What is Core Java

The word Core describes the basic concept of something, and here, the
phrase 'Core Java' defines the basic Java that covers the basic concept of
Java programming language. We all are aware that Java is one of the well-
known and widely used programming languages, and to begin with it, the
beginner has to start the journey with Core Java and then towards
the Advance Java. The Java programming language is a general-purpose
programming language that is based on the OOPs concept. The ocean of
Java is too deep to learn, i.e., as much you learn more, you will know its
depth. Java is a platform-independent and robust programming language.
The principle followed by Java is WORA that says Write Once, Run
Anywhere. The programming language is quite simple and easy to
understand. But one should know that Core Java is not different from Java.
Java is complete in itself, but for the beginners, it is natural that the
beginner must begin with the core concepts of Java. In actual, Java has
different editions, where Core Java is one of the parts of an edition.
Java Editions
The Java Programming Language has the following defined editions that it
supports:

Java SE (Java Standard Edition)

The Java SE is a computing-based platform and used for developing desktop or

Window based applications. Thus, core Java is the part of Java SE where the developers
develop desktop-based applications by using the basic concepts of Java where JDK
(Java Development Kit) is a quite familiar Java SE implementation.

Java EE (Java Enterprise Edition)

Also known as Java 2 Platform or J2EE. It is the enterprise platform where a developer
develops applications on the servers, i.e., the enterprise development. This edition is
used for web development.
Java ME (Java Micro Edition)

It is the micro edition that is used for the development of mobile phone applications.
Thus, for the development of mobile applications, one needs to use Java ME.

Thus, it is clear that Core Java is the part of Java SE and Java SE is the foundation for
all other Java editions.

Java OOPs Concepts

Object-Oriented Programming is a paradigm that provides many concepts, such
as inheritance, data binding, polymorphism, etc.
Object

Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For example, a chair, pen,
table, keyboard, bike, etc. It can be physical or logical.

Class
Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.

A class can also be defined as a blueprint from which you can create an individual
object.

Inheritance
When one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of a parent object, it is known
as inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime polymorphism.

Polymorphism
If one task is performed in different ways, it is known as polymorphism. For example: to
convince the customer differently, to draw something, for example, shape, triangle,
rectangle, etc

Abstraction

Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction. For example
phone call, we don't know the internal processing.

Encapsulation
Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit are known as
encapsulation. For example, a capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines

Method Overloading in Java

If a class has multiple methods having same name but different in parameters, it is
known as Method Overloading.

If we have to perform only one operation, having same name of the methods increases
the readability of the program.

There are two ways to overload the method in java

 1. By changing number of arguments
2. By changing the data type

1) Method Overloading: changing no. of arguments

In this example, we have created two methods, first add() method performs addition
of two numbers and second add method performs addition of three numbers.

In this example, we are creating static methods so that we don't need to create
instance for calling methods.

class Adder{
static int add(int a,int b){return a+b;}
static int add(int a,int b,int c){return a+b+c;}
}
class TestOverloading1{
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11));
System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11,11));
}}

Output:

22
33

2) Method Overloading: changing data type of

arguments
In this example, we have created two methods that differs in data type. The first add
method receives two integer arguments and second add method receives two double
arguments.

class Adder{
static int add(int a, int b){return a+b;}
static double add(double a, double b){return a+b;}
}
class TestOverloading2{
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11));
System.out.println(Adder.add(12.3,12.6));
 }}

Output:

22
24.9

Method Overriding in Java

If subclass (child class) has the same method as declared in the parent class, it is known
as method overriding in Java.

In other words, If a subclass provides the specific implementation of the method that
has been declared by one of its parent class, it is known as method overriding.

Usage of Java Method Overriding

o Method overriding is used to provide the specific implementation of a method which
is already provided by its superclass.
o Method overriding is used for runtime polymorphism

Rules for Java Method Overriding

1. The method must have the same name as in the parent class
2. The method must have the same parameter as in the parent class.
3. There must be an IS-A relationship (inheritance).

Let's understand the problem that we may face in the program if we don't use method
overriding.

//Java Program to demonstrate why we need method overriding

//Here, we are calling the method of parent class with child
//class object.
//Creating a parent class
class Vehicle{
void run(){System.out.println("Vehicle is running");}
}
//Creating a child class
class Bike extends Vehicle{
public static void main(String args[]){
//creating an instance of child class
 Bike obj = new Bike();
//calling the method with child class instance
obj.run();
}
}

Output:

Vehicle is running

Inheritance in Java
Inheritance in Java is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties
and behaviours of a parent object. It is an important part of OOPs (Object Oriented
programming system).

The syntax of Java Inheritance

class Subclass-name extends Superclass-name
{
//methods and fields
}

The extends keyword indicates that you are making a new class that derives from an
existing class. The meaning of "extends" is to increase the functionality.

