Aggregate for concrete

• Classification
• Properties
• Tests
• Grading

Dr. Jayachandran K.
Assistant Professor | Civil Engineering | NIT Calicut
jk@[Link] +91-94422 64411
Courtesy: Some images and text contents are sourced from the internet & textbooks for demonstration
Railway track Ballast

JK

Road Construction
Aggregate - Introduction
JK
➢ A combination of different sizes and shapes normally of
stones used for making concrete with size < 75 mm.
➢ Why aggregates?
✓ 4.5 billion tons of aggregates in concrete used worldwide
✓ Challenges – environmental concerns; shortage and
alternative resources
➢ 60-80% of the volume of concrete is occupied by
aggregates. Remaining 25-40% is occupied by
✓ cement (absolute volume of cement = 7-15%)
✓ water = 14-21%
✓ Air = 1-4% - Entrapped air, not entrained air
➢ Main significance:
✓ Cost
✓ Dimensional stability
✓ Strength and stiffness
✓ Abrasion resistance
Aggregate characteristics affecting concrete properties
JK
Types of rocks
JK
➢ Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
➢ 95% of the outer 10 miles of the earth’s crust is
composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks,
➢ However, 75% of the rocks exposed on the surface
of the earth are sedimentary
Classification of Aggregates
JK
➢ Size
➢ Shape
➢ Method of manufacturing
➢ Density
➢ Sources for fine and coarse aggregate
Classification based on size:
JK
➢ Fine aggregates - pass through 4.75 mm sieve or
aggregates with size less than 5 mm.
➢ Coarse aggregates – pass through 75 mm sieve and
entirely retained on 4.75 mm sieve OR those
aggregates with size greater than 5 mm.
Fine aggregate – Sand (< 5 mm)
JK
➢ The first type of fine
aggregate is Sand.
➢ Sand is little particles of
silica.
➢ Larger particles are
categorized as gravel
➢ smaller particles are
categorized as silt or clay.
➢ Types of Sand
✓ Pit Sand
✓ River Sand
✓ Sea Sand
Classification based on shape
JK
➢ Angular
➢ Rounded
➢ Flaky
➢ Elongated
➢ Flaky & Elongated
Classification by method of manufacture
JK
➢ Natural aggregate/uncrushed aggregate- From the
river beds, river sand and ex-mines. Normally
rounded in shape and have smooth surface texture
➢ Manufactured aggregate / crushed aggregate –
Obtained by mechanically crushing rocks, boulders,
or cobbles. Normally angular in shape and have
rough surface
Advantagestexture Disadvantages

Less prone to bleeding and segregation Higher need for vibration due to higher
cohesion
High fines content gives good finish Higher wear on equipment due to abrasion

Cheaper Difficult to control fines content

Classification based on density
JK
➢ Based on specific gravity or density measured in
bulk, aggregate is divided into 3 types:
✓ Lightweight aggregate
✓ Normal-weight aggregate
✓ Heavyweight aggregate
Normal-weight aggregate
JK
➢ Crushed stone, gravel and ordinary sand are
examples of normal weight aggregate.
➢ They are commonly used in manufacture of normal
weight concrete, asphalt concrete and roadway sub-
base.
➢ The average values of specific gravity
✓ For sand and gravel are 2.6 and 2.65 respectively.
✓ Bulk density of normal weight aggregate is around 1520 to
1680 kg/m3.
Lightweight aggregate
JK
➢ Lightweight fine aggregate is any aggregate with bulk density
less than 1120 kg/m3 and lightweight coarse aggregate is any
aggregate with bulk density less than 880 kg/m3.
➢ They are commonly used as ingredients in the manufacture of
lightweight concrete, for making lightweight masonry blocks (to
improved their thermal and insulating properties and nailing
characteristic), and lightweight floor and roof slabs.
➢ 2 types of lightweight aggregate:
✓ Natural lightweight aggregates (eg: palm oil shell, rice husk, etc)
✓ Manufactured (also called synthetic) lightweight aggregates.
Heavyweight aggregate
JK
➢ Those aggregate with high density and is used
primarily in the manufacture of heavyweight
concrete, employed for protection against nuclear
radiation and as bomb shelter.
➢ The unit weight of heavyweight concrete varies from
2800 kg/m3 with specific gravity range from 4.0 to
4.6.(eg: mineral ores and barite)
 Examples of Uses for the
Weight
Aggregates Used Concrete

can be sawed or nailed,

ultra-lightweight vermiculite, ceramic also used for its
insulating properties

used primarily for making

expanded clay, shale or lightweight concrete for
lightweight
slate, crushed brick structures, also used for its
insulating properties

crushed limestone, sand,

river gravel, used for normal concrete
normal weight projects
crushed recycled
concrete
used for making high
steel or iron shot; steel density concrete for
heavyweight shielding against nuclear
or iron pellets
radiation
Pit Sand
➢ This sand is obtained by forming pits in soils. JK

