Mathematics -1 for CSE Stream (BMATS101)

Module 2
Differential Calculus II

Department of Mathematics

Acharya Institute of Technology

Bengaluru - 560107

1
 Partial Differentiation

Introduction
You will be introduced to the concept of partial derivatives for the function of two or three variables.
Applying the concept of partial derivatives you will be able to solve problems such as verifying the given
function for continuity.

Partial derivatives: Let z = f(x. y) be a function of two variables 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦.

𝜕𝑧
The first order partial derivative of z w.r.t. x, denoted by 𝑜𝑟 𝑧𝑥 and is defined as
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥, 𝑦 − 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
= lim
𝜕𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥
𝜕𝑧
From the above definition, we understand that is the partial derivative of z w.r.t x, treating y as constant.
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑧
The first order partial derivative of z w.r.t. y, denoted by 𝑜𝑟 𝑧𝑦 and is defined as
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 − 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
= lim
𝜕𝑦 𝛿𝑦→0 𝛿𝑦

𝜕𝑧
From the above definition, we understand that is the partial derivative of z w.r.t y, treating x as constant.
𝜕𝑦
 𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
Further = 𝑜𝑟 𝑧𝑥𝑥 and = 𝑜𝑟 𝑧𝑦𝑦 are known as second order partial derivatives.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
Similarly = 𝑜𝑟 𝑧𝑥𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑧𝑦𝑥 known as mixed partial derivatives
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
Note : In all ordinary cases, it can be verified that =
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

Symmetric function: A function 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 is said to be symmetric function if 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑦, 𝑥

Similarly 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑧, 𝑥, 𝑦

Generally we can say that a function of several variables is symmetric if the function remains unchanged
when the variable are cyclically rotated
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Ex: x + y, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥, + + , 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜 𝑜𝑛
𝑦 𝑧 𝑥
Worked Examples:-

𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
Problem 1 : If z = 𝑥3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 +𝑥+ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 1 Show that + =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
Soln. Given z = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 1 …….(1)
Differentiating eqn. 1 w.r.to ‘x’ partially treating ‘y’ as constant we have
𝜕𝑧
= 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
𝜕𝑥
Differentiating again w.r.to ‘x’
𝜕2 𝑧
= 6𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 ………(2)
𝜕𝑥 2
Differentiating eqn. 1 w.r.to ‘y’ partially treating ‘x’ as constant we have
𝜕𝑧
= −6𝑥𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝜕𝑦
Differentiating again w.r.to ‘y’
𝜕2 𝑧
= −6𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 ……….(3)
𝜕𝑦 2
Adding eqn. (2) and (3) we have
𝜕2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧
2 + 2 = 6𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 6𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
=0
Hence the proof
 𝑦 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
Problem 2 : For the function 𝑧 = tan−1 verify that =
𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
𝑦
Soln. Given 𝑧 = tan−1 ……(1)
𝑥
Differentiating eqn. 1 w.r.to ‘x’ partially
𝜕𝑧 1 𝑦 𝑦
= 𝑦2
− =−
𝜕𝑥 1+ 2 𝑥2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝑥
Differentiating above equation partially w.r.t ‘y’
𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝑥 2 +𝑦2 1 −𝑦 2𝑦 𝑦 2 −𝑥 2
= =− ⇒ …..(2)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝑥2 +𝑦 2 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 2

Differentiating eqn. 1 w.r.to ‘y’ partially

𝜕𝑧 1 1 𝑥
= 𝑦2
=
𝜕𝑦 1+ 2 𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝑥
Differentiating above equation partially w.r.t ‘x’
𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 1 −𝑥 2𝑥 𝑦 2 −𝑥 2
= = ⇒ …..(3)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 2
We observe that equation (2) = (3)
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
Thus =
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
Hence the proof
 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
Problem 3 : For the function 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 verify that =
𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Soln. Given 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ………..(1)
𝑥𝑦
Using property of logarithm we have
𝑧 = log 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − log 𝑥 − log 𝑦
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t ‘x’
𝜕𝑧 2𝑥 1
= −
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥
Differentiating above equation partially w.r.t ‘y’
𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 0 −2𝑥 2𝑦 −4𝑥𝑦
= = ⇒ …..(2)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 2

Since the given function is symmetric we can write

𝜕𝑧 2𝑦 1
= −
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑦
Differentiating above equation partially w.r.t ‘x’
𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 −4𝑥𝑦
= = …..(3)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 2
We observe that equation (2) = (3)
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
Thus =
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
Hence the proof
 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Problem 4 : If 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥−𝑏𝑦 sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 then Show that b −𝑎 = 2𝑎𝑏𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Soln. Given 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥−𝑏𝑦 sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 ………..(1)

Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t ‘x’

𝜕𝑢
= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥−𝑏𝑦 acos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥−𝑏𝑦 sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦
𝜕𝑥

Now multiply the above equation by ‘b’, we have

𝜕𝑢
𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑥−𝑏𝑦 cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎𝑏𝑢 …..(2)
𝜕𝑥

Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t ‘y’

𝜕𝑢
= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥−𝑏𝑦 bcos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + −𝑏 𝑒 𝑎𝑥−𝑏𝑦 sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦
𝜕𝑦

Now multiply the above equation by ‘a’, we have

𝜕𝑢
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑥−𝑏𝑦 cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑎𝑏𝑢 …..(3)
𝜕𝑦
Subtracting eqn (2) and (3) we have

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
b −𝑎 = 𝑎𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑥−𝑏𝑦 cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎𝑏𝑢 − [𝑎𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑥−𝑏𝑦 cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑎𝑏𝑢]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= 2𝑎𝑏𝑢
Hence the proof
 𝜕2 𝑟 𝜕2 𝑟 𝜕2 𝑟 2
Problem 6 : If r2 = 𝑥−𝑎 2 + 𝑦−𝑏 2 + 𝑧−𝑐 2 then Show that + + =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑟

Soln. Given r 2 = 𝑥 − 𝑎 2 + 𝑦 − 𝑏 2 + 𝑧 − 𝑐 2 ………..(1)

Here ‘r’ is function of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 and is symmetric

Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t ‘x’

𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑥−𝑎
2𝑟 = 2 𝑥 − 𝑎 ⇒ =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑟
Differentiating above equation partially w.r.t ‘x’ we have,

𝜕𝑟 𝑥−𝑎
𝜕2 𝑟 𝑟 1 − 𝑥−𝑎 𝜕2 𝑟 𝑟 1 − 𝑥−𝑎 𝜕𝑟 𝑥−𝑎
𝜕𝑥 𝑟
= ⇒ = ∵ =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑟2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝑟2 𝜕𝑥 𝑟

𝜕2 𝑟 𝑟 2 − 𝑥−𝑎 2
∴ = ….(2)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑟3
Since the given function is symmetric we can write

𝜕2 𝑟 𝑟 2 − 𝑦−𝑏 2
= …..(3)
𝜕𝑦 2 𝑟3

𝜕2 𝑟 𝑟 2 − 𝑧−𝑐 2
similarly = …..(4)
𝜕𝑧 2 𝑟3
Adding equation (1), (2) and (3) we have

𝜕2 𝑟 𝜕2 𝑟 𝜕2 𝑟 𝑟 2 − 𝑥−𝑎 2 𝑟 2 − 𝑦−𝑏 2 𝑟 2 − 𝑧−𝑐 2

+ + = + +
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑟3 𝑟3 𝑟3

3𝑟 2 − 𝑥−𝑎 2 + 𝑦−𝑏 2 + 𝑧−𝑐 2

=
𝑟3

3𝑟 2 −𝑟 2
=
𝑟3

𝜕2 𝑟 𝜕2 𝑟 𝜕2 𝑟 2
+ 2 + =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑟

Hence the proof

 Total Derivatives
Total differentiation : If 𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 then the total differential of ‘u’ is defined as
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Partial derivatives involves two types

(1) Total derivative rule :

if 𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑡 the ‘u’ is a composite function of a single variable
‘t’ , differentiating ‘u’ w.r.to ‘t’ we have
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡

This is called total derivative of ‘u’

(2) Chain rule

if 𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑟, 𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑟, 𝑠 then ‘u’ is a composite function of two
independent variables r, s. Differentiating ‘u’ w.r.t ‘r’ and ‘s’ and using chain rule we have
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦
= + and = +
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟
Here 𝑢 → 𝑥, 𝑦 → 𝑟, 𝑠
⇒ 𝑢 → 𝑟, 𝑠 is required
Find the total differential of the following

Example 1: 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 3
Soln. here 𝑢 → 𝑥, 𝑦 required total differential is
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦

2. 𝑢 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠∅
Soln. Here 𝑢 → 𝑟, 𝜃, ∅ required total differential is
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑑𝜃 + 𝑑∅
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕∅
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ 𝑑𝜃 − 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 𝑑∅