Types of inheritance in java

Exception Handling in Java
The Exception Handling in Java is one of the powerful mechanism to handle the
runtime errors so that the normal flow of the application can be maintained.

Types of Java Exceptions

There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. An error is
considered as the unchecked exception. However, according to Oracle, there are three
types of exceptions namely:

1. Checked Exception
2. Unchecked Exception
3. Error

4.
Difference between Checked and Unchecked
Exceptions
1) Checked Exception

The classes that directly inherit the Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error
are known as checked exceptions. For example, IOException, SQLException, etc.
Checked exceptions are checked at compile-time.

2) Unchecked Exception

The classes that inherit the Runtime Exception are known as unchecked exceptions.
For example, ArithmeticException, NullPointerException,
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, etc. Unchecked exceptions are not checked at
compile-time, but they are checked at runtime.

3) Error

Error is irrecoverable. Some example of errors are OutOfMemoryError,

VirtualMachineError, AssertionError etc

Java Exception Handling Example

Let's see an example of Java Exception Handling in which we are using a try-catch
statement to handle the exception.

JavaExceptionExample.java

public class JavaExceptionExample{

public static void main(String args[]){
try{
//code that may raise exception
int data=100/0;
}catch(ArithmeticException e){System.out.println(e);}
//rest code of the program
System.out.println("rest of the code...");
}
}
Output:
Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:/ by zero
rest of the code...
Java Package
java package is a group of similar types of classes, interfaces and sub-packages.

Package in java can be categorized in two form, built-in package and user-defined
package.

There are many built-in packages such as java, lang, awt, javax, swing, net, io, util, sql
etc.

Here, we will have the detailed learning of creating and using user-defined packages.

Advantage of Java Package

1) Java package is used to categorize the classes and interfaces so that they can be
easily maintained.

2) Java package provides access protection.

3) Java package removes naming collision.

How to access package from another package?
There are three ways to access the package from outside the package.

1. import package.*;
2. import package.classname;
3. fully qualified name.

Collections in Java
The Collection in Java is a framework that provides an architecture to store and
manipulate the group of objects.

Java Collections can achieve all the operations that you perform on a data such as
searching, sorting, insertion, manipulation, and deletion.

Java Collection means a single unit of objects. Java Collection framework provides
many interfaces (Set, List, Queue, Deque) and classes (ArrayList,
Vector, LinkedList, PriorityQueue, HashSet, LinkedHashSet, TreeSet).

What is Collection in Java

A Collection represents a single unit of objects, i.e., a group.

What is a framework in Java

o It provides readymade architecture.
o It represents a set of classes and interfaces.
o It is optional.

What is Collection framework

The Collection framework represents a unified architecture for storing and

manipulating a group of objects. It has:

1. Interfaces and its implementations, i.e., classes

2. Algorithm
Multithreading in Java
Multithreading in Java is a process of executing multiple threads simultaneously.

A thread is a lightweight sub-process, the smallest unit of processing. Multiprocessing

and multithreading, both are used to achieve multitasking.

However, we use multithreading than multiprocessing because threads use a shared

memory area. They don't allocate separate memory area so saves memory, and
context-switching between the threads takes less time than process.

Java Multithreading is mostly used in games, animation, etc.

Advantages of Java Multithreading

1) It doesn't block the user because threads are independent and you can perform
multiple operations at the same time.

2) You can perform many operations together, so it saves time.

3) Threads are independent, so it doesn't affect other threads if an exception occurs

in a single thread.

Multitasking
Multitasking is a process of executing multiple tasks simultaneously. We use
multitasking to utilize the CPU. Multitasking can be achieved in two ways:

o Process-based Multitasking (Multiprocessing)

o Thread-based Multitasking (Multithreading)

1) Process-based Multitasking (Multiprocessing)

o Each process has an address in memory. In other words, each process allocates a
separate memory area.
o A process is heavyweight.
o Cost of communication between the process is high.
o Switching from one process to another requires some time for saving and
loading registers, memory maps, updating lists, etc.
2) Thread-based Multitasking (Multithreading)
o Threads share the same address space.
o A thread is lightweight.
o Cost of communication between the thread is low.

What is Thread in java

A thread is a lightweight subprocess, the smallest unit of processing. It is a separate
path of execution.

Threads are independent. If there occurs exception in one thread, it doesn't affect other
threads. It uses a shared memory area.

As shown in the above figure, a thread is executed inside the process. There is context-
switching between the threads. There can be multiple processes inside the OS, and
one process can have multiple threads.

Java AWT
Java AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) is an API to develop Graphical User Interface
(GUI) or windows-based applications in Java.

Java AWT components are platform-dependent i.e. components are displayed

according to the view of operating system. AWT is heavy weight i.e. its components
are using the resources of underlying operating system (OS).
The java.awt package provides classes for AWT API such as TextField, Label, TextArea,
RadioButton, CheckBox, Choice, List etc.

