 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝐼𝐿𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛{ 𝑛( 𝜔𝑡) − 𝜃𝑎𝑛 }

2𝜋
𝑖𝐿𝑌 = ∑ 𝐼𝐿𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛{ 𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − ) − 𝜃𝑏𝑛 }
3
4𝜋
𝑖𝐿𝐵 = ∑ 𝐼𝐿𝑐𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛{ 𝑛𝜔𝑡 − ) − 𝜃𝑎𝑛 } (2)
3

The R, Y, and B axes are fixed on the same plane and spaced out by 2/3 in R-Y-B coordinates. The "R" axis is
the location of the instantaneous space vectors VR and iLR, whose amplitudes change with time in both positive
and negative directions. This likewise applies to the other two phases. Using Clark's transformation, these
phasors can be converted into-coordinates as shown in (3) and (4).

−1 −1
1 𝑣𝑅
𝑣𝛼 2 2 2
[𝑣 ] = √ ( −√3
) [𝑣𝑌 ] (3)
𝛽 3 √3
0 𝑣𝐵
2 2

−1 −1
1 𝑖𝐿𝑅
𝑖𝛼 2 2 2
[𝑖 ] = √ ( −√3
) [𝑖𝐿𝑌 ] (4)
𝛽 3 √3
0 𝑖𝐿𝐵
2 2

Where α and β are orthogonal coordinates. The power of conventional is defined as (5),

𝑝 = 𝑣𝛼 𝑖𝛼 + 𝑣𝛽 𝑖𝛽 (5)

Optimized control strategy for a three-phase grid connected inverter using … (Nagasridhar Arise)
794  ISSN: 2252-8792

where p equals the standard equation as shown in (6).

𝑝 = 𝑣𝑎 𝑖𝑎 + 𝑣𝑏 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑣𝑐 𝑖𝑐 (6)

Similarly, the IRP q is defined by (7).

𝑞 = −𝑣𝛽 𝑖𝛼 + 𝑣𝛼 𝑖𝛽 (7)

Active and real power can be written as (8).

𝑝 𝑣𝛼 𝑣𝛽 𝑖𝛼
[ ] = (−𝑣 𝑣𝛼 ) [𝑖𝛽 ] (8)
𝑞 𝛽

To find the currents, refer to (9),

𝑖𝛼 1 𝑣𝛼 𝑣𝛽 𝑝
[𝑖 ] = (−𝑣 𝑣𝛼 ) [𝑞 ] (9)
𝛽 𝛥 𝛽

where 𝛥 is defined as shown in (10).

𝛥 = 𝑣𝛼2 + 𝑣𝛽2 (10)

It is possible to separate the instantaneous active and reactive powers p and q into an oscillatory and an average
(DC) component.

𝑝 = 𝑝 + 𝑝̃
q =q+q (11)

The reference of currents in R, Y, and B coordinates using reverse Clark’s transformation as described in (12).
∗
𝑖𝑠𝛼 1 𝑣𝛼 −𝑣𝛽 𝑝
[ ∗ ] = (𝑣 −𝑣𝛼 ) [0] (12)
𝑖𝑠𝛽 𝛥 𝛽

The three phase currents of R, Y, and B are shown in (13),

1
1 0
∗
𝑖𝑆𝑅 √2 𝑖0∗
∗ 2 1 −1 √3 ∗
[𝑖𝑆𝑌 ] =√ √2 2 2
[𝑖𝑠𝛼 ] (13)
∗ 3 ∗
𝑖𝑆𝐵 1 −1 −√3
𝑖𝑠𝛽
(√2 2 2 )

where 𝑖0∗ is the zero-sequence component.

