Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

Al Noor University
Engineering Technical College
Department of Cybersecurity and Cloud Computing Techniques

Mathematics
Lecturer
Dr. Rayan Awni Matloob
 Lecture 4

Derivatives
Outline
• Introduction to Derivatives

• Derivatives Formula and Chain Rule

• Definition and basic rules.

• Chain rule.

• Derivatives of Natural Logarithm and the Exponential Function

• Rules for natural logarithms and exponential functions.

• Applications in the Computer Field

• Homework Assignments
Objectives

By the end of this lecture, you should be able to:

• Understand the concept of derivatives and their basic rules.
• Apply the chain rule to calculate the derivatives of composite functions.
• Compute the derivatives of natural logarithmic and exponential functions.
• Recognize real-world applications of derivatives in computer engineering.
Introduction to Derivatives and Chain Rule

The derivative measures how a function changes as its input changes. It tells us
the "rate of change" or "slope" of the function at any given point.
As we don’t know
the slope value, we
will select another
point on the curve
that is (𝒙, 𝒙𝟐 )
Assume the second point coordinates is:
(2 , 4 ) then slope (m) =3
(1.5 , 2.25 ) then slope (m) =2.5
(1.1 , 1.21 ) then slope (m) =2.2
(1.01 , 1.0201 ) then slope (m) =2.02
(1.001 , 1.002001 ) then slope (m) =2.002002

Based on that, the slope at (1,1) should be

measured with another very very close points
that is (1.001 , 1.002001 ) to get a change =2
between them.
Because
𝑓`(𝑥) = 2x (at point 1,1) = 2 which is Very close
to the resulted slope (2.002002).
Means our analysis is accurate.
Link
Example: Moving Car: Velocity

Question:
a) Draw the car positions on the 𝑡, 𝑠(𝑡) chart.
b) What is the car's velocity at 𝑡 = 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ?
c) Suggest the second time and car position that satisfy 𝑣 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 3.
Example: Population Growth
•Scenario: The population of a city grows according to P(t) = 1000e0.05t, where t
is time in years.
•Question: What is the population growth rate after 10 years?

Example: Water Flow Rate

•Scenario: Water flows into a tank, and the volume of water is given by 𝑉(𝑡)=3t 3
− t 2 +5 ,where 𝑉(𝑡) is in liters, and 𝑡 is in minutes.
•Question: What is the flow rate at 𝑡=2 minutes?
Derivatives for different types of functions.
Explanation Example
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟: 𝑑 2
𝑑 𝑛 (𝑥 ) = 2 ∗ 𝑥 2−1 = 2𝑥
(𝑥 ) = 𝑛 ∗ 𝑥 𝑛−1 . 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐 𝑖𝑠: (𝑐) = 0. (5) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 2
𝐼𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 ∗ 𝑔(𝑥), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡: 𝑐 ∗ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑐 ∗ 𝑔(𝑥) . (3𝑥 2 ) = 3 ∗ (𝑥 ) = 3 ∗ 2𝑥 = 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑑 2 𝑑 2 𝑑
(𝑥 + 3𝑥) = (𝑥 ) + (3𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠: 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥) .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = (3𝑥 + 2)4 . 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑔 𝑑𝑦
𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛: = ∗ . = 4(3𝑥 + 2)3 ∗ 3 = 12(3𝑥 + 2)3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑔 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 2
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 7 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 𝑓(𝑥) = sin(𝑥) , cos(𝑥) , tan(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = cos(𝑥) , − sin(𝑥) , sec 2 (𝑥)
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 , 2𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 , 2𝑥 ∗ ln(2)
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(𝑥) , log(𝑥) 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = ,
𝑥 𝑥 ∗ ln(10)
𝑑𝑥𝑑 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥).
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)
. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) 2
How we get the derivative for 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐
1. What is the Slope Formula? The slope of a straight line is defined as:

This represent how steep is between two points. 𝑌2 𝑖𝑠 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑥2, 𝑌1 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑥1

Derivatives of Natural Logarithm
Derivative of the Exponential Function
Applications in the Computer Field

• Optimization: Derivatives are used in machine learning to minimize errors in

algorithms by finding the optimal values of parameters.
• Graphics Rendering: Calculating slopes and rates of change helps in simulating
movement and animations.
• Signal Processing: Derivatives help in analyzing changing signals over time.
Homework Assignment
Q1: Chain Rule - Composite Functions
Find the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 .
Solution: 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = cos 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 ⋅ 6𝑥 + 2 .

Q2: Derivative of an Exponential Function

3
Find the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 −5𝑥
3
Solution: 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 −5𝑥 . (3𝑥 2 − 5)

Q3: Derivative Involving Natural Logarithm

Find the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 2 + 1
2𝑥
Solution: 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 +1

Q4: Derivative of a Power Function with Chain Rule

Find the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 2 + 3 5
Solution: 50𝑥 5𝑥 2 + 3 4
Q5: Derivative of Trigonometric Function with Chain Rule
Find the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥
Solution: 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = −sin 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 . 6𝑥 2 − 1

Life Problem Questions

Q6: Optimization in Economics
A company's revenue function is given by 𝑅 𝑥 = 500𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 , where 𝑥
represents the number of units sold. Find the rate of change of revenue with
respect to the number of units sold at 𝑥 = 50 units. In other words, if the
company increases the number of units sold by a small amount (e.g., from 50 to
50.1), how much will the revenue increase?"
Solution: 𝑅′(50) = 500 − 4(50) = 500 − 200 = 300 $
Increasing the sells by any tiny amount will increase the profits by 300$
Q7: Speed and Motion
A car's position function is given by 𝑠 𝑡 = 4𝑡 3 − 2𝑡 2 + 3, where 𝑡 is time in
seconds and 𝑠 𝑡 is position in meters. Find the speed of the car at 𝑡 = 2 seconds.
Note that the rate of change of position with respect to time is equivalent to the car’s
speed.
Solution:

Q8: Population Growth

The population of a city is modeled by 𝑃 𝑡 = 1000𝑒 0.05𝑡 , where 𝑡 is time in years.
Find the rate at which the population is growing when 𝑡 = 10 years.
Solution:
The population is growing at approximately 82.44 people per year when t=10 years.