➢ It is excavated from a depth of about 1-2 m from

the ground level.
➢ This sand is found as deposits in soil and it
consists of sharp angular grains, which are free
from salts.
➢ Sand from a pit, as distinct from river or sea sand.
➢ When washed and screened it is good sand for
general purposes.
River Sand
➢ This sand is widely used for all purposes. It is JK

obtained from the banks or beds of rivers, and it

consists of fine rounded grains. The presence of
fine rounded grains is due to mutual attrition under
the action of water current.
➢ River Sand obtained from the banks and beds of
rivers is also coarse and fine.
➢ Coarse sand is best to use in construction works.
River sand

JK
➢ The river sand is available in clean conditions.
➢ The river sand is almost white in color.
River sand
JK
Sea Sand
JK
➢ This sand is obtained from the shore of sea.
➢ The shape of this sand is rounded.
➢ It is brown in color and it also has the fine rounded
grain.
➢ Due seawater, it mixes with different chemicals.
Sea sand
➢ As it is obtained from sea it contains salt, which is JK

used in attracting moisture from atmosphere which

causes dampness and disintegration of work.
➢ It is generally not used for engineering purpose
due to its retards setting action of cement.
➢ It is normally used for non structural purposes,
where the steel rebars are not used
Sea sand - Dredged sand deposition
JK

DREDGED SAND
DESPOSITION
M Sand (manufactured or artificial sand)
JK
➢ This is the 2nd type of fine aggregate. Stone dust is
a finely crushed material used to fill in the spaces
between gravel
➢ It is a substitute for River Sand, fine aggregates
which manufactured by crushing either granite or
basalt rock using 3 stage crushing process.
➢ This sand is manufactured in conformance to IS
Codes and is an effective alternative to river sand
River Sand Vs Quarry Dust Vs M Sand
JK
Definition for M-Sand
JK
➢ The processed the Crushed Stone Sand (CS Sand)
which passes the requirements of a fine aggregate as
specified in IS 383:2016, is commercially called as
Manufactured sand (M-Sand)

➢ By-products obtained during crushing of rocks are not

Crushed Stone Sand. A Crusher Dust (or Quarry Dust)
produced from fine screening of quarry crushing
cannot be called Crushed Stone Sand.
Quarry Dust Vs M sand (CS Sand) Contd..
JK
Crusher Dust / Quarry Dust M-Sand
• A by-product from coarse aggregate • Original M-Sand is manufactured by
produced using Jaw crusher/ Cone crusher. shaping cubically using Vertical Shaft
• In wet conditions the crusher dust Impactor (VSI) machine, graded and
resembles M Sand. cleaned.
• No standardised process like shaping, • Cubical shape - Good workability –
grading and cleaning. Superior plasticity - makes bonding
• Particles Surface are sharp, elongated and very strong.
flaky - makes the bonding weak.
• State-of-the-art technology helps to
• High water absorption property. control the flakiness and elongation
• No workability – No plasticity of every sand particle.
• Less strength /durability of concrete.
Is the problem solved for aggregate scarcity?
JK
➢ Guess the problem that exists further?
Cinder
JK
➢ Cinder is the slag from a metal furnace.
➢ Before use this slag we crushed this so that its size
remains in fine aggregate.
Lightweight aggregate by controlled recycling
of plastic waste
JK
➢ Industrial process by using the scrap resulting from
the sorting of recycled plastics (from both solid
urban and industrial) to produce:
Expanded granules: Used as
aggregate for lightened structural and
non-structural concrete, substituting
the expanded clay.
Extrusion/foaming process by using
blowing agent like gypsum

Densified flakes: Used as aggregate

for mortar and as raw material for
making expanded granules

Save naturals resources from quarrying

Artificial aggregate using fly ash
JK
➢ In Sintering process, green pellets are allowed to
fuse together at high temperatures normally more
than 1200°C
➢ Cold bonding is another method, in which Fly ash
with binder is pelletized and exposed to normal
water curing

Sintered Fly ash aggregates

Pelletization process
Surkhi

➢ Surkhi is finely powdered burnt clay and generally

JK

made from slightly under burnt bricks.

