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Project Management Next Generation
roject Management Next Generation:
P
The Pillars for Organizational Excellence
Copyright © 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
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Contents
Preface xi
Preface
Executives in both the public and private sectors worldwide are beginning to recognize the full
benefits that effective project management can bring to their organizations and are willing to
make the necessary changes – especially changes in culture. As such, the landscape for project
management is changing, and 10 pillars of project management have emerged. These critical 10
pillars are expected to drive project management for the next decade and to significantly improve
the performance of organizations that take the time to understand and implement them.
This book builds on a strong and balanced combination of research and multiple global practi-
cal experiences across programs, projects, and transformation initiatives. A critical element of the
book are the vast contributions of global companies and organizations throughout the book’s
chapters. These shed light on the strategic changes and project management capabilities improve-
ments that future organizations and academia will focus on.
This book will enable executives, professionals, and students of project management to be bet-
ter prepared for the jobs of the future as the project economy takes more of a center stage for
organizations aspiring to sustain their excellence.
The book is broken down as follows:
●● Chapter 1: Discusses how project management has matured to a true strategic delivery capabil-
ity that sets the foundation for organizational excellence and high performance.
●● Chapter 2: Discusses why the humanitarian and social missions provide an excellent example
for understanding the true impact project management builds worldwide.
●● Chapter 3: Discusses the importance of creating an innovative culture and introduces a model
to help integrate the many ingredients necessary to drive transformative change.
●● Chapter 4: Discusses how digitization is a critical component of delivering projects outcomes and
showcases a framework for unifying the digital disruptions with the human element of change.
●● Chapter 5: Discusses how project management skills have been evolving and what the future
focus of that role would be requiring of project manages.
●● Chapter 6: Discusses the new forms of leadership necessary for the next decade of organiza-
tional excellence and addresses the tight linkages between culture, leadership, and the associ-
ated project management implications.
●● Chapter 7: Discusses how the shift to a project way of working is going to dominate the future
of work and highlights critical examples of the cultural shifts required for the future mega and
complex global projects.
●● Chapter 8: Discusses the changing dynamics of adaptive frameworks and project life cycles
and the need for creating a fine balance between alignment and autonomy in organizations
seeking sustainable excellence.
xii Preface
●● Chapter 9: Discusses how project management offices will continue to evolve and become a
must‐have strategic governing body in an agile and volatile world.
●● Chapter 10: Discusses how project management will benefit from the shifting nature of metrics
into value and strategic based ones and illustrates how to consider establishing a sustainable
metrics management program.
We are indebted to all the professionals and companies that were forthcoming in sharing key
information about their Excellence in Action practices and their views of the future of project
management. The contributing companies list includes:
●● Airbus ●● IdeaScale
●● Ambev ●● IIL
●● ASGC ●● Medtronic
●● Astra Zeneca ●● Merck KGaA
●● Bosch ●● Philips
●● Cisco ●● PMO Global Alliance
●● Dubai Customs ●● Progressive Insurance
●● Dundas Data Visualization ●● Project Management United
●● Eli Lilly ●● Repsol
●● Fabio Doehler ●● ServiceNow
●● Farm Credit ●● Siemens
●● GEA ●● SITA
●● GM ●● Solvo360
●● Hospital Albert Einstein ●● Sunrise upc
●● IBM ●● Wuttke & Team, a Gita brand
Harold Kerzner,
Al Zeitoun,
Ricardo Viana Vargas
1
The profession of project management has been changing and fast. This is a different world than
the one that has driven the early days of the birth of this discipline. When the authors first came
up with the idea behind this book, their driver was to think about and illustrate the next iteration
of this profession, which could take us through the remainder of the decade. The more closely we
reviewed this ambition and worked with many of the companies around the globe to pulse their
views of the future of work, the more we realized that project management is truly at an inflection
point and that it is finally ready to be tackled from a wider ecosystem that encompasses the cul-
ture, business value, and the sharper focus on co-creating solutions with customers and other
stakeholders. The 10 pillars we selected as the foundation for this book cover this wider ecosys-
tem. They allow us to look at where projects are strategically poised to create a distinct way of
working into the future.
