Chapter 1) Computer concepts

- Computer: a machine (CPU + memories + input/output peripherical)

- Computer = hardware + software
- Hardware
o Input devices  keyboard, mic, mouse
o Output devices  screen, printer, speaker,...
- Program: a program is a set of logical instructions that execute a planned task on a computer.
- Programmer: A person or another program that creates (or writes or codes) the instructions to be
executed by computer.
- Programming language: Like a normal language, is a set of word (or keyword), symbols (+, -, *, ^,…),
function, operation that the programmer uses to instruct the computer. Example: C#, Python, Java,…

Chapter 2) Algorithm
I. Definition
Algo is a programming language that uses our own language (English) as syntax to write instruction for the
computer.

II. Structure of an algo program

Syntax of a program:

START
Instruction 1
…2
…n
END
III. Output instruction in Algo
We will use the function DISPLAY to print information on the screen of a computer.

Syntax:

DISPLAY (info)

Detail:

- DISPLAY : a keyword, a function that print information on the screen

- Info : information to be displayed, can contain string, character, symbol, operation, number,…

Example:

START
DISPLAY (“ LASALLE COLLEGE” + nxline)
DISPLAY (“My first program” + nxline)
DISPLAY (“Hello world!”)
END

START
DISPLAY (“ IGA” + nxline)
DISPLAY (“1 Nutella is 8$” +nxline)
 DISPLAY (“5 Nutella is ” + (8+5) + ” $” + nxline)
END

START
DISPLAY (“ AGE CACULATOR”+ nxline)
DISPLAY (“ - - - - - - - - - - -”+ nxline)
DISPLAY (“I am born in 2000”+ nxline)
DISPLAY (“We are in 2024”+ nxline)
DISPLAY (“So, I am ” + (2024 - 2000) + “ years old”)
END
START
DISPLAY (“ LASALLE COLLEGE”+ nxline)
DISPLAY (“ - - - - - - - - - - - - - -”+ nxline)
DISPLAY (“I am Dimitri, here are my grades”+ nxline)
DISPLAY (“ -Midterm (30%) is 80/100”+ nxline)
DISPLAY (“ -Final (45%) is 90/100”+ nxline)
DISPLAY (“ -Project (25%) is 50/100”+ nxline)
DISPLAY (“So, my average is ” + (80*30/100 + 90*45/100 + 50*25/100) + “/100” + nxline)
END
IV. Input instruction
This instruction will read (or recuperate) and store the value entered by the user in a variable.

A variable is a name of a reserved memory space that will be declared BExE the reading.

In Algo, to recuperate value (input) from the user, we will use the function READ()

Syntax:

READ (VariableName)

Detail:

- READ: is a keyword that will read and stores the user input in the variable between “( )”
- VariableName: a memory space, declared before the reading, the value will be stored in it.

Remark

- Before the use of variable, we need to declare it first.

Syntax to declare variable.
Type VariableName

Detail:

- Type: the nature of the value of the variable (character, numeric, Boolean)

Example:

Character: name
Numeric: grade, salary
Boolean: is empty.
 Example of READ:

START
Character name
Numeric age
DISPLAY(“ FBI” + nxline)
DISPLAY(“Enter your name: ”)
READ(name)
DISPLAY(“Enter your age: ”)
READ(age)
DISPLAY(“Sir or Miss ” + name + “,” + nxline)
DISPLAY(“You are ” + age + “ years old” + nxline)
END
START
Character Add, Sub, Mul, Div
Numeric Val1, Val2
DISPLAY(“ CACULATOR” + nxline)
DISPLAY(“ - - - - - - - - - -” nxline)
DISPLAY(“Enter value 1: ")
READ(Val1)
DISPLAY("Enter value 2: ")
READ(Val2)
Add = Val1 + Val2
Sub = Val1 - Val2
Mul = Val1 * Val2
Div = Val1 / Val2
DISPLAY("The addition of" + Val1 +" and ” + Val2 + “ is ” + Add + nxline)
DISPLAY("The subtraction of" + Val1+ “ by ” + Val2 + “ is ” + Sub + nxline)
DISPLAY ("The multiplication of" + Val1+ " by ”+ Val2 + “ is ” + Mul + nxline)
DISPLAY (" The division of" + Val1 + “ by ” + Val2 + “ is ” + Div)
END