Coarse Aggregate (> 5 mm , < 75 mm)
JK
➢ Course aggregate basic material of the concrete.
➢ Crushed stone or gravel used in concrete are
called coarse aggregate
➢ Types of coarse Aggregates
✓ Stone Ballast
✓ Gravel
✓ Brick Ballast
✓ Clinker
Stone Ballast
JK
➢ Stone ballast produced by mining a suitable rock
deposit and breaking the removed rock down to the
desired size using crushers.
Gravel
JK
➢ Gravel is a mix of rock pieces or small rocks.
➢ These are also called rounded rocks.
Brick Ballast
JK
➢ For unimportant works we can use brick ballast in
concrete as coarse aggregates.
➢ For this purpose, well burned bricks are chosen.
Clinker
JK
➢ Clinker is used for producing Portland cement.
Demolition / (C&D) waste as fine and coarse
aggregate
JK
➢ Design life of a building is 60 years, approx.
➢ In India, use of concrete raised 30 years ago,
➢ With change in technology & lifestyle, the building
requirements does not satisfy the current needs and need
to demolish.
➢ How to utilize those scrap as useful construction material?
➢ Controlled quality testing and classification to use it as
aggregate for different grade of concrete

Save naturals resources from quarrying

Grading of aggregates:
JK
➢ Coarse and fine aggregates to be used for making
concrete should be well graded.
➢ Gradation means the particle size distribution of
aggregates.
➢ Test for grading of aggregates is carried out using
the sieve analysis method.

Sieve analysis test equipment

Reduction of Voids
JK
Aggregate grading
JK
➢ Conventional concrete mix design methods tend to
use grading differently for coarse and fine
aggregate
➢ Typically, the available aggregates are
proportioned in such a way that the grading of the
combined aggregate is similar to a specific curve or
lies in between given limits.
➢ These numbers or limits are typically obtained from
maximum density considerations
Grading Limits
JK
Particle Packing
JK

Deals with optimization of the

granular skeleton → leading to
minimization of voids

Assumption – best packing

leads to ideal concrete
properties

Need to contend with

interfacial effects and other
issues (loosening effect etc.)

Many mathematical models

available
Concept of ‘particle packing’
JK
➢ Modern advances in mix design methods have built
upon the necessity of maximum density gradation,
using the concept of ‘particle packing’. This
concept talks about the optimization of the granular
skeleton of the concrete mix to obtain the best
packing density.
➢ Over 100 years ago, Feret proposed formulas
showing that the maximum strength of
cementitious material is obtained when the matrix
initial porosity (i.e. the ratio of voids per matrix
volume) is minimal.
➢ A cost-effective concrete is obtained by optimizing
the paste composition, aggregate skeleton, and
paste content.
Particle packing models
JK
➢ Number of models available – some assume a
discrete distribution and others a continuous
distribution of particle size
➢ Continuous model based on Andreassen’s work
has been commonly used – available as a freely
downloadable software “EMMA”

Elkem Materials Mixture Analyser – EMMA

[Link]
Software for optimization
JK
➢ Possible to create similar ternary diagrams for any
combination of aggregates
➢ Packing density contours for various combination of three
sizes of aggregates; the maximum density is found at the
dark point, where the approximate composition of the
aggregate mix is
40% Coarse : 20% Medium : 40% Fine
How to read Ternary diagrams?
JK

1. 60% A + 20%B + 20%C = 100%

2. 25% A + 40%B + 35%C = 100%

3. 10% A + 70%B + 20%C = 100%

4. 0% A + 25%B + 75%C = 100%

[Link]
Size Gradation
JK
uniform size continuous grading smaller versus larger sizes

gap grading no-fines

Mindess & Young

Continuous / Well Graded Aggregate
JK
➢ Dense and well graded aggregates are desirable for
making concrete, as the space between larger
particles is effectively filled by smaller particles to
produce a well-packed structure.
Gap Graded Aggregate
JK
➢ Gap grading lacks one or more intermediate
size.
➢ Gap graded aggregates can make good
concrete when the required workability is
relatively low.
➢ Advantages of gap grading are more
economical concrete, use of less cement
and lower w/c ratios.
➢ When they are used in high workability
mixes, segregation may become a problem.
The resulting concrete is very stiff and has
low workability.