As we start tackling the 10 pillars, we are reminded that predicting the next generation of pro-
ject management is a complex topic. Strategy is hard and to find the patterns that connect the
pillars to how organizations excel in working in the future is not an exact science anymore. The
chaos that the world encounters that combines a multitude of attributes of uncertainty is immense.
It is finally resting upon the project managers of the future to take on the leading role of change
making that we had been predicting over the past years. The system-wide mindset that these
future leaders will bring has reached the right moment of being highly valued. It is our hope that
this book and its pillars serve as a critical guidepost that the organizations of the future would
follow in driving their focus, investing in the right skills, in recreating how their work is done, and
deciding on what data truly matters.
With the increasing vast demands for complex infrastructure programs, green energy, and the
number of organizations that are committing to ambitious goals on their journey to climate neu-
trality, and to possibly achieving net zero emissions by 2050 while they hit some intermediate
targets by 2030, the role of strategic projects that are effectively delivered will only multiply. Based
on industry trends, the authors’ experiences, and the multiple studies that still indicate the large
gap between envisioned goals and the executed outcomes, this book is focusing on the excellence
practices that will enhance the opportunities for this world to see what project management prin-
ciples could help us achieve.
2 1 Pillar #1: Strategic Delivery Capability
Before getting into some of the background and barriers behind the first pillar that sets the tone
for the set of critical shifts we see into the next generation of project management, namely project
management being a true strategic competency, let us start with one of the Excellence in Action
sections that support the move in that direction. Throughout the book, we will demonstrate the
next generation trending we see around the selected guiding 10 pillars with examples of world
class organizations that have managed to show great evidence of excellence in their operations,
nicely coupled with the maturing of the principles of project management.
In this first one, a dedicated professional to driving and changing the project management pro-
fession has gone through a clear maturity path in her leading strategic work with the Mayo Clinic.
As a certified Portfolio Management Professional by the Project Management Institute (PMI), she
has tackled the critical transformation objectives required to get project management to a strategic
competency via orchestrating a set of interconnected change initiatives as part of her portfolio
responsibility.
1 Material in this section was provided by Terri Knudson, Senior Director, Strategy Management Services, Mayo
Clinic. She has a diverse background having served in leadership roles in Finance, Operations, Audit, Strategic
Planning, Business Management, and Project Portfolio Management for one of the largest non-profits, integrated
healthcare organization in the world. All rights reserved. Reproduced with permission. The information and
opinions shared in this article are those of the author based on her expertise and should not be attributed to the
Mayo Clinic.
1.0 Setting the Stag 3
As the years passed by and things continue to change there is a need for project management to
adapt again as we enter “The Next Generation.” This iteration has an increase in technology, busi-
ness agility, and accelerated deliverables that is requiring project management approaches to
pivot and adapt to meet the new needs and challenges for our organizations more quickly than
ever before. As Dr. Kerzner has noted, “More project managers are expected to manage strategic
projects rather than just traditional or operational projects.” With this occurring over the past few
years, it was time to introduce this next generation within my organization and move forward in
establishing “Strategy Management Services” (SMS) (Figure 1‑1).
After establishing and leading the Enterprise Portfolio Management (EPMO) at my organization
for 10 years, it was time to move onto the next level, and fortunately I had the opportunity to pursue
my SMS vision by taking a new position within a large, innovative department in my organization.
In this role, I’ve been empowered to create the next generation of project management with an
established PMO team that was needing a new direction. While it took a few months to formulate,
reorganize, and introduce the new approaches; after only two years we are now a well-established
high-performing team, have strong business partnerships, and are fully recognized as SMS.
Strategy
Management
Services
Formalized Project
and Portfolio
Management
Basic Project
Management
01 02 03 04 05
DEVELOP ARCHITECT PLAN EXECUTE MEASURE
STRATEGY CHANGES INITIATIVES SOLUTIONS SUCCESS
the foundation provided by project management, business analysis, change management, and
other standards, SMS recognizes that the ultimate goal is to deliver the value directed by the stra-
tegic vision of the organization.
Although there are dozens of books on strategic planning and execution, very few actually bring
all the pieces together. Most of us fully realize that all the best strategic planning in the world gets
you nowhere if you can’t execute it successfully. The SMS “full spectrum of strategic services” is
focused on using a logical approach, recognizing the interrelationships across the roles, and begin-
ning with strategy and ending with successful results. This model allows all project stakeholders
to recognize their specific roles and clearly understand how all phases need to work together to
get the desired outcomes.