4. SIMULATION RESULTS
The Figure 3 shows it is a supply voltage from renewable energy sources that means we give a supply
from renewable energy sources to grid through three phase inverters. Inverter converts DC to AC. Voltage.
The below figure supply voltage peak voltage is 600 V is supplied voltage, R, Y, and B phase should be
amplitude is a 600 V. The phase shift between three phases should be at 120 degrees apart. And the below the
supply current is shown figure. At the starting current the fluctuations are occurred at 0 to 0.01 sec after 0.01
sec the currents will continue without fluctuation with help of LCL filter and PI controller. The supply current
will change with help of control schemes of active and reactive current control schemes. If we keep 205 at
Active current and reactive current is 0 the current start from 0 and the amplitude of current is 205 A. And if
we keep active current 0 and reactive current is 150 then graph start at negative and amplitude is 150 A.
The Figure 4 shows the active power and reactive power. active and reactive power from the supply.
From Figure 4 powers from 0 to close 0.02 sec will constant and after 0.02 will get sinusoidal wave form of
three phase. The Reactive power after 0.02 sec will flow up and move constant till end and R and Y phases

Int J Appl Power Eng, Vol. 13, No. 4, December 2024: 790-797
Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  795

will get peak because of PI controller. The Figure 5 is an inverter current. The inverter and supply current are
same. The amplitude of current is controlled by the current control schemes. At the starting the phases are get
fluctuations after it continues without fluctuations.

Figure 3. Supply current and supply voltage with Figure 4. Active and reactive power with
respect to time respect to time

Figure 5. Inverter current with respect to time

5. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, a three-phase grid-connected inverter using an optimal control strategy including a PI
controller and the direct-quadrature (DQ) frame offers a reliable and effective solution for contemporary power
grid integration. With the help of this sophisticated control system, voltage and current waveforms may be
precisely regulated, resulting in smooth communication between utility grids and renewable energy sources
like solar or wind turbines. The system performs real-time control parameter modification through the use of
the PI controller, improving steady-state performance and transient reactions. The DQ frame transformation
also makes it easier to manage three-phase currents, which helps with efficient grid synchronization and power
flow control. In the end, this control strategy not only increases energy output from renewable sources but also
safeguards the integrity of the grid, providing a promising path for the adoption of sustainable energy solutions
and the realization of a more environmentally friendly.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Nagasridhar Arise is received the B.Tech. and M.Tech. from JNTU

Hyderabad, India, in 2007 and 2012 respectively. He is working presently as Assistant
Professor in Teegala Krishna Reddy Engineering College, Hyderabad, India. He is worked
as Assistant Professor in Praveenya Institute of Marine Engineering and Maritime Studies
College, Vizag, India. He has 11 years of experience teaching and 3 years of experience in
the industry. His area of interest includes power systems, power quality, and hybrid energy
systems. He has presented technical papers in various national and international journals
and conferences. He can be contacted at email: Sridhar0106@gmail.com.

Int J Appl Power Eng, Vol. 13, No. 4, December 2024: 790-797
Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  797

Madde Saiteja is received the diploma from Government Polytechnic -

Sangareddy, Hyderabad, Telangana in 2021 presently UG student in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering in Teegala krishna Reddy Engineering College, Hyderabad,
India. He completed interniship in Diploma from 33/11 Kandhi Substation-Sangareddy. He
has a interest in power systems and machines. He can be contacted at email:
saitejam1306@gmail.com.

V. Siddu is received the diploma from Government Polytechnic-Vaddepally,

Hyderabad, Telangana in 2021 presently UG student in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering in Teegala krishna Reddy Engineering College, Hyderabad, India. He
has a interest in power systems and machines. He can be contacted at email:
siddunayak740029@gmail.com.

Vadluri Kavya is received the diploma from SVS Group of Institution-

Bheemaram Hanamkonda, Hyderabad, Telangana in 2021 presently UG student in Electrical
and Electronics Engineering in Teegala krishna Reddy Engineering College, Hyderabad,
India. He has a interest in power electronics and electric vehicles. He can be contacted at
email: kavyavadluri27@gmail.com.

Mada Vijay is received the diploma from Government Polytechnic- Nizamabad

Hyderabad, Telangana in 2021 presently UG student in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering in Teegala krishna Reddy Engineering College, Hyderabad, India. He
has a interest in power systems and power electronics. He can be contacted at email:
madavijay9121@gmail.com.

Optimized control strategy for a three-phase grid connected inverter using … (Nagasridhar Arise)