Chapter 3) Basic operators in Algo

The affectation operator “=”

This operator “=” allows us to assign (or affect, or stare) a variable (or the result of on instruction) in
VARIABLE

Example:

grade = 25  grade <= 25

grade = 75+20  grade <= 95

 average = grade + 3  grade <= 98

Exercise

Write a group of instructions (only = instruction) that will switch (or exchange) the context of 2 variables.

Ins Val1 Val2

Val1 = 9 9 _

Val2 = 3 9 3

Use only “=” to make Val1 = 3 and Val2 = 9

Ins Val1 Val2 Val3

Val1 = 9 9 _ _
Val2 = 3 9 3 _
Val1 = Val3 9 3 9
Val1 = Val2 3 3 9
Val2 = Val3 3 9 9

The Arithmetic operators

- Addition ‘ + ’

Result = 15+5  result  20

Remark ( the ‘+’ between values of character type will acts like a concatenation (put them together) operator
result = “15” + “5”  result  result  “155”

- Subtraction ‘ - ‘

Result = 15 – 5  result  10

- Multiplication ‘ * ’

Result = 15*5  result  75

- Division ‘ / ’

Result = 5/2  result  2

Result = 5.0/2  result  2.5

( Real/Integer => Real )

( Integer/Real => Real )

- Modulo ‘ % ’ is the remainder of an integer division

Result = 5 % 2  result  1

Result = 4 % 2  result  1

CHAPTER 8
 V. 4) The Switch Case
The Switch Case is an elegant alternative of the nested if where the comparison operators are only the “==”

Syntax

Switch (variable)

Case value1:

blockInstruction1;

Break;

Case value 2:

Blockinstruction2;

Break;

default

Blockinstructiondefault:

Break;

Example:

Version nested ifs

If (gender == ‘f’)

{title = “Miss”;}

Else if (gender == ‘F’)

{title = “Miss”;}

Else if (gender == ‘m’ || gender == ‘M’)

{title = “Sir”;}

Else

{title = “Sir or Miss”}

Version Switch case

.
switch (gender)
{
case 'F':
case 'f':
title = "Miss";
break;
case 'M':
case 'm':
title = "Sir";
break;
default:
title = "Miss or Sir";
break;
}

VI. The Conditional Operator ‘?:’

This operator is an efficient alternative of the if/else, because it can be inserted into other instruction.

Syntax:

(test)? Valoraction1 : valoraction2;

Details

Test = 1 or many comparison operators

? = keyword

Valoraction1 = a value that will be returned or an instruction that will be executed if the test is true.

Valoraction2 = the same than above, when the test is false.

Version 1:
max = (val1 > val2) ? val1 : val2;
Console.WriteLine(max);
Version 2:
Console.Write("the maximum is" +((val1 > val2) ? val1 : val2));

CHAPTER 9) repetitive structure in C#

VII. The do-while loop (repeat-while RW)
Syntax:
Do
{
Block2repeat;
}
 While (test)
Example
Int16 nb;
Do
do
{
Console.Write("Enter your name: ");
name = Console.ReadLine();
}
while (name == "");

VIII. The while loop (while – repeat)

Syntax
While (test)
{
Block2repeat
}
Example
Single grade;
Console.Write("Enter your grade: ");
grade = Convert.ToSingle(Console.ReadLine());
while (grade < 0 || grade > 100)
{
Console.WriteLine("Please a number from 0-100: ");
grade = Convert.ToSingle(Console.ReadLine());

