1 - What is Programming and Python?

What is Programming

Programming is a way for us to tell computers what to do. Computer is a very dumb machine and it only
does what we tell it to do. Hence we learn programming and tell computers to do what we are very slow
at - computation. If I ask you to calculate 5+6, you will immediately say 11. How about 23453453 X
56456?

You will start searching for a calculator or jump to a new tab to calculate the same. This 100 days of
code series will help you learn python from starting to the end. We will start from 0 and by the time we
end this course, I promise you will be a Job ready Python developer!

What is Python?
 Python is a dynamically typed, general purpose programming language that supports an object-
oriented programming approach as well as a functional programming approach.
 Python is an interpreted and a high-level programming language.
 It was created by Guido Van Rossum in 1989.

Features of Python
 Python is simple and easy to understand.
 It is Interpreted and platform-independent which makes debugging very easy.
 Python is an open-source programming language.
 Python provides very big library support. Some of the popular libraries include NumPy,
Tensorflow, Selenium, OpenCV, etc.
 It is possible to integrate other programming languages within python.

What is Python used for

 Python is used in Data Visualization to create plots and graphical representations.
 Python helps in Data Analytics to analyze and understand raw data for insights and trends.
 It is used in AI and Machine Learning to simulate human behavior and to learn from past data
without hard coding.
 It is used to create web applications.
 It can be used to handle databases.
 It is used in business and accounting to perform complex mathematical operations along with
quantitative and qualitative analysis.

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2 - Modules and pip in Python!
 Module is like a code library which can be used to borrow code written by somebody else in our python program.
There are two types of modules in python:
 Built in Modules - These modules are ready to import and use and ships with the python interpreter. there is no need to
install such modules explicitly.
 External Modules - These modules are imported from a third party file or can be installed using a package manager like
pip or conda. Since this code is written by someone else, we can install different versions of a same module with time.

The pip command

 It can be used as a package manager pip to install a python module. Lets install a module called pandas using the
following command

pip install pandas

Using a module in Python (Usage)

We use the import syntax to import a module in Python. Here is an example code:

import pandas

# Read and work with a file named 'words.csv'

df = pandas.read_csv('words.csv')
print(df) # This will display first few rows from the words.csv
file

Similarly we can install other modules and look into their documentations for usage instructions.
We will find ourselved doing this often in the later part of this course

3 - Modules and pip in Python!

 Module is like a code library which can be used to borrow code written by somebody else in our python
program. There are two types of modules in python:
 Built in Modules - These modules are ready to import and use and ships with the python interpreter. there is
no need to install such modules explicitly.
 External Modules - These modules are imported from a third party file or can be installed using a package
manager like pip or conda. Since this code is written by someone else, we can install different versions of a
same module with time.

The pip command

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  It can be used as a package manager pip to install a python module. Lets install a module called
pandas using the following command
pip install pandas

Using a module in Python (Usage)

We use the import syntax to import a module in Python. Here is an example code:

import pandas

# Read and work with a file named 'words.csv'

df = pandas.read_csv('words.csv')
print(df) # This will display first few rows from the words.csv file
Similarly we can install other modules and look into their documentations for usage instructions.
We will find ourselved doing this often in the later part of this course

Our First Program

Today we will write our first ever python program from scratch. It will consist of a bunch of print statements. print can be used to
print something on the console in python

Example
print("Hello World", 7)

print(5)

print("Bye")

print(17*13)

5 - Comments, Escape sequence & Print in

Python
 we will talk about Comments, Escape Sequences and little bit more about print statement in Python. We will
also throw some light on Escape Sequences

Python Comments

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  A comment is a part of the coding file that the programmer does not want to execute, rather the programmer
uses it to either explain a block of code or to avoid the execution of a specific part of code while testing.

Single-Line Comments:
To write a comment just add a ‘#’ at the start of the line.

Example 1

#This is a 'Single-Line Comment'

print("This is a print statement.")