49
Uniformly Graded Aggregate
JK
➢ For uniformly graded aggregate, only a few sizes
dominate the bulk material.
➢ With this grading, the aggregates are not are not
effectively packed, and the resulting concrete will
be more porous, unless a lot of paste is employed.
➢ It is a poorly graded aggregate
No Fines
JK
➢ An extreme case is no-fines concrete. This
concrete is difficult to handle and compact;
developing low strength and high permeability.
Open Graded Aggregate
JK
➢ Open graded aggregate contains too much small
particles and easy to be disturbed.

52
Proportioning of aggregates
JK
➢ It is a method of combining two or more aggregates of
different grades to satisfy the given gradation
requirements
➢ In concrete, the voids between aggregates of higher
size fractions are filled with lower size fractions and the
voids of very low size fractions are filled with cement
paste
➢ For good and economical concreting the aggregate
should have all the size fractions as per codal
requirements.
➢ To satisfy the specification requirement it is best to
blend coarse and fine aggregate (sometimes filler also)
by analytical trail and error method or by graphical
method
 Combining of two aggregates

sieve 10mm 4.75mm 2.36mm 1.18mm 600µ 300µ 150µ

Agg.A 100 90 59 16 3 1.2 0

Agg.B 100 100 96 90 76 40 22

Spec. 100 90-100 60-95 30-70 15-34 5-20 0-10

Trial .1

sieve 10mm 4.75mm 2.36mm 1.18mm 600µ 300µ 150µ

.5 x A 50 45 29.5 8 1.5 .6 0

.5 x B 50 50 48 45 38 20 11

total 100 95 77.5 51 39.5 20.6 11

Spec. 100 90-100 60-95 30-70 15-34 5-20 0-10
 Trial .2

sieve 10mm 4.75mm 2.36mm 1.18mm 600µ 300µ 150µ

.6 x A 60 54 35.4 9.6 1.8 .72 0

.4 x B 40 40 38.4 36 30.4 16 8.8

Total 100 94 73.8 45.6 32.2 16.72 8.8

Spec. 100 90-100 60-95 30-70 15-34 5-20 0-10
Trial .3

sieve 10mm 4.75mm 2.36mm 1.18mm 600µ 300µ 150µ

.55 x A 55 49.5 32.45 8.8 1.65 .66 0

.45 x B 45 45 43.2 40.5 34.2 18 9.9

total 100 94.5 75.65 49.3 35.85 18.66 9.9

Spec. 100 90-100 60-95 30-70 15-34 5-20 0-10
 Combining three aggregates
sieve 19 12.5 10 4.75 2.36 600µ 300µ 150µ 75 µ
mm mm mm mm mm
Agg. A 100 90 59 16 3.2 1.1 0 0 0
Agg. B 100 100 100 96 82 51 36 21 9.2
Agg. C 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 93 82
Spec. 100 80-100 70-90 50-70 35-50 18-29 13-23 8-16 4-10
Trail 1

sieve 19 12.5 10 4.75 2.36 600µ 300µ 150µ 75 µ

mm mm mm mm mm
.5 x A 50 45 29.5 8 1.6 0.6
.47 x B 47 47 47 45.1 38.5 24 16.9 9.9 4.5
.03 x C 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2.8 2.5
Total 100 95 79.5 56.1 43.1 27.6 19.9 12.7 6.8
Selection of aggregates
JK
➢ Aggregates shall be hard, durable and clean and
free from adherent coatings and organic matter
and shall not contain appreciable amount of clay.
➢ Aggregates shall not contain harmful impurities
such as iron pyrites, alkalis, salts, coal, mica, shale
or other materials which will affect hardening and
reinforcement corrosion.
Tests for Stones
JK | CED | NITC

➢ The following are the tests conducted on stones to decide construction work
➢ Impact test
➢ Crushing strength test
➢ Attrition test
➢ Hardness Test
➢ Water absorption test
➢ Freeze - thaw test
➢ Microscopic test
➢ Smith's test

