31 - Python Sets

Sets are unordered collection of data items. They store multiple items in a single variable. Set
items are separated by commas and enclosed within curly brackets {}. Sets are unchangeable,
meaning you cannot change items of the set once created. Sets do not contain duplicate items.

Example:

info = {"Carla", 19, False, 5.9, 19}

print(info)

Output:

{False, 19, 5.9, 'Carla'}

Here we see that the items of set occur in random order and hence they cannot be accessed
using index numbers. Also sets do not allow duplicate values.

Quick Quiz: Try to create an empty set. Check using the type() function whether the type of
your variable is a set

Accessing set items:

Using a For loop
You can access items of set using a for loop.

Example:

info = {"Carla", 19, False, 5.9}

for item in info:

print(item)

Output:

False

Carla

19

5.9
32 - Joining Sets
Sets in python more or less work in the same way as sets in mathematics. We can perform
operations like union and intersection on the sets just like in mathematics.

I. union() and update():

The union() and update() methods prints all items that are present in the two sets. The union()
method returns a new set whereas update() method adds item into the existing set from another
set.

Example:

cities = {"Tokyo", "Madrid", "Berlin", "Delhi"}

cities2 = {"Tokyo", "Seoul", "Kabul", "Madrid"}

cities3 = cities.union(cities2)

print(cities3)

Output:

{'Tokyo', 'Madrid', 'Kabul', 'Seoul', 'Berlin', 'Delhi'}

Example:

cities = {"Tokyo", "Madrid", "Berlin", "Delhi"}

cities2 = {"Tokyo", "Seoul", "Kabul", "Madrid"}

cities.update(cities2)

print(cities)

Output:

{'Berlin', 'Madrid', 'Tokyo', 'Delhi', 'Kabul', 'Seoul'}

II. intersection and intersection_update():

The intersection() and intersection_update() methods prints only items that are similar to both
the sets. The intersection() method returns a new set whereas intersection_update() method
updates into the existing set from another set.
Example:

cities = {"Tokyo", "Madrid", "Berlin", "Delhi"}

cities2 = {"Tokyo", "Seoul", "Kabul", "Madrid"}

cities3 = cities.intersection(cities2)

print(cities3)

Output:

{'Madrid', 'Tokyo'}

Example :

cities = {"Tokyo", "Madrid", "Berlin", "Delhi"}

cities2 = {"Tokyo", "Seoul", "Kabul", "Madrid"}

cities.intersection_update(cities2)

print(cities)

Output:

{'Tokyo', 'Madrid'}

III. symmetric_difference and

symmetric_difference_update():
The symmetric_difference() and symmetric_difference_update() methods prints only items that
are not similar to both the sets. The symmetric_difference() method returns a new set whereas
symmetric_difference_update() method updates into the existing set from another set.

Example:

cities = {"Tokyo", "Madrid", "Berlin", "Delhi"}

cities2 = {"Tokyo", "Seoul", "Kabul", "Madrid"}

cities3 = cities.symmetric_difference(cities2)

print(cities3)
Output:

{'Seoul', 'Kabul', 'Berlin', 'Delhi'}

Example:

cities = {"Tokyo", "Madrid", "Berlin", "Delhi"}

cities2 = {"Tokyo", "Seoul", "Kabul", "Madrid"}

cities.symmetric_difference_update(cities2)

print(cities)

Output:

{'Kabul', 'Delhi', 'Berlin', 'Seoul'}

IV. difference() and difference_update():

The difference() and difference_update() methods prints only items that are only present in the
original set and not in both the sets. The difference() method returns a new set whereas
difference_update() method updates into the existing set from another set.

Example:

cities = {"Tokyo", "Madrid", "Berlin", "Delhi"}

cities2 = {"Seoul", "Kabul", "Delhi"}

cities3 = cities.difference(cities2)

print(cities3)

Output:

{'Tokyo', 'Madrid', 'Berlin'}

Example:

cities = {"Tokyo", "Madrid", "Berlin", "Delhi"}

cities2 = {"Seoul", "Kabul", "Delhi"}

print(cities.difference(cities2))
Output:

{'Tokyo', 'Berlin', 'Madrid'}

Set Methods
There are several in-built methods used for the manipulation of set.They are explained below

isdisjoint():
The isdisjoint() method checks if items of given set are present in another set. This method
returns False if items are present, else it returns True.

Example:

cities = {"Tokyo", "Madrid", "Berlin", "Delhi"}

cities2 = {"Tokyo", "Seoul", "Kabul", "Madrid"}

print(cities.isdisjoint(cities2))

Output:

False

issuperset():
The issuperset() method checks if all the items of a particular set are present in the original set.
It returns True if all the items are present, else it returns False.

