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L22 - Conservative Field Scalar Potential - Lecture 4

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23bme122
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16 views

L22 - Conservative Field Scalar Potential - Lecture 4

Uploaded by

23bme122
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Conservative Field

&
It’s Scalar Potential
Curl of a Gradient is zero

𝐹 = ∇ ∅ is said to be conservative field


∴If 𝐹 is irrotational then we can find scalar function ∅
for which 𝐹 = ∇ ∅ using 𝑑∅ = 𝛻∅ ∙ 𝑑𝑟, here ∅ is known
as scalar potential of Irrotational Vector Field 𝐹.
Example 14
Determine whether the vector field F  ( z 3
 6 xy )i  (3 x 2
 z ) j  (3 xz 2
 y )k
is irrotational or not. If it is an irrotational field then find its
scalar potential function ∅ such that 𝐹 = 𝛻∅.
Solution: 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻×𝐹 = =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧 𝑧 3 + 6𝑥𝑦 3𝑥 2 − 𝑧 3𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝑦

= 𝑖 −1 + 1 − 𝑗 3𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 2 + 𝑘(6𝑥 − 6𝑥) = 0

∴ Given 𝐹 is irrotational vector field.


∴ 𝐹 = 𝛻∅, where ∅ is a scalar potential.
As we know, 𝑑∅ = 𝛻∅ ∙ 𝑑 𝑟
⟹ 𝑑∅ = 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑 𝑟 ∵ 𝐹 = 𝛻∅
⇒ 𝑑∅ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘 ∙ (𝑑𝑥𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧𝑘)
⇒ 𝑑∅ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 𝑑𝑧
⇒ 𝑑∅ = (𝑧 3 + 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 2 − 𝑧)𝑑𝑦 + (3𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑧
⇒ 𝑑∅ = 𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑦𝑑𝑧
⇒ 𝑑∅ = 𝑑(𝑥𝑧 3 ) + 𝑑(3𝑥 2 𝑦) − 𝑑(𝑦𝑧)
Integrating, ∅ = 𝑥𝑧 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝐶
Which is a scalar potential of given 𝐹.
Example 15
Determine whether the electric field 𝐹 = 𝑦 sin 𝑧 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑖 + (𝑥 sin 𝑧 +

Solution:
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻×𝐹 = =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 + 𝑦 2

= 𝑖 𝑥cosz + 2y − 𝑥cosz − 2y − 𝑗 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 − 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 + 𝑘(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧)


=0
∴ Given 𝐹 is irrotational electric field.
∴ 𝐹 = 𝛻∅, where ∅ is electric potential.
As we know, 𝑑∅ = 𝛻∅ ∙ 𝑑 𝑟
⟹ 𝑑∅ = 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑 𝑟 ∵ 𝐹 = 𝛻∅
⇒ 𝑑∅ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘 ∙ (𝑑𝑥𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧𝑘)
⇒ 𝑑∅ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 𝑑𝑧
⇒ 𝑑∅ = (𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑥𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑧
⇒ 𝑑∅ = 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧𝑑𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧𝑑𝑧 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧
⇒ 𝑑∅ = 𝑑(𝑥𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧) + 𝑑(𝑦 2 𝑧) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
Integrating, ∅ = 𝑥𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 + 𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶
Which is an electric potential of given electric field 𝐹.
Example 16 𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 ⟹ 𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
∴ 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑟 2 = 𝛻 𝑟 2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= (𝑖 +𝑗 + 𝑘 )(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 2 𝜕 2 𝜕 2
= (𝑖 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) + 𝑗 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) + 𝑘 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ))
2 2 2 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘 = 2 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 = 2𝑟
OR
𝜕 2 𝜕𝑟 𝑥
∴ 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑟2 =𝛻 𝑟2 = 𝑖 𝑟 = 𝑖2𝑟 = 𝑖2𝑟
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑟
=2 𝑖𝑥 = 2(𝑖𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 + 𝑘𝑧) = 2𝑟
Example 17
Prove that grad(r n )  nr n  2 r where r is the position vector,
r is its magnitude and n is any constant.
Solution: 𝜕 𝑛
∴ 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑛 =𝛻 𝑟𝑛 = 𝑖 𝑟
𝜕𝑥

𝑛−1
𝜕𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑥
= 𝑖𝑛𝑟 =𝑛 𝑖𝑟
𝜕𝑥 𝑟

= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 𝑖𝑥 = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 (𝑖𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 + 𝑘𝑧)

= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 𝑟
Example 18
For which non zero value of n, (r n r ) is Solenoid Vector.
𝜕 𝑛
Solution: 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑟𝑛𝑟
=𝛻 𝑟𝑛𝑟
= 𝑖 (𝑟 𝑟)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑥
= 𝑖(𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑟+𝑟 𝑛
) = 𝑖(𝑛𝑟 𝑟 + 𝑟 𝑛 𝑖)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑟
= (𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 (𝑖𝑥 ∙ 𝑟) + 𝑟 𝑛 (𝑖 ∙ 𝑖)) = [𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 (𝑖𝑥 (𝑖𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 + 𝑘𝑧)) + 𝑟 𝑛 (1)]

= [𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 (𝑥 2 ) + 𝑟 𝑛 (1)] = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 (𝑥 2 ) + 𝑟 𝑛 (1)

= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) + 𝑟 𝑛 (1 + 1 + 1) = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 (𝑟 2 ) + 𝑟 𝑛 (3) = (𝑛 + 3)𝑟 𝑛

For Solenoid Vector, 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑟 𝑛 𝑟 = 0 ⟹ 𝑛 + 3 𝑟 𝑛 = 0 ⟹ 𝑛 = −3


Example 19
Show that for any value of n, (r n r ) is Irrotational Vector.
𝜕 𝑛
Solution: 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑟𝑛𝑟=𝛻× =𝑟𝑛𝑟 𝑖× (𝑟 𝑟)
𝜕𝑥
𝑛−1
𝜕𝑟 𝑛
𝜕𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑥
= 𝑖 × (𝑛𝑟 𝑟+𝑟 )= 𝑖 × (𝑛𝑟 𝑟 + 𝑟 𝑛 𝑖)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑟
= (𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 (𝑥𝑖 × (𝑟) + 𝑟 𝑛 (𝑖 × 𝑖)) = [𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 (𝑖𝑥 × (𝑖𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 + 𝑘𝑧)) + 𝑟 𝑛 (0)]

= [𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 𝑥(𝑘𝑦 − 𝑗𝑧)] = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 𝑥(𝑘𝑦 − 𝑗𝑧)

= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 [𝑥 𝑘𝑦 − 𝑗𝑧 + 𝑦 𝑖𝑧 − 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑗𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 ] = 0

∴ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛, curl 𝑟 𝑛 𝑟 = 0 ⟹ 𝑟 𝑛 𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟.

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