A scaffold is a temporary frame, usually constructed
from timber, steel or aluminium alloy tubes clipped or coupled together to provide a means of access to high-level working areas as well as providing a safe platform from which to work.
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Technical Words for Parts of Scaffolds 4
❑Base boards – Timber boards that support the
base plate on soft or uneven ground ❑ Base plate- Square metal plates that fit into the bottom of scaffold tube to spread the load ❑ Braces – Poles fixed diagonally to stiffen the scaffold by forming a triangle shape
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Technical Words for Parts of Scaffolds cont… 5
❑Standards – Vertical poles that carry weight of
scaffolds to the ground ❑ Toe boards – the boards along the edges of platform that prevent materials falling off. ❑ Transoms – cross pieces that rests on the ledgers and support the platforms
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Technical Words for Parts of Scaffolds cont… 6
❑Ledgers – the horizontal poles that connect the
standards. They are parallel to the building ❑ Guardrails – horizontal poles that are fixed above the working platform to stop workers falling off.
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Technical Words for Parts of Scaffolds cont… 7
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Types of Scaffolding 8
❑ Slung scaffolds ❑ Truss – out scaffolds ❑ Suspended scaffolds ❑ Mobile tower scaffolds ❑ Independent scaffolds
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Slung scaffolds 9
These are scaffolds that are suspended by means
of wire ropes or chains and are not provided with a means of being raised or lowered by a lifting appliance
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Slung scaffolds cont… 10
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Truss – out scaffolds 11
❑These are a form of independent tied scaffold that rely
entirely on the building for support, and are used where it is impossible or undesirable to erect a conventional scaffold from ground level. ❑The supporting scaffolding structure that projects from the face of the building is known as the truss-out. ❑Anchorage is provided by adjustable struts fixed internally between the floor and ceiling, from which the cantilever tubesCE project. 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures Truss – out scaffolds cont…. 12
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Suspended scaffolds 13
❑These consist of a working platform suspended from
supports such as outriggers that cantilever over the upper edge of a building, and in this form are a temporary means of access to the face of a building for the purposes of cleaning and light maintenance work.
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Suspended scaffolds cont… 14
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Mobile scaffolds 15
These are used mainly by painters and maintenance staff to
gain access to ceilings where it is advantageous to have a working platform that can be readily moved to a new position. The scaffold is basically a square tower constructed from scaffold tubes mounted on wheels fitted with brakes. Platform access is gained by short opposing inclined ladders or one inclined ladder within the tower base area.
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Mobile tower scaffolds 16
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Independent scaffolds 17
❑Has horizontal platform that rests on vertical
poles at both ends ❑ Scaffolds poles are of timber or tubular metal ❑ Platform are always made of timber boards of 225 mm wide and 2000mm long
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Independent scaffolds cont… 18
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Walls 19
The structures which separate the spaces inside
and outside a buildings There are two main types: ❑Load bearing walls ❑Non load bearing walls
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Walls cont… 20
Load bearing walls:
❑ Normally used for dopmestic buildings or other small structures that are one or more storey high ❑ The weight of the roof and any upper floors is supported by this type of walls
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Walls cont… 21
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Walls cont… 22
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Walls cont… 23
Non Load bearing walls
❑This act as infill in the framed structure ❑ It can be of bricks/ blocks or corrugated iron sheets cladding that are attached to the framework or steel rails or column
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Walls cont… 24
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Characteristics of walls 25
External walls ❑ Enough strength to resist being crushed by the loads from floors and roofs ❑ Stability to resist other forces such as wind pressure ❑ Weather resistance to keep out wind and rains ❑ Thermal properties to keep the interior cool in hot weather retain CE 8315- warm Construction in cool of Multi weather Storey Structures Characteristics of walls 26
External walls cont...
❑ Durability ❑ Fire resistance to provide security and stability in the event of fire ❑ Opening for daylight
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Characteristics of walls 27
Internal walls ❑ Position that provide separation ❑ Sound insulation that provides a reasonable level of noise control between adjoining rooms ❑ Stability to resist normal impact and suport fixtures and fittings ❑ Fire resistance to prevent the rapid spread of fire to adjoining rooms CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures Types wall materials used in construction of walls 28
1. Concrete and Masonry Bearing walls
❑ The qualify as non combustible construction and rely on their mass for their load carrying capacity ❑ While strong in compression, concrete and masonry walls require reinforcing to handle tensile stresses CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures Concrete and Masonry walls 29
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Cast insitu concrete walls 30
❑ The minimum wall thickness is 150mm for load
bearing and 100mm for non load bearing ❑ Concrete walls usually rest on continuous strip footing ❑ Wall is tied to its footing with dowel bent in alternative directions
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Cast insitu concrete walls 31
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Precast concrete walls 32
❑ are cast in plant off site, transported to the construction site,
and set in place with cranes as rigid component ❑ Fabrication is in a factory environment enables the units to have a consistent quality of strength, durability and finish. This also eliminate on-site formwork ❑ The pre cast wall pannels may be reinforced for greater structural efficiency, reduced panel thickness and longer span.