Output:
 This is a print statement.

Example 2

 print("Hello World !!!") #Printing Hello World

Output:
 Hello World !!!

Example 3:
 print("Python Program")
 #print("Python Program")

Output:
 Python Program

Multi-Line Comments:
 To write multi-line comments you can use ‘#’ at each line or you can use the multiline string.

Example 1: The use of ‘#’.

#It will execute a block of code if a specified condition is true.

#If the condition is false then it will execute another block of code.

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p=7

if (p > 5):

print("p is greater than 5.")

else:

print("p is not greater than 5.")

Output:

p is greater than 5.

Example 2: The use of multiline string.

 """This is an if-else statement.

 It will execute a block of code if a specified condition is true.
 If the condition is false then it will execute another block of code."""

p=7

if (p > 5):

print("p is greater than 5.")

else:

print("p is not greater than 5.")

Output
 p is greater than 5.

Escape Sequence Characters

 To insert characters that cannot be directly used in a string, we use an escape sequence character.
 An escape sequence character is a backslash \ followed by the character you want to insert.
 An example of a character that cannot be directly used in a string is a double quote inside a string that is
surrounded by double quotes:

print("This doesnt "execute")

print("This will \" execute")

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More on Print statement
The syntax of a print statement looks something like this:

print(object(s), sep=separator, end=end, file=file, flush=flush)

Other Parameters of Print Statement

 object(s): Any object, and as many as you like. Will be converted to string before printed
 sep='separator': Specify how to separate the objects, if there is more than one. Default is ' '
 end='end': Specify what to print at the end. Default is '\n' (line feed)
 file: An object with a write method. Default is sys.stdout
 Parameters 2 to 4 are optional

6 - Variables and Data Types

What is a variable?
 Variable is like a container that holds data. Very similar to how our containers in kitchen holds sugar, salt etc
Creating a variable is like creating a placeholder in memory and assigning it some value. In Python its as
easy as writing:

a=1

b = True

c = "Harry"

d = None

 These are four variables of different data types.

What is a Data Type?

 Data type specifies the type of value a variable holds. This is required in programming to do various
operations without causing an error.
In python, we can print the type of any operator using type function:

a=1

print(type(a))

b = "1"

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print(type(b))

By default, python provides the following built-in data types:

1. Numeric data: int, float, complex

int: 3, -8, 0

float: 7.349, -9.0, 0.0000001

complex: 6 + 2i

2. Text data: str

str: "Hello World!!!", "Python Programming"

3. Boolean data:
Boolean data consists of values True or False.

4. Sequenced data: list, tuple

list: A list is an ordered collection of data with elements separated by a comma and enclosed within square brackets.
Lists are mutable and can be modified after creation.

Example:
list1 = [8, 2.3, [-4, 5], ["apple", "banana"]]

print(list1)

Output:
[8, 2.3, [-4, 5], ['apple', 'banana']]

Tuple: A tuple is an ordered collection of data with elements separated by a comma and enclosed within
parentheses. Tuples are immutable and can not be modified after creation.

Example:
tuple1 = (("parrot", "sparrow"), ("Lion", "Tiger"))

print(tuple1)

Output:

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(('parrot', 'sparrow'), ('Lion', 'Tiger'))

5. Mapped data: dict

dict: A dictionary is an unordered collection of data containing a key:value pair. The key:value pairs are enclosed
within curly brackets.