}
Console.WriteLine("Thanks");

IX. The FOR LOOP (FOR/REPEAT)

Syntax
For (init; test; instruct)
{
BlockToRepeat;
}
Details
Init: declairation and initialization of local variable (ex: counter)
Test: 1 or many comparison operators that reload for the loop
Instruct: additional arithmetic instruction(increment, decrement)
Examples:
Display a number (per line) from 80 to 10
By step of -20
80

60

40

20
for (Int16 number=80; number >= 10; number = number-20) ;
{
Console.Write("-value: " + number+”\n”);
}

The choice of the right loop

The three loops can be used in some situations but there is a way to find the right loop.

- If we know how many times we are looping

 Choose the FOR loop
- Else (we don’t know)
o If we need to execute the block that repeat at least once  cooose the DO/WHILE
o Else(if we can test first)  choose the WHILE

CHAPTER 10 (THE ARRAY)

I) Introduction
- An array is a fundamental date structure in programming (all languages)
- An array is a variable that will store a group (or many) of values that are the same type.
- An array is a horizontal column of data or cells, where each cell has an unique index (a number starting
from zero/0)
II) Declaration of the array
- An array is a variable, so like all variables, before using them, we need to declare them.

Syntax:

Type[] array name = new type[sign];

Detail:

Type = the type of the elements (content) of the array.

[] = keyword, this indicates that the object is an array

New = keyword, this will reserve a memory space for the array.

[sign] = a number indicating the single (or max number of elements)

Examples:

Single [] tabGrade = new Single[25];

Int16 [] tabAges = new Int16[10];

Char [] tabAlphabets = new Char[26];

String [] tabDayofTheWeek = new String[7];

 III) Each element (or cell) of an array has an unique index that allows us to access this particular element
for reading or writing data in

Syntax

Arrayname[Index of the element]

Example

Single[]tabGrade = new Single[5];

- The index of the first element is always 0

- The index of the last element is (sign -1)

CHAPTER 11 Our Own Function

I) Introduction:
- Function is fundamental in programming.
- Function is a set of logical and planned instructions that describe the a specific task in a program.
- A program is a set of function
- Like a variable, we need to declare (or create) a function before its use.
II) Declaration of function

Syntax

visibility type functionName ([type listparameter])

{
Block instruction;
[return value;]
}
Details

[ ]= indicates that this part is optional

Visibility = keywords (public or private) that indicate the scope of our function.

Type = the type of a function is the type of the VALUE RETURNED by the function; if the function does not return a
value, its type will be “VOID”.

FunctionName = choose a meaningful name for your function, usually use a verb in a name.

Parameter = 0 or many objects (or variables) that the function needs from the OUTSIDE to be able to do its job or
task.

[Return value ] = will be used only if the function returns a value.

Examples:
public void DiplayTitle(string anytitle)
{
Console.WriteLine("\t" + anytitle.ToUpper());
Console.WriteLine("\t _________________");

}
 private Int32 toSquare(Int32 value)
{
Int32 result;
result = value ^ 2;
return result;
}

CHAPTER 12 Personalized type or the structure

I) Introduction
- The ‘struct’ is a fundamental data structure in programming (it introduces the concept of object oriented
programming)
- The ‘struct’ is a set of information (or properties, or attributes, or characteristics) that describe one
particular entity in a program.
- After the creation (or declaration) of a ‘struct’, it becomes like a new TYPE
II) Declaration
1) Syntax
struct StructureName
{
Public type Attribute 1;
Public type Attribute 2;
Public type Attribute 3;
Public type Attribute N;
}
2) Details
Struct: keywork, indicating the creation of a new data structure type.
StructureName: please choose a meaningful name.
attribute: variable that will store the value of the property.
3) Examples
struct Date
{
Public Int16 day;
Public Int16 month;
Public Int16 year;
}
 III) Initialization and use of struct

Table of comparison between a normal type Int16 and a Struct