Example:

cities = {"Tokyo", "Madrid", "Berlin", "Delhi"}

cities2 = {"Seoul", "Kabul"}

print(cities.issuperset(cities2))

cities3 = {"Seoul", "Madrid","Kabul"}

print(cities.issuperset(cities3))
Output:

False
False

issubset():
The issubset() method checks if all the items of the original set are present in the particular set.
It returns True if all the items are present, else it returns False.

Example:

cities = {"Tokyo", "Madrid", "Berlin", "Delhi"}

cities2 = {"Delhi", "Madrid"}

print(cities2.issubset(cities))

Output:

True

add()
If you want to add a single item to the set use the add() method.

Example:

cities = {"Tokyo", "Madrid", "Berlin", "Delhi"}

cities.add("Helsinki")

print(cities)

Output:

{'Tokyo', 'Helsinki', 'Madrid', 'Berlin', 'Delhi'}

update()
If you want to add more than one item, simply create another set or any other iterable
object(list, tuple, dictionary), and use the update() method to add it into the existing set.

Example:
cities = {"Tokyo", "Madrid", "Berlin", "Delhi"}

cities2 = {"Helsinki", "Warsaw", "Seoul"}

cities.update(cities2)

print(cities)

Output:

{'Seoul', 'Berlin', 'Delhi', 'Tokyo', 'Warsaw', 'Helsinki', 'Madrid'}

remove()/discard()
We can use remove() and discard() methods to remove items form list.

Example :

cities = {"Tokyo", "Madrid", "Berlin", "Delhi"}

cities.remove("Tokyo")

print(cities)

Output:

{'Delhi', 'Berlin', 'Madrid'}

The main difference between remove and discard is that, if we try to delete an item which is not
present in set, then remove() raises an error, whereas discard() does not raise any error.

Example:

cities = {"Tokyo", "Madrid", "Berlin", "Delhi"}

cities.remove("Seoul")

print(cities)

Output:

KeyError: 'Seoul'

pop()
This method removes the last item of the set but the catch is that we don’t know which item
gets popped as sets are unordered. However, you can access the popped item if you assign the
pop() method to a variable.

Example:

cities = {"Tokyo", "Madrid", "Berlin", "Delhi"}

item = cities.pop()

print(cities)

print(item)

Output:

{'Tokyo', 'Delhi', 'Berlin'} Madrid

del
del is not a method, rather it is a keyword which deletes the set entirely.

Example:

cities = {"Tokyo", "Madrid", "Berlin", "Delhi"}

del cities

print(cities)

Output:

NameError: name 'cities' is not defined We get an error because our entire set has been deleted
and there is no variable called cities which contains a set.

What if we don’t want to delete the entire set, we just want to delete all items within that set?

clear():
This method clears all items in the set and prints an empty set.

Example:

cities = {"Tokyo", "Madrid", "Berlin", "Delhi"}

cities.clear()

print(cities)

Output:

set()

Check if item exists

You can also check if an item exists in the set or not.

Example

info = {"Carla", 19, False, 5.9}

if "Carla" in info:

print("Carla is present.")

else:

print("Carla is absent.")

Output:

Carla is present.
33 - Python Dictionaries
Dictionaries are ordered collection of data items. They store multiple items in a single variable.
Dictionary items are key-value pairs that are separated by commas and enclosed within curly
brackets {}.

Example:

info = {'name':'Karan', 'age':19, 'eligible':True}

print(info)

Output:

{'name': 'Karan', 'age': 19, 'eligible': True}

Accessing Dictionary items:

I. Accessing single values:
Values in a dictionary can be accessed using keys. We can access dictionary values by
mentioning keys either in square brackets or by using get method.

Example:

info = {'name':'Karan', 'age':19, 'eligible':True}

print(info['name'])

print(info.get('eligible'))

Output:

Karan

True

II. Accessing multiple values:

We can print all the values in the dictionary using values() method.

Example:

info = {'name':'Karan', 'age':19, 'eligible':True}

print(info.values())

Output:

dict_values(['Karan', 19, True])

III. Accessing keys:

We can print all the keys in the dictionary using keys() method.

Example:

info = {'name':'Karan', 'age':19, 'eligible':True}

print(info.keys())

Output:

dict_keys(['name', 'age', 'eligible'])

IV. Accessing key-value pairs:

We can print all the key-value pairs in the dictionary using items() method.

Example:

info = {'name':'Karan', 'age':19, 'eligible':True}

print(info.items())

Output:

dict_items([('name', 'Karan'), ('age', 19), ('eligible', True)])

34 - Dictionary Methods
Dictionary uses several built-in methods for manipulation.They are listed below

update()
The update() method updates the value of the key provided to it if the item already exists in the
dictionary, else it creates a new key-value pair.