The stages of the SMS model are defined as follows (Figure 1‑2):
01 – Develop Strategy. Partner with business areas to develop approaches to deliver the strategic
goals and objectives.
02 – Architect Changes. Assess business and system capabilities to determine competencies,
weaknesses, and gaps to highlight changes needed.
03 – Plan Initiatives. Create plans to address business needs by indicating project goals, leaders,
resources, costs, schedule, metrics, and other attributes.
04 – Execute Solutions. Successfully deliver business solutions through a multi-disciplinary
team comprised of skilled resources committed to achieving business needs.
05 – Measure Success. Provide tangible and visible measures of progress toward meeting busi-
ness goals and objectives.
Project management has typically focused heavily on the model’s stages 3 and 4. Providing
this full spectrum of services emphasizes the need for the SMS team to be engaged in all
stages – both “upstream” and “downstream.” Developing abilities in these other stages occurs
naturally over time, as SMS staff become viewed as business partners in strategic delivery and
recognized for the skills they bring to development of the strategy, architecting changes, and
delivering results.
SMS Evolution
Transitioning to strategic management services requires executive-level support, experienced
leadership, and an engaged team willing to adapt to this next generation. Just like the last
generation and our transition into project and portfolio management, SMS is a journey with
a various steps and phases that evolve over time. To be successful, it is beneficial to have a
1.0 Setting the Stag 5
Optimize
Advance Optimize SMS
use of staff,
Accelerate Advance SMS resources, and
capabilities and time
Establish Accelerate SMS
business agility
pace of strategic
Initiate Establish SMS as delivery and value
trusted, strategic
Initiate new SMS partner
organizational
model and roles
plan that outlines an intentional path and the development stages along the way (Figure 1‑3).
The following are the five stages created by our SMS leadership team based on a typical matu-
rity model:
1) Initiate. The transition begins with the “Initiate” phase by introducing the new strategy
management concepts to leaders, the team, and stakeholders. This includes educating the
staff on new approaches, along with infusing some of the basics of PPM to emphasize its
ongoing importance. Another major component of this phase is the need for organizational
alignment to the strategy to ensure clear business relationships with each of the strategic
pillars.
2) Establish. Once organizationally aligned, the next phase is for the leaders and members of
each team to create strong and trusting relationships with their strategic business partners.
This provides full engagement and involvement with the business leaders and teams as an
active and accountable member that is fully available to assist, support, and respond to busi-
ness needs.
3) Accelerate. With a solid business partnership and a high-performing team in place, you
are ready for the level stage by building the ability of your team to respond and adapt
quickly to changing business needs. This includes being involved in strategic ideation dis-
cussions, providing business analysis, assessing options for decision-making, and planning
and execution.
4) Advance. Continual improvement and advancement is an integral part of any high-perform-
ing team and is the next phase of evolution as the SMS staff continues to develop new skills,
build business capabilities, utilize new tools and technologies, and create innovative solutions
across the SMS spectrum.
5) Optimize. The pinnacle of success is reaching the level of optimization where the SMS team
are fully engaged in all aspects of strategic management, are valued members of the business
team, and are consistently successful in delivering on strategic and business needs.
6 1 Pillar #1: Strategic Delivery Capability
Next-Generation Roadmap
Once you decide to begin your journey toward strategy management services, a detailed road-
map is beneficial in highlighting some of the twists and turns along the way. This isn’t an easy
journey, and everyone’s experiences are different along the way – depending on the organiza-
tion, the leadership support, the team, and you. You as a leader in this journey are critically
important as you bring a high level of knowledge, a wide range of experiences, your credibility
as a strategic leader, and your unwavering commitment to lead the way to the next generation
of project management.
The journey begins with the basics of project and portfolio management that many of us have
obtained over the years through our education and experiences (Figure 1‑4). The intermediate
level is the next one that most mature organizations have used in recent years and focuses on
robust resource and capacity management practices.
As the journey continues, the “climb” gets more difficult and complex as you enter the advanced
phase with strategic alignment, capability models, business agility, and executive dashboards.
Once you’ve achieved these levels, you have what you need to take the next big step and optimize
your strategic management practices with modeling, roadmaps, portfolio balancing, and full ben-
efit realization.