Exercise : ∅ = 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 3
Worked examples
1. 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 where 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡
Soln. Here z → 𝑥, 𝑦 → 𝑡 ⇒ z → 𝑡
𝑑𝑧
∴ required total derivative is is given by
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑦
= +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡

= 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥𝑦 𝑎 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 2𝑎
= 4𝑎 2 𝑡 2 + 4𝑎 2 𝑡 2 𝑎 + 4𝑎 2 𝑡 2 + 𝑎 2 𝑡 2 2𝑎
= 8𝑎 2 𝑡 2 𝑎 + 5𝑎 2 𝑡 2 2𝑎
= 8𝑎 3 𝑡 2 + 10𝑎 3 𝑡 2
𝑑𝑧
= 18𝑎 3 𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡

For reference : by direct substitution

𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑡 4𝑎 2 𝑡 2 + 𝑎 2 𝑡 2 2𝑎𝑡 ⇒ 𝑧 = 6𝑎 3 𝑡 3
Differentiating w.r.t ‘t’ we have
𝑑𝑧
= 18𝑎 3 𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡
 𝜋
2. 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑡 at 𝑡 =
4
Solution: Here u → 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 → 𝑡 ⇒ u → 𝑡
𝑑𝑢
∴ required total derivative is is given by
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧
= + +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑦 + 𝑧 −𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑦 + 𝑥 1
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑡 −𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 1
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢
= −𝑡 2 sin2 𝑡 − 𝑡 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 +
𝑑𝑡
+ 𝑡 2 cos 2 𝑡 + 𝑡 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑡 2 cos 2 𝑡 − sin2 𝑡 + 𝑡 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 2𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝜋 1
Now at 𝑡 = we have 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 =
4 2
𝑑𝑢 2𝜋 1 1 𝜋 1 1
= 0+0+ . . + 2. +
𝑑𝑡 𝑡=𝜋 4 2 2 4 2 2
4
𝑑𝑢 𝜋 𝜋
= +
𝑑𝑡 𝑡=𝜋 4 2
4
 y−x z−x 𝜕u
5. If f , , find x 2
xy xz 𝜕x
y−x z−x
≫ Let 𝑢 → 𝑓 𝑝, 𝑞 → 𝑥 where p = ,𝑞 =
xy xz

𝑢→𝑥
∴ required partial derivative is
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑞
= +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 1
= +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑝 𝑥 2 𝜕𝑞 𝑥 2

Multiply the above equation by 𝑥 2, we have

𝜕u 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
x2 = + is the required solution.
𝜕x 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑞

Note :
y−x 𝜕𝑝 1 𝑥 −1 − 𝑦−𝑥 1 𝜕𝑝 1 −𝑥−𝑦+𝑥 𝜕𝑝 1
if p = then = ⇒ = ⇒ =
xy 𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝑥2 𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝑥2 𝜕𝑥 𝑥2
𝜕𝑞 1
similarly = 6.
𝜕𝑥 𝑥2
 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
7. If 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑒 −𝑣 . 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑢 − 𝑒 𝑣 Prove that 𝑥 −𝑦 = −
𝜕x 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

Solution : here 𝑧 → 𝑥, 𝑦 → 𝑢, 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑧 → 𝑢, 𝑣

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
∴ = + and = +
𝜕𝑢 𝜕x 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕x 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑖. 𝑒. , = (𝑒 𝑢 ) + −𝑒 −𝑢 ……..(1)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕x 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= −𝑒 −𝑣 + −𝑒 𝑣 ….....(2)
𝜕𝑣 𝜕x 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Consider R.H,S = − and (1)-(2) gives
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑧 𝑢 −𝑣
𝜕𝑧 −𝑢 𝑣
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑒 +𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑒 = .𝑥 − .𝑦
𝜕x 𝜕𝑦 𝜕x 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
− = .𝑥 − .𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕x 𝜕𝑦
𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
Exercise problems
𝜕2 z 2
𝜕 z
1. If 𝑧 = sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 + cos 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑦 , Prove that = a2 2
𝜕x2 𝜕y
𝑑𝑢 3
2. If 𝑢 = cos−1 𝑥 − 𝑦 , 𝑥 = 4𝑡 3 , 𝑦 = 3𝑡 S.T =−
𝑑𝑡 1−𝑡 2
1 𝜕u 1 𝜕u 1 𝜕u
3. If u = f 2x − 3y, 3y − 4z, 4z − 2x , Prove that + + =0
2 𝜕x 3 𝜕y 4 𝜕z