Example:

info = {'name':'Karan', 'age':19, 'eligible':True}

print(info)

info.update({'age':20})

info.update({'DOB':2001})

print(info)

Output:

{'name': 'Karan', 'age': 19, 'eligible': True}

{'name': 'Karan', 'age': 20, 'eligible': True, 'DOB': 2001}

Removing items from dictionary:

There are a few methods that we can use to remove items from dictionary.

clear():
The clear() method removes all the items from the list.

Example:

info = {'name':'Karan', 'age':19, 'eligible':True}

info.clear()

print(info)

Output:
{}

pop():

The pop() method removes the key-value pair whose key is passed as a parameter.

Example:

info = {'name':'Karan', 'age':19, 'eligible':True}

info.pop('eligible')

print(info)

Output:

{'name': 'Karan', 'age': 19}

popitem():
The popitem() method removes the last key-value pair from the dictionary.

Example:

info = {'name':'Karan', 'age':19, 'eligible':True, 'DOB':2003}

info.popitem()

print(info)

Output:

{'name': 'Karan', 'age': 19, 'eligible': True}

del:
we can also use the del keyword to remove a dictionary item.

Example:

info = {'name':'Karan', 'age':19, 'eligible':True, 'DOB':2003}

del info['age']

print(info)
Output:

{'name': 'Karan', 'eligible': True, 'DOB': 2003}

If key is not provided, then the del keyword will delete the dictionary entirely.

Example:

info = {'name':'Karan', 'age':19, 'eligible':True, 'DOB':2003}

del info

print(info)

Output:

NameError: name 'info' is not defined

35 - Python - else in Loop
As you have learned before, the else clause is used along with the if statement.

Python allows the else keyword to be used with the for and while loops too. The else block
appears after the body of the loop. The statements in the else block will be executed after all
iterations are completed. The program exits the loop only after the else block is executed.

Syntax
for counter in sequence:

#Statements inside for loop block

else:

#Statements inside else block

Example:
for x in range(5):

print ("iteration no {} in for loop".format(x+1))

else:

print ("else block in loop")

print ("Out of loop")

Output:
iteration no 1 in for loop

iteration no 2 in for loop

iteration no 3 in for loop

iteration no 4 in for loop

iteration no 5 in for loop

else block in loop

Out of loop

36 - Exception Handling
Exception handling is the process of responding to unwanted or unexpected events when a
computer program runs. Exception handling deals with these events to avoid the program or
system crashing, and without this process, exceptions would disrupt the normal operation of a
program.

Exceptions in Python
Python has many built-in exceptions that are raised when your program encounters an error
(something in the program goes wrong).

When these exceptions occur, the Python interpreter stops the current process and passes it to
the calling process until it is handled. If not handled, the program will crash.

Python try...except
try….. except blocks are used in python to handle errors and exceptions. The code in try block
runs when there is no error. If the try block catches the error, then the except block is executed.

Syntax:
try:

#statements which could generate

#exception

except:

#Soloution of generated exception

Example:
try:

num = int(input("Enter an integer: "))

except ValueError:

print("Number entered is not an integer.")

Output:
Enter an integer: 6.022

Number entered is not an integer.

37 - Finally Clause (Finally keyword)

The finally code block is also a part of exception handling. When we handle exception using the
try and except block, we can include a finally block at the end. The finally block is always
executed, so it is generally used for doing the concluding tasks like closing file resources or
closing database connection or may be ending the program execution with a delightful message.

Syntax:
try:

#statements which could generate

#exception

except:

#solution of generated exception

finally:

#block of code which is going to

#execute in any situation

The finally block is executed irrespective of the outcome of try……except…..else blocks

One of the important use cases of finally block is in a function which returns a value.
Example:
try:

num = int(input("Enter an integer: "))

except ValueError:

print("Number entered is not an integer.")

else:

print("Integer Accepted.")

finally:

print("This block is always executed.")

Output 1:
Enter an integer: 19

Integer Accepted.

This block is always executed.

Output 2:
Enter an integer: 3.142

Number entered is not an integer.

This block is always executed.

38 - Raising Custom errors
In python, we can raise custom errors by using the raise keyword.

salary = int(input("Enter salary amount: "))

if not 2000 < salary < 5000:

raise ValueError("Not a valid salary")

In the previous tutorial, we learned about different built-in exceptions in Python and why it is
important to handle exceptions. However, sometimes we may need to create our own custom
exceptions that serve our purpose.