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Precast concrete walls 33
❑ Precast wall may be of solid, composite, or ribbed
construction ❑ Window and door opening and anchorage devices are cast into the wall panels
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Precast concrete walls 34
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Masonry walls 35
❑ Consist of modular building blocks/bricks units bonded
together with mortar to form walls that are durable, fire resistant, and structurally efficient ❑ Other common types of masonry units are structural clay tiles, structural glass block and natural or cast stones ▪ Strucrural clay tile is a hollow tiles of fired clay having parallel cells or cores
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Masony walls cont... 36
▪ A glass block is a translucent, hollow block of glass
with clear , textured or patterned faces and used in non load bearing for exterior and interior walls ▪ Various surface textures are available ▪ Coating is done to control heat gain, glaze and brightness ▪ Special end and corner blocks are available ▪ Norminal Face dimmensions, 150 x 150mm, 205 x 205mm, 305 x 305 mm and thickness of 75mm or CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures 100mm Masony walls cont... 37
❑Masonry walls can be constructed either as solid wall or
cavity walls ❑ Masonry walls may be reiforced or unreiforced ❑ Unreinforced walls ( plain masonry) incoporate horizontal joint and metal wall ties to bond the cavity wall ❑ Reinforced masonry walls utilize steel reinforcing bars embeded in gout - filled joint and cavity to aid masonry in resisting stresses
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Unreinforced Solid Masonry walls 38
❑ May be constructed of either solid or hollow
masonry units
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Reinforced Solid Masonry walls 39
❑ Use reiforcing bars placed in thickened joints or
cavities with concrete for greater strength in carrying vertical loads and increased resistance to buckling and lateral forces
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Cavity walls 40
❑ are constructed of solid or hollow masonry units completely
separted by a continuos air space and bonded with metal wall ties ❑ Have two advantages over other types 1. The cavity enhances the thermal insulation value of the wall and permit the installation of additional thermal insulation materials 2. The air space act as a barrier against water penetration if the cavity is kept clear, and if adequate weep holes and flashing are provided CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures Cavity walls cont... 41
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Expansion and Control joints 42
❑ Masonry materials expand and contract with changes in
temperature and moisture content. ❑ Clay masonry units tend to absorb water and expand, while concrete units usually shrink as they dry after manufacture ❑ Movement joints to accomodate these dimensional changes should be located and constructed so as not compromise the structural integrity of the masonry wall ❑The movement joints shoud be spaced every 30 to 38 m along unbroken wall length CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures Expansion joint 43
❑ are continuous, unobstructed slots constructed to close
slightly to accomodate the moisture expansion of bricks and stone masonry surfaces ❑ The expansion joints should provide lateral stability across the joint, and be sealed to prevent the passage of air and water
Brick masonry expands, joint close slightly
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Control joint 44
❑ Are constructed to open slightly to accomodate the
shrinkage of a concrete masonry wall as it dries after construction ❑ Joint should be sealed to prevent the passage of air and water, and interlock to prevent out of plane movement.
Concrete masonry shrinks, joint opens slightly CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures Metal and Wood Stud walls 45
❑ Studs of metal and timber are normally spaced at certain
spacing, say 406 or 610 mm ❑ Stud carry vertical loads while sheating or diagonal bracing stiffines the plane of the wall ❑ Sometimes cavities are provided to accomodate thermal insulation , vapor retarders and outlets of mechanical and electrical services
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Metal and Wood Stud walls cont... 46
❑ Stud framing can accept a variety of interior and exterior
wall finishes, some finishes requires nails – base sheating ❑ The finishing materials determine the fire resistance rating of the wall assembly ❑ Stud wall frames may be assembled on site or panelized off site ❑Stud walls are flexible in form due to the workability of relatively small pieces and the various means of fastening available CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures Light – Gauge Steel Stud 47
❑Light gauge steel stud are manufactured by cold forming
sheet or strip steel. ❑Steel stud can be easily cut and assembled with simple tools into a wall structure that is light weight, no combustible, and dampproof ❑ Metal stud walls may be used as non bearing partitions or as bearing walls supporting light gauged steel joists. ❑ The wall contains cavity for utilities and thermal insulation materials CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures Light – Gauge Steel Stud cont... 48
❑Gravity retaining walls are designed to resist earth
pressure by their weight. ❑They are constructed of the mass concrete, brick, or stone masonry. ❑These walls generally are trapezoidal in section. ❑ Gravity walls require heavy foundation due to the large size of the wall. ❑They are economical and suitable for only small heights.
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Gravity Retaining Walls cont... 58
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Semi Gravity Retaining Walls 59
❑A gravity retaining wall provided with a small
amount of reinforcement for reducing the mass of the concrete is known as semi-gravity retaining wall, ❑The lateral earth pressure is principally resisted by the mass of the wall, as in the case of a gravity retaining wall. CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures Semi Gravity Retaining Walls cont... 60
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Cantilever Retaining Wall 61
❑These are the reinforced concrete walls in which lateral
earth pressure is resisted by structural action of its members. ❑The base of the wall is extended into the backfill on the heel side and is known as heel slab. ❑The backfill over the heel slab provides significant additional lateral stability to the wall. The back of the wall on the heel side is also given a slope. ❑This increases the width of the wall with depth, similar to the increase in lateral earth pressure with depth. CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures Cantilever Retaining Wall cont… 62
Cantilever retaining walls are suitable for retaining
the backfill to moderate heights of 4-7 m. CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures Counter-fort Retaining Wall 63
❑When the height of a cantilever retaining wall is more
than about 7 m, it is economical to provide a vertical bracing system, known as counter-forts, on the backfill side above the heel slab. ❑The counter-forts are triangular beams of variable depth and uniform width, connecting the heel slab and the stem, provided at a regular spacing along the length of the wall CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures Counter-fort Retaining Wall cont… 64
CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures
Buttressed Retaining Walls 65
❑When the triangular beams are placed on the
front side of the retaining wall, instead of on the backfill side under certain situations, the retaining wall is known as buttressed retaining wall, and the triangular beams are known as buttresses, instead of counter-forts. . CE 8315- Construction of Multi Storey Structures Buttressed Retaining Walls cont… 66
