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1.Writethe difference between destructive and non

destructive testing of welds.
a)Non-Destructive Weld Testing (NDT) refers to a collection of analysis techniques
used to evaluate the properties of a material, component, or system without causing
damage. NDT is crucial in many industries, including oil and gas, aerospace, automotive,
and construction, where safety and compliance with industry standards are vital.
KEY NDT TECHNIQUES
 Ultrasonic Inspection: This method employs high-frequency sound waves to detect internal
inconsistencies in materials. Technicians can identify flaws, such as cracks or voids, by sending ultrasonic
beams into a component. This technique is particularly effective for butt welding in pipes and plates.
 Visual Inspection: Conducted by trained inspectors, visual inspection involves examining the surface of
welds and materials for visible defects. This method is often the first step in any inspection process,
ensuring welds meet specified dimensions and quality standards.
 Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI): MPI detects surface and near-surface discontinuities in
ferromagnetic materials. By applying a magnetic field and a fine iron particle suspension, defects become
visible as the particles cluster around them.
IMPORTANCE OF NDT
The significance of NDT cannot be overstated. By implementing effective NDT programs, companies can
ensure their products are safe and compliant with industry regulations. This not only protects end-users but also
enhances the reputation of the manufacturer. NDT helps in:
Preventing failures: Early detection of defects can prevent catastrophic failures in critical components.
APPLICATIONS OF DT
DT is primarily used in research and development, quality control, and material certification processes. While
DT provides critical data about material properties, it has significant drawbacks, including:
 Irreversible damage: DT’s primary disadvantage is that it destroys the tested sample, making it
unsuitable for components that need to remain intact for use.
 Higher costs: Since components cannot be reused after testing, the costs associated with DT can be
higher, especially for critical applications.
The Differences Between NDT And DT
Let’s help you understand it with this table:
Aspect Non-Destructive Testing Destructive Testing (DT)

(NDT)
Purpose Detects flaws without damage Determines material properties through
failure
Impact on No damage Component is destroyed
component
Cost implications Generally lower long-term Higher costs due to component loss
costs
Applications Safety-critical industries Research and development
Data provided Identifies defects Provides mechanical properties
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2. Explain Hot working and cold working.

a).
3. Explain in the principle of shielded metal arc welding

process with suitable schematic diagram.
a). Shielded Metal Arc Welding
The shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) is a type of electric arc welding in which coalescences of metals
is produced by heat from an electric arc created between the tip of a consumable electrode and the
surface of the base material at point of welding.
The shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) is also known as manual metal arc welding (MMAW), flux
shielded arc welding or stick welding. The shielded metal arc welding is a manual arc welding process
which uses a consumable electrode coated in flux to lay the weld. An electric current, either AC or DC, is
used to create an electric arc between the coated electrode and metals to be welded. As the weld is laid,
the flux coating of the electrode disintegrates, giving off vapors that serve as a shielding gas and
forming a layer of slag, both of which protect the weld area the atmospheric contamination.
Working of Shielded Metal Arc Welding
In case of shielded metal arc welding, in order to strike the arc, the electrode is brought into contact with
the workpiece by a very light touch of the electrode to the base metal and then pulled back slightly. This
process initiates the electric arc and hence, the metaling of the workpiece and the
consumable electrode. This causes droplets of the electrodes to be passed from the electrode to
the weld pool.
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During the welding process, the coated electrode melts, thus the flux covering it disintegrates producing
shielding gases and molten slag that covers the filler metal, both of which protect the weld area from the
oxygen and other atmospheric gases. As the slag floats on the surface of the weld pool and protects the
weld from contamination as it solidifies. Once the slag is hardened, it must be chipped away to reveal
the finished weld.
As the welding progresses and the electrode melts, the welder must periodically stop welding to remove
the remaining electrode stub and insert a new electrode into the electrode holder.

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Set-1 key

1.Writethe difference between destructive and non

KEY NDT TECHNIQUES

The Differences Between NDT And DT

Let’s help you understand it with this table:

Aspect Non-Destructive Testing Destructive Testing (DT)

2. Explain Hot working and cold working.

3. Explain in the principle of shielded metal arc welding

Working of Shielded Metal Arc Welding

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