PSEUDO CODE CONTINUED

PSEUDO-CODE: DECISION MAKING

 If-then
 General form:
if (condition is met) then
statement(s)

 Example:
if temperature < 0 then
wear a jacket
 If-then-else
 General form:
if (condition is met) then
statement(s)
else 2
statements(s)
PSEUDO-CODE: DECISION MAKING (2)

 Example:
if (at work) then
Dress formally
else
Dress casually

3
 PSEUDOCODE & ALGORITHM
 Example 1: Write an algorithm to determine a
student’s final grade and indicate whether it is
passing or failing. The final grade is calculated as
the average of four marks.

4
 PSEUDOCODE & ALGORITHM
Pseudocode:
 Input a set of 4 marks
 Calculate their average by summing and
dividing by 4
 if average is below 50
output “FAIL”
else
output “PASS”

5
 PSEUDOCODE & ALGORITHM
 Detailed Algorithm
 Step 1: Input M1,M2,M3,M4
Step 2: GRADE = (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4
Step 3: if (GRADE < 50) then
output “FAIL”
else
output “PASS”
endif

6
 FLOW CHARTS
7 Part Three
 THE FLOWCHART
 (Dictionary) A schematic representation of a
sequence of operations, as in a manufacturing
process or computer program.

 (Technical) A graphical representation of the

sequence of operations in an information system
or program. Information system flowcharts show
how data flows from source documents through
the computer to final distribution to users.
Program flowcharts show the sequence of
instructions in a single program or subroutine.
Different symbols are used to draw each type of
flowchart. 8
 THE FLOWCHART
A Flowchart
 shows logic of an algorithm
 emphasizes individual steps and their
interconnections
 e.g. control flow from one action to the next

9
UNDERSTANDING THE ALGORITHM

 Possibly the simplest and easiest method to understand the steps in an

algorithm, is by using the flowchart method. This algorithm is composed
of block symbols to represent each step in the solution process as well as
the directed paths of each step.

 The most common block symbols are:

Symbol Representation
 Start/Stop

 Process

 Input

 Output 10
Symbol Representation
 Decision

 Connector

 Flow Direction

11
 EXAMPLE

START
Step 1: Input M1,M2,M3,M4
Step 2: GRADE = (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4
Input
M1,M2,M3,M
Step 3: if (GRADE <50) then
4 output “FAIL”
else
GRADE(M1+M2+M3+M4)/
4
output “PASS”
endif
N IS Y
GRADE<
50

output output
“PASS” “FAIL”

12
STOP
 EXAMPLE 2
 Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to
convert the length in feet to centimeter.
Pseudocode:
 Input the length in feet (Lft)
 Calculate the length in cm (Lcm) by multiplying
Lft with 30
 output length in cm (Lcm)

13
 EXAMPLE 2
Algorithm Flowchart
 Step 1: Input Lft
START
 Step 2: Lcm = Lft x 30
 Step 3: output Lcm Input
Lft

Lcm  Lft x 30

output
Lcm

STOP
14
 EXAMPLE 3
Write an algorithm and draw a
flowchart that will read the two sides
of a rectangle and calculate its area.
Pseudocode
 Input the width (W) and Length (L) of a
rectangle
 Calculate the area (A) by multiplying L
with W
 output A
15
EXAMPLE 3

Algorithm START
 Step 1: Input W,L
 Step 2: A=L x W Input
W, L
 Step 3: output A
A=LxW

output
A

STOP 16
IF–THEN–ELSE STRUCTURE
 The structure is as follows
If condition then
true alternative
else
false alternative
endif

17
DECISION STRUCTURES

Y N
is
A>B

output output
A B

18
IF–THEN–ELSE STRUCTURE
 The algorithm for the flowchart is as follows:
If A>B then
output A
else
output B Y N
is
endif A>B

output output
A B

19
RELATIONAL OPERATORS

Relational Operators
Operator Description
> Greater than
< Less than
= Equal to
 Greater than or equal to
 Less than or equal to
 Not equal to
20
EXAMPLE 4
 Write an algorithm that reads two values,
determines the largest value and outputs the
largest value with an identifying message.
ALGORITHM
Step 1: Input VALUE1, VALUE2
Step 2: if (VALUE1 > VALUE2) then
MAX  VALUE1
else
MAX  VALUE2
endif
Step 3: output “The largest value is”, MAX

21
EXAMPLE 4
START

Input
VALUE1,VALUE
2

Y is N
VALUE1>VALUE2

MAX = VALUE1 MAX = VALUE2

output
“The largest value is”,
MAX
22

STOP
23
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