The ultimate “prize” for achieving this final level is one that is shared by your organization, by
your business stakeholders, and by your SMS team. This is the strategic value from the results you
and your team have delivered, the lessons learned and relationships built along the way, and the
satisfaction that you have accomplished the full spectrum of strategic services. Best wishes on
your journey!
Let us now start introducing the journey that this project management revolutionary move
toward a strategic competency has taken and then we will follow with a few more diverse and
concrete examples of excellence stories that contribute to the practices across the 10 pillars.
1.1 Background
Project managers are now managing strategic as well as operational or traditional projects.
Executive management appears to recognize and appreciate the contributions that the project
managers are making to the growth of the business. This has increased the recognition that effec-
tive project management practices can bring to a company.
The benefits of effective project management have been known for some time. Some of the
benefits include:
●● Performing more work in less time and with fewer resources
●● An increase in profitability and customer satisfaction
●● An increase in organizational effectiveness and efficiency
●● An increase in competitiveness
●● Improvements in quality
●● Better control of scope changes and scope creep
●● Application to all business units and all types of projects
●● Better approach to problem-solving and decision-making
●● Decision-making in the best interest of the company rather than its business units
●● Delivering solutions to customers rather than just products and deliverables
Strategic Execution and Value Delivery
Degree of Difficulty
High
Optimized – Strategic Management Services
As more organizations recognize the benefits, project managers are now seen as managing part
of a business rather than just projects. The challenge facing companies is in determining the best
way that the company can scale and expand the required diverse project management skills.
1.2 Line-of-Sight
Trust in asking project managers to manage strategic projects has resulted in the establishment of
a line-of-sight from project teams to senior management such that the teams are kept informed
about strategic business objectives to ensure that strategic projects are aligned correctly. Line-of-
sight not only creates the correct decision-making mindset for the workers but also provides the
workers with more knowledge about the organization, thus reducing the chance for ineffective
behavior. Line-of-sight can also make it easier to develop the proper risk management mindset.
The notion that “information is power” is disappearing in the project management landscape as
strategic information is widely shared.
Companies that thrive on competitive bidding for a large portion of their revenue stream, such as
with project-driven organizations, promote their delivery system as well as the outcomes or deliv-
erables. Companies are recognizing that excellence in project management can lead to a sustain-
able competitive advantage. Achieving excellence is not that difficult, but maintaining and
continuously improving for excellence is a challenge. Maintaining excellence is a never-ending
journey.
All too often, organizations that have reached some degree of excellence in project management
become complacent, and then they realize too late that they have lost their competitive advantage.
This occurs when organizations fail to recognize the importance of continuous improvement to
maintain the competitive advantage.
Figure 1‑5 illustrates the risk and why there is a need for continuous improvement. As compa-
nies begin to mature in project management and reach some degree of excellence, they achieve a
competitive advantage. The competitive advantage might very well be the single most important
strategic objective of the firm if it chooses to exploit this advantage.
Unfortunately, competitive advantage is usually short-lived. The competition does not sit by, idly
watching you exploit your competitive advantage. As the competition begins to counterattack, you
rit nt
Ma age ct
Exploitation
t u me
n je
Co unt
Ma Pro
Co
m era
pe tt
Competitive
tit ac
io k
Advantage
rs
Time
may lose a large portion, if not all, of your competitive advantage. To remain effective and competi-
tive, the organization must recognize the need for continuous improvement in project manage-
ment, as shown in Figure 1‑6. Continuous improvement allows a firm to maintain its competitive
advantage even when the competitors counterattack. It is through continuous improvement efforts
that the competitive advantage becomes sustainable.
When discussing continuous project management improvement efforts, companies usually look
at enhancements to the processes, tools, and techniques. What is often bypassed is the need for
high-performance teams that include enhancements to people skills. Not all companies need
high-performance teams, and the definition of high performance can change within each com-
pany. But by providing proper education and training with an emphasis on people skills and lead-
ership, high-performance teams can contribute significantly to a firm’s sustainable competitive
advantage and frequently outperform similar teams.
There does not exist a clearly defined list of characteristics of high-performance teams.
