Sound Summary

-Sound Summary-
*Sound is a form of energy which produces a sensation of hearing in our ears.

*Vibration is defined as the to-and-fro motion of an object about it’s mean
position.
*A motion that repeats itself at regular intervals of time is called periodic
motion.
*’Wave’ are sustained disturbances lasting for a longer period of time while
‘pulse’ is a disturbance lasting for a short duration.
*Waves transfer energy but not matter.
*Medium is defined as the matter in which a wave can propagate.
-Types of Waves-
*There are three types of waves:
i) Mechanical waves
ii) Electromagnetic waves
iii) Matter waves

Mechanical wave
*A mechanical wave is a periodic disturbance which requires a medium (solid,
liquid, gas) for it’s propagation.
Ex- Seismic waves (waves produced by earthquakes).
Shock waves (waves produced by supersonic jet planes).
-Types of mechanical waves-
* There are two types of mechanical waves
a) Transverse wave –
* Waves move perpendicular to the mean position.
* Displacement in upward direction is called ‘crest’ and in downward direction
is called ‘trough’.
*It does not require a medium to travel *Are propagated in solids and
Ex- Light wave. Surfaces of liquids only.
b) Longitudinal wave –
*Waves move horizontally, in the direction of the sound wave propagation.
*Displacement in horizontal direction, when wave rings near each other
(compression), when rings away from each other (rarefaction).
*It requires a medium to travel.
Ex- Sound wave.
-Propagation of Sound-
* Compression is a region of high pressure or high density.
* Propagation of sound can be visualized as propagation of pressure variations
or density variations in a medium.
*Some definition and characteristics regarding the wave.
i) Amplitude: the maximum displacement of a vibrating body from it’s mean
position is called amplitude. S.I. unit- m.
ii) Wavelength: the distance between to successive compression or rarefaction
is called wavelength. S.I. unit- m. Denoted by ‘λ’(lambda).
iii) Frequency: the number of compressions and rarefactions per unit time is
called frequency. S.I. unit – Hz (Hertz).
iv) Time period: time taken by consecutive compressions or rarefactions tocross
a fixed point is known as time period. S.I. unit: seconds(s).
 Frequency =1/ Time period or Time period =1/ Frequency.
*Characteristics features of sound*
* The four characteristic features of sound are:
a) Pitch-
* Depends on frequency.
** Higher frequency, higher pitch (present in women).
Lower frequency, lower pitch (present in men)
b) Loudness-
*Depends on amplitude of vibrating body.
Large amplitude-loud sound and small or feeble amplitude-soft sound.
* Loudness is a subjective quantity (sound which is loud for one can be feeble
who can hardly hear).
c) Quality-
helps to distinguish sound of same loudness and pitch.
Depends on waveform produced.
* Tone is a single frequency while note is a mixture of many frequencies.
d) Intensity-
intensity of sound is defined as the sound energy transferred per unit time
through a unit area perpendicular to the direction of propagation of sound.
Intensity=sound energy/time × area
 It is an objective physical quantity (does not depend on hearing).
 Unit- j/s^1/m^2.
Relation between wave speed, frequency and Wavelength.
Time period of vibrating body be ‘T’.
One oscillation - λ
Wave speed=Distance travelled by wave/time taken
Or, Wave speed (ʋ)= λ/T
Or, ʋ= λ×1/T
Or, ʋ(Wave speed)= λ×v (frequency)
Hence, speed of wave= wavelength × Frequency.
*speed is transfer of energy from one particle to another.
Speed of sound in solid > speed of sound in liquid > speed of sound in gas
(Interparticle space is (Inter particle space is (Inter particle space is
less. Thus, propagation more than solids. The most. Hence,
of sound is faster). Hence, propagation propagation of
of sound is slower). sound is slowest.
As temperature of medium increases, sound travels faster.
Sound does not depend on pressure.
Speed of sound increases by 0.61 m/s with every 1C increase in temperature.
Laws of reflection of sound
Laws of reflection of sound wave are same as the laws of reflection of light.
The laws are:
a) The incident angle equal to the reflected angle.
b) The incident ray, reflected ray, normal lie on same plane.
Echo
 Echo is the repetition of sound due to reflection of original sound by a large
and hard obstacle.
 It is only possible if: a) The time interval of two sound is 0.1s.(time interval
of 0.1s is called persistence of hearing).
b) The minimum distance between the source and obstacle is 17.2m
c) The obstacle is big and is hard.
* multiple echoes are heard in hills, thunder near hill and in St. Paul’s Cathedral
in London.
Reverberation
 The persistence of sound wave due to multiple reflection from the source
of sound even after stopping the production of sound from the source is
called reverberation.
 Reverberation time is defined as the time interval for which it seems the
sound wave to be prolonged.
 The measures to decrease reverberation are:
a) Using sound absorbing materials.
b) Using heavy curtains
c) Using acoustic tiles.
d) Padded seats.
e) Potted plants.
Using of multiple reflection of sound
 Megaphone
 Hearing aid
 Sound boards
 Stethoscope
 Ceiling of concert halls
Range of hearing
 Humans can hear frequency of 20 Hz to 20,000Hz. Hence, known as
audiable range.
 Frequency less than 20Hz is known infrasonic sound.
Can be produced when there is an earthquake.
Elephants, Rhinoceroses and Whales produce infrasonic sound.
 Frequency more than 20,000Hz is known as Ultrasonic sound.
 Produced by Dolphins, bats, help them to avoid obstacles through echo.
 Ultrasonic waves are used for underwater communication, find depth
through SONAR(Sound navigation and ranging). Also used for cleaning parts
of instrument, weld plastics and find faults in large buildings.
 Helps in killing bacteria, echocardiography and ultrasonography.

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-Sound Summary-

*Sound is a form of energy which produces a sensation of hearing in our ears.

ii) Electromagnetic waves

iii) Matter waves

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