Defining Custom Exceptions

In Python, we can define custom exceptions by creating a new class that is derived from the
built-in Exception class.

Here's the syntax to define custom exceptions:

class CustomError(Exception):

# code ...

pass

try:

# code ...

except CustomError:

# code...

This is useful because sometimes we might want to do something when a particular exception is
raised. For example, sending an error report to the admin, calling an api, etc.
39 Day39 - Exercise 3: Solution
Create a program capable of displaying questions to the user
like KBC. Use List data type to store the questions and their
correct answers. Display the final amount the person is
taking home after playing the game.

questions = [
[
"Which language was used to create fb?", "Python", "French", "JavaScript",
"Php", "None", 4
],
[
"Which language was used to create fb?", "Python", "French", "JavaScript",
"Php", "None", 4
],
[
"Which language was used to create fb?", "Python", "French", "JavaScript",
"Php", "None", 4
],
[
"Which language was used to create fb?", "Python", "French", "JavaScript",
"Php", "None", 4
],
[
"Which language was used to create fb?", "Python", "French", "JavaScript",
"Php", "None", 4
],
[
"Which language was used to create fb?", "Python", "French", "JavaScript",
"Php", "None", 4
],
[
"Which language was used to create fb?", "Python", "French", "JavaScript",
"Php", "None", 4
],
[
"Which language was used to create fb?", "Python", "French", "JavaScript",
"Php", "None", 4
],
[
"Which language was used to create fb?", "Python", "French", "JavaScript",
"Php", "None", 4
],
[
"Which language was used to create fb?", "Python", "French", "JavaScript",
"Php", "None", 4
],
[
"Which language was used to create fb?", "Python", "French", "JavaScript",
"Php", "None", 4
],
[
"Which language was used to create fb?", "Python", "French", "JavaScript",
"Php", "None", 4
],
[
"Which language was used to create fb?", "Python", "French", "JavaScript",
"Php", "None", 4
],
[
"Which language was used to create fb?", "Python", "French", "JavaScript",
"Php", "None", 4
],
[
"Which language was used to create fb?", "Python", "French", "JavaScript",
"Php", "None", 4
],
[
"Which language was used to create fb?", "Python", "French", "JavaScript",
"Php", "None", 4
],
[
"Which language was used to create fb?", "Python", "French", "JavaScript",
"Php", "None", 4
],
[
"Which language was used to create fb?", "Python", "French", "JavaScript",
"Php", "None", 4
],
[
"Which language was used to create fb?", "Python", "French", "JavaScript",
"Php", "None", 4
],
[
"Which language was used to create fb?", "Python", "French", "JavaScript",
"Php", "None", 4
],
[
"Which language was used to create fb?", "Python", "French", "JavaScript",
"Php", "None", 4
 ],
[
"Which language was used to create fb?", "Python", "French", "JavaScript",
"Php", "None", 4
],
[
"Which language was used to create fb?", "Python", "French", "JavaScript",
"Php", "None", 4
],
[
"Which language was used to create fb?", "Python", "French", "JavaScript",
"Php", "None", 4
],
]

levels = [1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, 10000, 20000, 40000, 80000, 160000, 320000]
money = 0
for i in range(0, len(questions)):

question = questions[i]
print(f"\n\nQuestion for Rs. {levels[i]}")
print(f"a. {question[1]} b. {question[2]} ")
print(f"c. {question[3]} d. {question[4]} ")
reply = int(input("Enter your answer (1-4) or 0 to quit:\n" ))
if (reply == 0):
money = levels[i-1]
break
if(reply == question[-1]):
print(f"Correct answer, you have won Rs. {levels[i]}")
if(i == 4):
money = 10000
elif(i == 9):
money = 320000
elif(i == 14):
money = 10000000
else:
print("Wrong answer!")
break

print(f"Your take home money is {money}"

40 - Exercise 4
Write a python program to translate a
message into secret code language. Use the
rules below to translate normal English into
secret code language
Coding:
if the word contains atleast 3 characters, remove the first letter and append it at the end now
append three random characters at the starting and the end else: simply reverse the string

Decoding:
if the word contains less than 3 characters, reverse it else: remove 3 random characters from
start and end. Now remove the last letter and append it to the beginning

Your program should ask whether you want to code or decode

# Write a python program to translate a message into secret code language. Use the rules below to
translate normal English into secret code language

# Coding:
# if the word contains atleast 3 characters, remove the first letter and append it at the end
# now append three random characters at the starting and the end
# else:
# simply reverse the string

# Decoding:
# if the word contains less than 3 characters, reverse it
# else:
# remove 3 random characters from start and end. Now remove the last letter and append it to the
beginning

# Your program should ask whether you want to code or decode