Example:
dict1 = {"name":"Sakshi", "age":20, "canVote":True}

print(dict1)

Output:
{'name': 'Sakshi', 'age': 20, 'canVote': True}

Example Program
a = complex(8, 2)
b = True
c = "Harry"
d = None
print(a)
print(b)
a1 = 9
print(a + a1)
print("The type of a is ", type(a))
print("The type of b is ", type(b))
print("The type of c is ", type(c))
list1 = [8, 2.3, [-4, 5], ["apple", "banana"]]
print(list1)
tuple1 = (("parrot", "sparrow"), ("Lion", "Tiger"))
print(tuple1)
dict1 = {"name":"Sakshi", "age":20, "canVote":True}
print(dict1)

7 - Operators
Python has different types of operators for different operations. To create a calculator we require
arithmetic operators.
Arithmetic operators
Operator Operator Name Example
+ Addition 15+7

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Operator Operator Name Example
- Subtraction 15-7
* Multiplication 5*7
** Exponential 5**3
/ Division 5/3
% Modulus 15%7
// Floor Division 15//7
Exercise
n = 15
m=7
ans1 = n+m
print("Addition of",n,"and",m,"is", ans1)
ans2 = n-m
print("Subtraction of",n,"and",m,"is", ans2)
ans3 = n*m
print("Multiplication of",n,"and",m,"is", ans3)
ans4 = n/m
print("Division of",n,"and",m,"is", ans4)
ans5 = n%m
print("Modulus of",n,"and",m,"is", ans5)
ans6 = n//m
print("Floor Division of",n,"and",m,"is", ans6)
Explaination
Here 'n' and 'm' are two variables in which the integer value is being stored. Variables 'ans1' ,
'ans2' ,'ans3', 'ans4','ans5' and 'ans6' contains the outputs corresponding to addition,
subtraction,multiplication, division, modulus and floor division respectively.

Exercise 1 - Create a Calculator

Create a calculator capable of performing addition, subtraction, multiplication and division operations on two numbers.
Your program should format the output in a readable manner!

a = 50
b=3

print("The value of", a, "+", 3, "is: ", a + b)

print("The value of", a, "-", 3, "is: ", a - b)
print("The value of", a, "*", 3, "is: ", a * b)
print("The value of", a, "/", 3, "is: ", a / b)

9 - Typecasting in python
 The conversion of one data type into the other data type is known as type casting in python or type conversion in
python.

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  Python supports a wide variety of functions or methods like: int(), float(), str(), ord(), hex(), oct(), tuple(), set(),
list(), dict(), etc. for the type casting in python.

Two Types of Typecasting:

 Explicit Conversion (Explicit type casting in python)
 Implicit Conversion (Implicit type casting in python).

Explicit typecasting:
 The conversion of one data type into another data type, done via developer or programmer's intervention or
manually as per the requirement, is known as explicit type conversion.
 It can be achieved with the help of Python’s built-in type conversion functions such as int(), float(), hex(), oct(),
str(), etc .

Example of explicit typecasting:

string = "15"

number = 7

string_number = int(string) #throws an error if the string is not a valid integer

sum= number + string_number

print("The Sum of both the numbers is: ", sum)

Output:
The Sum of both the numbers is 22

Implicit type casting:

Data types in Python do not have the same level i.e. ordering of data types is not the same in Python. Some of the data
types have higher-order, and some have lower order. While performing any operations on variables with different data
types in Python, one of the variable's data types will be changed to the higher data type. According to the level, one data
type is converted into other by the Python interpreter itself (automatically). This is called, implicit typecasting in python.

Python converts a smaller data type to a higher data type to prevent data loss.

Example of implicit type casting:

# Python automatically converts
# a to int
a=7
print(type(a))

# Python automatically converts b to float

b = 3.0
print(type(b))

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# Python automatically converts c to float as it is a float addition
c=a+b
print(c)
print(type(c))

Ouput:
<class 'int'>
<class 'float'>
10.0
<class 'float'>

10 - Taking User Input in python

In python, we can take user input directly by using input() function.This input function gives a return value as
string/character hence we have to pass that into a variable

Syntax:
variable=input()

But input function returns the value as string. Hence we have to typecast them whenever required to another datatype.

Example:
variable=int(input())

variable=float(input())

We can also display a text using input function. This will make input() function take user input and display a message as
well

Example:
a=input("Enter the name: ")

print(a)

Output:
Enter the name: Harry

Harry

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