Building Technology JK | CED | NITC

Toughness
JK
➢ Is the resistance of aggregate to failure by impact.
➢ This can be determined by aggregate impact test.
➢ The aggregate impact value shall not exceed 45%
by weight for aggregate used for concrete other
than those used for wearing surfaces and 30% for
concrete for wearing surfaces.
Aggregate impact test
IS : 2386 (part 4)

➢ Sieve the aggregate pass through 12.5 mm JK

and retain in 10 mm sieves (A)

➢ A metal hammer weighing 13.5 to 14.0 kg
the lower end being cylindrical in shape, 50
mm long, 100.0 mm in diameter is allowed
to fall from 380 mm height for 15 times.
➢ The crushed aggregate is removed from the
cup and sieved on 2.36 mm. IS sieve (B)
➢ Aggregate impact value = (B/A) x 100%
Aggregate compression strength
JK
➢ In practice, majority of normal
aggregates are considerably
stronger than concrete
➢ A good average value of
crushing strength of
aggregates is 200 N/mm2.
Aggregate crushing value
IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963.
➢ A specimen of weight 3 kg (A) filled JK
in cylider and tested in a compression
testing machine.
➢ The rate of loading is 4.0 N / mm2
per minute.
➢ The maximum load of 40 tonnes for
minute is maintained and the load is
released.
➢ Sample is then sieved through a 2.36
mm IS Sieve (B)
➢ Aggregate crushing value
= (B/A) x 100%.
Not more than 25 % for wearing surfaces
Not more than 45 % for non-wearing surfaces

In practice, majority of normal aggregates are

considerably stronger than concrete
A good average value of crushing strength of
aggregates is 200 N/mm2.
Attrition test:
JK
➢ In this test, some known weight of stone pieces are taken and
put in the Deval's attrition test cylinder.

➢ The cylinder is rotated about its horizontal axis for 5 hrs at the
rate of 30 RPM. Then the contents in the cylinder are sieved
by 1.5 mm sieve.

Devel attrition testing cylinder

Hardness of aggregates
JK
➢ Hardness of aggregates is the ability of the aggregate
to withstand wear or load or applied pressure.
➢ This hardness is depending on the type of parent rock
➢ The test that can obtain the hardness is the abrasion
test.
➢ A satisfactory aggregate should have an abrasion
value of not more than 30% for aggregates used for
wearing surfaces and 50% for aggregates used for non
wearing surfaces.
Los Angeles Abrasion test

➢ 5 kg of aggregate sieved as per the JK

norms given in IS : 2386 (Part 5)

➢ Steel balls 11 or more will be
dropped and rotated at 30 rpm for
1000 revolutions.
➢ The percentage change in the weight
is measured.
Porosity – Water absorption
JK
➢ Aggregate normally have pores of various sizes.
➢ Aggregates will absorb water when it is dry but
normally release water in the concrete mix when it is
wet.
➢ The amount of water and its rate of permeation
depends on the size and volume of aggregate
➢ Since, the aggregate comprises 75% of the concrete
volume, it is essential to note that porosity of an
aggregate contribute to the overall porosity of
concrete.
JK
To calculate moisture content of Aggregates
Example:
A sample of damp aggregate weighing 2.35 kg is
dried by hair dryer until it just reaches the
saturated surface dry (free-running) condition. It
is then found to weigh 2.24 kg. After drying in the
oven at 110C to constant mass, it is found to
weigh 2.15 kg. Based on dry mass, calculate:
•free-water content
•the total water content
Solution:
a) Free-water content in aggregate is defined as the water content
when the aggregate is in saturated surface dry conditions.
i.e. initial weight = 2.35 kg
weight at SSD = 2.24 kg
free water content = 0.11 kg
% of free-water content based on dry mass
= (0.11/2.15) x 100 = 5.1%
b) Total water content = free-water content
+
water absorbed by aggregates
= 0.11 + (2.24 – 2.15)
= 0.2 kg
OR 2.35 – 2.15 = 0.2 kg
(i.e overall weight - wt of max. dry aggregates)
% of total water content based on dry mass,
= 0.2/2.15 x 100
= 9.3%
Durability of aggregates
JK
➢ Durability is ability of the aggregate to withstand
external or internal damages due to environmental
factors like temperature, rainfall, etc.
Resistance to Freezing and Thawing