Academia and researchers focus on specific industries and types of projects. Warrick (2014) iden-
tified the following characteristics of high-performance teams:
●● Effective leadership
●● Team members that are competent, compatible, and committed to the success of the team
●● Strong commitment by the leader and the team members to excellence
●● Clearly understood mission and goals that team members are committed to achieving
●● Clearly understood member roles and responsibilities
●● Effective planning procedures
●● Effective follow-up procedures and control
●● Flexibility to respond quickly to needed change
Other characteristics that are often identified include effective collaboration, high levels of trust
among team members, and rapid response to environmental changes.
What companies are now realizing is that the strategic focus should be on creating a high-perfor-
mance organization (HPO) rather than just high-performance teams. The rationalization is as
10 1 Pillar #1: Strategic Delivery Capability
follows: If we believe that we are managing our entire business by projects, then the organization
rather than individual teams should be driven to high-performance outcomes. This will then lead
to a potential sustainable competitive advantage.
HPOs can eliminate barriers that may hinder the achievement of strategic goals by responding
and adjusting quickly to environmental changes. High levels of mutual trust and clear and open
communications exist, allowing for cross-functional collaboration and the flattening of organiza-
tional hierarchies.
HPOs have cultures that focus on knowledge, collaboration, shared visions, and the right worker
skillsets. Workers are empowered, asked for their opinions, and willingly accept responsibility and
accountability. They are provided with the necessary information to meet customer and stake-
holder needs to ensure business success.
There’s no universally accepted definition of a high-performance organization. Akdemir et al.
(2010) identified 26 characteristics of HPOs, as shown in Column 1 in Table 1‑1. Column 2 shows
typical project management practices that help support the high-performance organization char-
acteristics. Column 3 identifies project management pillars discussed in this book that will also
support the HPO characteristics.
Well-understood vision Executives provide a clear vision and goals to project teams by 1
and values establishing a line-of-sight
Proper use of discipline A nonthreatening environment where teams can speak their mind 3
without punishment and acceptance that some projects may fail due
to the risks
Clear set of specific Line-of-sight provides goals and strategic objectives to project teams 1
goals
Strong communication Effective social leadership and a cooperative culture promote clear 3
and open communications
Trust and confidence Effective social leadership and a cooperative culture is promoted; 6
empowerment leads to high levels of mutual trust between team
members
Fun Effective servant and social leadership allow the team members to 6
see the fruits of their efforts and make the work challenging and
enjoyable
Decision-making at the Effective social leadership and empowerment allows team members, 5
lowest level even at the lowest levels, to participate in decisions
Effective training The company is committed to life-long project management 2
education
Performance feedback Company believes in capturing lessons learned and best practices 10
from performance feedback
Customer focus Fosters high levels of customer and stakeholder collaboration and
interaction
Measurement Continuous exploration of new tangible and intangible metrics for 10
techniques performance measurement
1.6 Strategic Competenc 11
Strategic change Clearly understands and supports the need for change management
management when necessary
Encourage innovation Encourages team members to use brainstorming techniques, design 4
thinking and creative problem solving
Team-based effort Effective social leadership practices reenforce the team concept and 8
establishes high levels of collaboration and cooperation; roles and
responsibilities are clearly defined and understood
Participative leadership Social leadership techniques encourage team members to 8
participate in idea generation and decision-making; emphasis is on
participative rather than individual leadership
Incentives and Team members are recognized and rewarded for contributions to a 3
recognition successful outcome
Recruiting and hiring Recognizing the contribution of project teams to the company’s 9
best talent success helps create a pipeline for attracting talented project
management personnel
Work-life balance Effective social leadership encourages an understanding of the 9
work-life balance
Managing diversity The globalization of project management fosters a better 2
understanding of how to manage and control diversity on project
teams
Motivation Effective social leadership focuses on motivation through 6
empowerment
Compensation and 360° performance appraisal techniques are used, and rewards are 6
performance appraisal provided either through compensation or recognition
Knowledge Company maintains a knowledge management system 4
management
Meaningful job Social leadership and empowerment encourage recognition of a 3
meaningful job
Effective succession Project team members are usually qualified to fill more than just 7
planning one critical position on a project team
Effective planning The organization maintains several frameworks that support 8
effective planning practices including ways to eliminate barriers in
achieving strategic goals
Maintain ethical Effective social leadership is based on high ethical standards 6
standards
Column 2 in Table 1‑1 clearly indicates that project management practices have a significant
impact in helping companies become a high-performance organization. As shown in Figure 1‑7,
project management knowledge and expertise are now a critical competency in companies.