The AWT tutorial will help the user to understand Java GUI programming in simple and
easy steps.

Play Video

Why AWT is platform independent?

Java AWT calls the native platform calls the native platform (operating systems)
subroutine for creating API components like TextField, ChechBox, button, etc.

For example, an AWT GUI with components like TextField, label and button will have
different look and feel for the different platforms like Windows, MAC OS, and Unix.
The reason for this is the platforms have different view for their native components
and AWT directly calls the native subroutine that creates those components.

In simple words, an AWT application will look like a windows application in Windows
OS whereas it will look like a Mac application in the MAC OS.

Java AWT Hierarchy

The hierarchy of Java AWT classes are given below.
Components
All the elements like the button, text fields, scroll bars, etc. are called components. In
Java AWT, there are classes for each component as shown in above diagram. In order
to place every component in a particular position on a screen, we need to add them
to a container.

Container
The Container is a component in AWT that can contain another components
like buttons, textfields, labels etc. The classes that extends Container class are known
as container such as Frame, Dialog and Panel.

It is basically a screen where the where the components are placed at their specific
locations. Thus it contains and controls the layout of components.

Types of containers:

There are four types of containers in Java AWT:

1. Window
2. Panel
3. Frame
4. Dialog

Window

The window is the container that have no borders and menu bars. You must use frame,
dialog or another window for creating a window. We need to create an instance of
Window class to create this container.

Panel

The Panel is the container that doesn't contain title bar, border or menu bar. It is
generic container for holding the components. It can have other components like
button, text field etc. An instance of Panel class creates a container, in which we can
add components.
Frame

The Frame is the container that contain title bar and border and can have menu bars.
It can have other components like button, text field, scrollbar etc. Frame is most widely
used container while developing an AWT application

Java Applet
Applet is a special type of program that is embedded in the webpage to generate the
dynamic content. It runs inside the browser and works at client side.

Advantage of Applet
There are many advantages of applet. They are as follows:

o It works at client side so less response time.

o Secured
o It can be executed by browsers running under many plateforms, including Linux,
Windows, Mac Os etc.

Drawback of Applet
o Plugin is required at client browser to execute applet.

Hierarchy of Applet

Applet class extends Panel. Panel class extends Container which is the subclass of
Component.
Lifecycle of Java Applet
1. Applet is initialized.
2. Applet is started.
3. Applet is painted.
4. Applet is stopped.
5. Applet is destroyed.

Lifecycle methods for Applet:

The java.applet.Applet class 4 life cycle methods and java.awt.Component class
provides 1 life cycle methods for an applet.

java.applet.Applet class
For creating any applet java.applet.Applet class must be inherited. It provides 4 life
cycle methods of applet.

1. public void init(): is used to initialized the Applet. It is invoked only once.
2. public void start(): is invoked after the init() method or browser is maximized. It is
used to start the Applet.
3. public void stop(): is used to stop the Applet. It is invoked when Applet is stop or
browser is minimized.
4. public void destroy(): is used to destroy the Applet. It is invoked only once.

Who is responsible to manage the life cycle of an applet?

Java Plug-in software.

How to run an Applet?

There are two ways to run an applet

1. By html file.
2. By appletViewer tool (for testing purpose).
Java JDBC
JDBC stands for Java Database Connectivity. JDBC is a Java API to connect and execute
the query with the database. It is a part of JavaSE (Java Standard Edition). JDBC API
uses JDBC drivers to connect with the database. There are four types of JDBC drivers:

o JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver,

o Native Driver,
o Network Protocol Driver, and
o Thin Driver

We have discussed the above four drivers in the next chapter.

We can use JDBC API to access tabular data stored in any relational database. By the
help of JDBC API, we can save, update, delete and fetch data from the database. It is
like Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) provided by Microsoft.

The current version of JDBC is 4.3. It is the stable release since 21st September, 2017.
It is based on the X/Open SQL Call Level Interface. The java.sql package contains
classes and interfaces for JDBC API. A list of popular interfaces of JDBC API are given
below

o PreparedStatement interface
o CallableStatement interface
o ResultSet interface
o ResultSetMetaData interface
o DatabaseMetaData interface
o RowSet interface

A list of popular classes of JDBC API are given below:

 o DriverManager class
o Blob class
o Clob class
o Types class

Why Should We Use JDBC

Before JDBC, ODBC API was the database API to connect and execute the query with
the database. But, ODBC API uses ODBC driver which is written in C language (i.e.
platform dependent and unsecured). That is why Java has defined its own API (JDBC
API) that uses JDBC drivers (written in Java language).

We can use JDBC API to handle database using Java program and can perform the
following activities:

1. Connect to the database

2. Execute queries and update statements to the database
3. Retrieve the result received from the database.