➢ Important for exterior concrete. JK

➢ Affected by an aggregate's high

porosity, absorption, permeability and
pore structure.
➢ If aggregates or concrete absorbs so
much water that when the water
freezes and expands the concrete
cannot accommodate the build up of
internal pressure, pop–outs may
occur.
Freezing and thawing test:
JK
➢ Stone is placed in freezing
chamber at 12°C for 24 hours
and it is then warmed at
atmospheric temperature.
➢ The procedure is repeated for
several times and the behavior
of stone is noted.
 Microscopic test:

JK
➢ In this test, thin sections of stone are taken, and they are examined in a
microscope to study various properties like grain size, mineral
constituents etc.
Smith’s test:

JK

➢Clear water is taken and pieces of stones are placed in it.

➢Water is vigorously stirred.
➢ If the water becomes dirty it indicates the stone contains earthy matter /
loose particles.
Shrinkage of aggregate
JK
➢ Excessive cracking
➢ Large deflection of reinforced beams and slabs
➢ Some spalling (chipping or crumbling)
➢ If more than 0.08 percent shrinkage occurs, the
aggregate is considered undesirable.
 JK

➢ A good coarse aggregate for concrete should satisfy

the following requirements:

Flakiness index : ≤ 15%

(flaky – Tk <0.6 times [Link])

Elongation index : ≤ 15%

(elongated – length >1.8 times [Link])

Angularity number, N : 0 to 11
(N = % air voids which is in excess of 33%)
 JK
Crushing strength :≤ 45% for all types of concrete and
≤ 30% for wearing surfaces
( crushing str. % passing of agg. 12.5 – 10mm on 2.36mm sieve after
applying a load of 40 t)

Toughness ([Link] value) : ≤ 45% for all types of concrete

and ≤ 30% for wearing surfaces
(AIV - % passing of agg. 12.5 – 10mm on 2.36mm sieve after applying an
load of 13.5kg , 15 times)

Deval’s attrition value : 7 to 8

(DAV - % passing of agg. on 1.7mm sieve after 10,000 revolution)

Los angel’s abrasion value :≤ 50% for all types of concrete and
≤ 30% for wearing surfaces
(LAAV - % passing of agg. on 1.7mm sieve after 500(upto 40mm) or 1000
(above 40mm) revolution)

➢ A fine aggregate falling under zone II or zone III is preferred for

general concrete.
Other Important Considerations
• Bulking of sand JK

• Increase in the volume of sand caused by the films of water

pushing the particles apart.
• In volume batching, this distorts the mix proportions and
decreases the yield of concrete.

• Unsoundness
• Low density particles can decrease strength.
• Mica, and gypsum and other sulphates could react with the
hydration products leading to harmful effects.

• Alkali-silica reactivity
• Reactive forms of silica present in the aggregates are
attacked by the alkaline hydroxides in pore water. The
resulting gel swells, and can cause expansion and cracking.

• Alkali-carbonate reactivity
• Some dolomitic limestones and the alkalis in cement react to
form an expansive gel.
Other considerations
JK
➢ Very coarse-grained rocks are undesirable
because of poor abrasion resistance
➢ Flat, flaky, and elongated pieces are obtained on
crushing metamorphic rocks. Such rocks will pose
a problem if used as concrete aggregates. Also,
some metamorphic rocks show directional
properties because of their foliation.
➢ Igneous rocks are the best because of their high
resistance to weathering.
➢ Sedimentary rocks for use in dimension stone
should be carefully chosen.
(contd.)
JK
➢ Some igneous rocks may have soluble minerals
like zeolite; also, in foundations, weathered
igneous rocks should not be used.
➢ In the case of sedimentary rocks, the source of
rock is important. Some rocks are less durable
(e.g. stream gravels) and some are extremely
porous (e.g. conglomerates are weak and porous),
and not good for freezing conditions.
➢ Careful attention should also be paid to the
presence of cavities and conduits within limestone
and dolomite among sedimentary rocks, and
marble among metamorphic rocks.
Aggregate for concrete
• Classification
• Properties
• Tests
• Grading

Dr. Jayachandran K.
Assistant Professor | Civil Engineering | NIT Calicut
jk@[Link] +91-94422 64411
Courtesy: Some images and text contents are sourced from the internet & textbooks for demonstration