Many companies today conduct a study every year or two to identify the four or five strategic
career paths in the company that must be cultivated so that the growth of the firm is sustainable.
Project management makes the short list of these four or five career path slots. As such, project
12 1 Pillar #1: Strategic Delivery Capability
Is the
Pathway to Strategic
Competency
Is the Sustainable
Foundation for Competitive
Advantage
Is the Project
Source of Management
Competencies
Project
Leads to Management
Skills
Project
Management
Training
management is now treated as a “strategic competency,” rather just another career path position
for the workers.
Part of this is evident by looking at to whom project managers now report project status and
make presentations. Historically, PMs conducted briefings for the project sponsors and occasion-
ally senior management. Now, with the responsibility to manage strategic projects that may
impact the future of the firm, project managers may be conducting briefings for all senior man-
agement, and even the board of directors.
By understanding and identifying the barriers prior to implementation, the chances of success-
ful implementation will improve as with the recognition as a strategic competency.
The Project Management Institute (PMI) recently celebrated its fiftieth anniversary. Even though
most of the core concepts of project management have been recognized and used successfully for
decades, there is still resistance in the form of barriers that can prevent successful implementation
of all or specific components of project management. As new techniques begin being used in the
project management environment, such as the impact of digitalization, artificial intelligence, the
internet of things (IOT), big data, blockchain, and disruptive project management practices, new
barriers are expected to appear. An understanding of the barriers can help us prevent or diminish
their impact.
Up until about 10 years ago, there appeared to be limited published research on the identifica-
tion and impact of these barriers. Part of the problem was that the literature at that time seemed
to focus heavily on successes rather than failures because nobody wants to admit to having
2 The remainder of this section has been adapter from Barriers to Implementing Project Management by Harold
Kerzner and J. LeRoy Ward; white paper, 2020. J. LeRoy Ward, PMP, PgMP, PfMP, CSM, CSPO is the President of
Ward Associates and the past Executive Vice President for Enterprise Solutions at IIL.
1.7 Background to Barriers 13
made a mistake. Today, we recognize that we may discover more opportunities for continuous
improvement efforts from failures and mistakes rather than from best practices and lessons
learned.
In an early paper by Kerzner and Zeitoun (2008), the authors focused heavily on the barriers
that existed primarily in emerging markets. The authors stated:
Growth in computer technology and virtual teams has made the world smaller. Developed
nations are flocking to emerging market nations to get access to the abundance of highly
qualified and relatively inexpensive human capital who want to participate in virtual pro-
ject management teams.
A multi-national virtual project management team, however, may come with headaches.
Because of the growth of project management worldwide, many executives openly provide
lip service to its acceptance, yet behind the scenes, they erect meaningful barriers to pre-
vent it from working properly. This creates significant hardships for those portions of the
virtual team that must rely upon their team members in emerging market nations for
support.
Barriers to effective project management implementation exist worldwide, but in emerg-
ing market nations, the barriers are more apparent. To be aware of the possible barriers and
their impact on project management implementation allows us proactively to begin to
surmount them.
Today, many of the barriers that previously appeared in primarily emerging markets are now
quite apparent in developed nations and within areas of companies that may have been using
project management for decades. Barriers are no longer restricted just to specific countries or
nations. Some barriers may be industry-specific, appear in certain functional disciplines of a com-
pany, or occur because of the personal whims of some managers and executives. Barriers can
appear anywhere and at any time.
Some industries appear to be more prone to project management implementation barrier
than others. The barriers in the IT industry have been discussed in the literature by Johansen &
Gillard (2005), Khan et al. (2011), Khan & Keung (2016), Marly Monteiro de Carvalho (2014),
Niazi et al. (2010), Polak & Wójcik (2015), and Terlizzi et al. (2016). Research and development
barriers have been addressed by Sakellariou et al. (2014), Santos et al. (2012), and Sommer et al.
(2014). Recently, there has also been research in public sector barriers, as described by Blixt &
Kirytopoulos (2017).
Another industry commonly discussed is the construction industry, as indicated by Arnold &
Javernick-Will (2013), Hwang and Tan (2012), Loushine et al. (2006), Moore & Dainty (2001), and
Senesi et al. (2015). Some authors focus on barriers in specific countries. As examples, Wenzhe
et al. (2007) looked at the Chinese construction industry whereas Hwang et al. (2014) researched
small construction projects in Singapore. Magnier-Watanabe & Benton examined barriers facing
Japanese engineers.
There has also been research in barriers that can affect certain PMBOK® Guide Areas of
Knowledge or specific project management processes, tools, and techniques. Kutsch & Hall (2009
& 2010) and Paterson & Andrews (1995) looked at the barriers that impact risk management.
Ambekar & Hudnurkar (2017) focused on the use of Six Sigma. Ali & Kidd (2014) examined con-
figuration management activities, and Hwang et al. (2017) investigated barriers affecting sustain-
ability efforts.
14 1 Pillar #1: Strategic Delivery Capability
Human
Resources
Management
Legal
PMO Factors
Barriers
Culture Sponsorship
Implementation
Costs
ec
t • The barrier may
oj have a favorable or
Pr s
d s unfavorable impact
ite cce
m on the performance
Li Su
of the project as
well as the worker’s
future career goals.
Barrier #1
Poor Use of
Resources
There are numerous possibilities for classifying the different barriers affecting project manage-
ment. This paper briefly discusses some of the more prominent barriers in the categories identi-
fied in Figure 1‑8.
The authors solicited feedback concerning the barriers from almost all the PMI chapters outside
of North America. The authors are indebted to those PMI chapters that took the time and effort to
respond to our requests.
below-average workers to do the same work as two average workers is better for empire building.
Additionally, even though finding adequate human resources may be difficult, sometimes compa-
nies simply do not put forth a good search effort; friends and family members may be hired first,
regardless of their qualifications. In this situation, the project’s schedule is usually elongated so
that the empire that is built will last as long as possible.
ec
t • The creation of laws
r oj to control outflow of
P
d ss resources from a
ite cce
m country, when paid
Li Su
vertime can be used
and the right to hold
a job. Some of the
Barrier #2 laws may not be seen
Legal as valid laws by
Factors everyone.
Legal Barriers
Some countries establish laws that provide limitations on how much, if any, of the financial
resources that the country possesses can leave the country. This creates the barriers shown in
Figure 1‑10. The country can put limitations on procurement activities that leave the country.
There can also be laws on paid overtime for workers.
Companies that wish to do business within these countries must abide by these laws even if the
laws seem improper. An example might be the worker’s right to hold a job even if the worker’s
performance is substandard. Some laws may even foster corruption possibilities by making it clear
that bribes and “gifts” may be appropriate under certain circumstances during competitive bid-
ding activities.
"Niin juuri, vettä ynisevä vasikka sinä olet, ellet anna pulloa tänne.
Loppu Knorrimäessä."
Sirola katsoi väsynein, toljottavin silmin, niinkuin ei olisi heti
ymmärtänyt mitä hänelle sanottiin.
Erkki tarttui pulloon vetääkseen sen pois, mutta Sirola piti sitä
lujasti kiinni.
Erkki ajatteli kauhulla, mihin tämä olisi päättyvä. Sirola oli juonut
huimaavan paljon. Pullo täytyi saada pois ja siten viimeiset ryypyt
siirretyksi lähemmäksi kotia. Hän laski matkaa, mikä oli Knorrimäestä
Oulankaan. Onneksi ei tarvinnut ottaa puita sillä välillä. Ei hän oikein
tiennyt, mistä syystä teki noita laskelmia. Ne vain tulivat mieleen.
Saatuaan vihdoin houkutelluksi pullon Sirolalta pani hän sen
kaappiinsa, mutta katsoi sitä tehdessä, mitä muuta sinne oli kertynyt
aikojen kuluessa: tivistelankakerä, vyyhti sormenvahvuista
männänvarren tivistettä, trasseleita, ruuveja, muttereita… pala
köyttä — mitähän lämmittäjä Nevala sillä oli tehnyt?
Hytissä vallitsi alkumatkasta äänettömyys. Ulkona oli puhjennut
myrsky. Sade pieksi hytin akkunoita ja salamat välähtelivät taivaalla.
— Erkillä ei ollut syytä epäillä, ettei Sirola tekisi tehtäväänsä, vaikka
hän katsoikin eteensä elottomin silmin ja puoleksi makasi
suunnanvaihtajan yli. Kädet kuitenkin toimivat tottuneesti kuin
määrätyt koneenosat. Kuten tavallisesti juopottelutuulella ollessaan
oli hän nytkin enimmän kiusautunut, jos joku seikka asemilla
myöhästytti. Siitä syystä oli vauhti hyvä ja he pyrkivät tulemaan
asemille ennen määräaikaa.
"Miten niin?"
"Tanssii kuin kone roudan nostamalla radalla… ylös, alas… ylös,
alas… noin, noin…"
Kun Sirola ei vastannut, sulki hän sen. Mutta silloin Sirola kohosi
asennostaan ja hänen silmänsä leimahtivat heikossa valossa, joka
peitetyn kattolampun kupuun leikatun raon kautta lankesi hänen
kasvoilleen.
Erkki otti usein esille Irjan kortin ja katsoi sitä pitkään. Olipa siellä
tyttö riemuissaan. Ja olihan siitä räiskähtänyt pieni pisara tännekin.
Miksi oli hän siihen ollenkaan vastannut? Ensi vaikutuksesta kohta, ja
olikin se vilpitön tervetuloa. Puuttui vain, että olisi sen saanut
kädestä pitäen sanoa.
"Niinkuin näet. Missäs sinä olet ollut, kun ei ole täällä näkynyt?"
*****
"Sen arvasin."
"Tule vain."
*****
"Neiti Lillström ei ole tullut vielä. Hänellä lienee joku este. Mutta
voinemmehan odottaa kahdenkin?"
*****
"Niin juuri," ilostui Erkki. "Muistatko sinä vielä jotakin noilta ajoilta?
Eihän ollut ainoatakaan päivää noina vuosina, ettemme olisi
leikkineet yhdessä."
"Tuskin yhtään."
"Voisimmeko vielä kerran loitsia esille nuo ajat?"
"Niin, katsos syy oli siinä, etten muistanut päivällä, kun kutsuit,
että proviisori oli matkalla. Kun juna myöhästyi niin hänkin
myöhästyi. Enkä ymmärrä, missä ihmeellä hän viipyi vielä sen
jälkeen. Luulin jo että minun pitää jäädä apteekkiin yövuoroon.
"Siitä ei pääsyni ollut niinkään paljon riippuva, vaan tuli siihen vielä
uusi viivytys. Kun juuri olin sulkenut oven ja vähin päässyt
rauhoittumaan, niin soi yökello, kuin olisi tulenvaara kohdannut.
Mene ja avaa! Täällä tohtorin määräys! Ryhdy laittamaan lääkkeitä!
Siihen meni aikaa.⁰
*****
*****
Kun juna läksi sinä aamuna Norvannon asemalta, oli kuin sen
veturi olisi ollut poissa suunniltaan. Ne matkustajat, jotka olivat
seisoaltaan, horjahtelivat toisiaan vastaan ja junapalvelijat kerkesivät
hädintuskin hyppäämään viimeisen vaunun portaalle.
"On siellä nyt tulta," sanoi lämmittäjä. "Niin ovat putket, kuin sulaa
metallia täynnä."
"Terve!"
"Niin mitä?"
Ei vastausta.
"Minä raportteeraan…!"
Kirjuri meni.
*****
*****
*****
Kirahti vaunun ovi. Mies hyppäsi alas. Unessa oli joukko. Hän yksin
oli valvonut ja kuunnellut yön ääniä seinän takaa. Äsken oli hän
kuljeskellut vähän ympäriinsä, syönyt iltasen ja koettanut ruveta
nukkumaan, mutta ei ollut saanut unta, ja koska ei tuntunut
miellyttävän loikoilu ummehtuneessa vaunussa, hän lähti ulos.
Vähän matkan päässä Erkki pysähtyi ja katsoi taaksensa. Heikko
savu kohosi veturin piipusta, ja Erkin mieleen tuli kuva vanhasta
miehestä, joka istuu porraskivellä syvissä ajatuksissa vähitellen
sammuva piippu hampaissaan. Savu kohosi vaisusti melkein suoraan
ylös, kallistuen sitten länttä kohden. Vähän matkan päässä se