Together With Python

Together With Python

Computation, Visualization and Reporting
Part A-3 : Features of Python

Nirjhar Dhang

√
Version : 1.732 : 3
Created on : July 21, 2016
Last revision : January 11, 2025
Overview

1 Features of Python

2 Summary

3 References
Features of Python
Comments

# This is a comment line

’’’ You can make comments like this ’’’

’’’
You can write comments
in a few lines.

Check the indentation of comment lines

when using triple single quotes

’’’
l-value and r-value

a=5
b=a+2
c=a+b
print(a,b,c)

Output
5 7 12
Input from console
X=raw_input("Enter number :")
Y=raw_input("Enter number :")
Xi=int(X)
Xf=float(X)
Xc=complex(X)
Yi=int(Y)
Yf=float(Y)
Yc=complex(Y)
Z=X+Y
Zi=Xi+Yi
Zf=Xf+Yf
Zc=Xc+Yc
print(’X:’,X,’Xi:’,Xi,’Xf:’,Xf,’Xc:’,Xc)
print(’Y:’,Y,’Yi:’,Yi,’Yf:’,Yf,’Yc:’,Yc)
print(’Z:’,Z,’Zi:’,Zi,’Zf:’,Zf,’Zc:’,Zc)
Input from console

Output
>>>
Enter number :10
Enter number :20
X: 10 Xi: 10 Xf: 10.0 Xc: (10+0j)
Y: 20 Yi: 20 Yf: 20.0 Yc: (20+0j)
Z: 1020 Zi: 30 Zf: 30.0 Zc: (30+0j)
>>>
Arithmetic operators

Program Output
a=30 a= 30
b=10 b= 10
print(’a=’,a) a+b= 40
print(’b=’,b) a-b= 20
print(’a+b=’,a+b) a*b= 300
print(’a-b=’,a-b) a/b= 3.0
print(’a*b=’,a*b) a//b= 3
print(’a/b=’,a/b) a%b= 0
print(’a//b=’,a//b) a**3= 27000
print(’a%b=’,a%b)
print(’a**3=’,a**3)
Relational operators

Program Output
a=30 a==b False
b=10 a!=b True
a>b True
print(’a==b’,a==b) a<b False
print(’a!=b’,a!=b) a>=b True
print(’a>b’,a>b) a<=b False
print(’a<b’,a<b)
print(’a>=b’,a>=b)
print(’a<=b’,a<=b)
Bitwise operators

Program Output
x=57 x= 57 0b111001
y=44 y= 44 0b101100
x&y 40 0b101000
print(’x=’,x,bin(x)) x|y 61 0b111101
print(’y=’,y,bin(y)) x^y 21 0b10101
print(’x&y’,x&y,bin(x&y)) ~x -58 -0b111010
print(’x|y’,x|y,bin(x|y)) x<<2 228 0b11100100
print(’x^y’,x^y,bin(x^y)) x>>2 14 0b1110
print(’~x’,~x,bin(~x))
print(’x<<2’,x<<2,bin(x<<2))
print(’x>>2’,x>>2,bin(x>>2))
Conditional statements

Program
x=5
if x >= 0:
print(’x is positive’)

Output
x is positive
Conditional statements
x=5
y=6
if x >= 0:
if y >= 0:
print(’x and y are in first quadrant’)
else:
print(’x and y are fourth quadrant’)
else:
if y >= 0:
print(’x and y are in second quadrant’)
else:
print(’x and y are third quadrant’)

Output
x and y are in first quadrant
Iterative computations

for i in range(5):
print(i,i*i)

Output
0 0
1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16
Iterative computations

i=0
while i < 5:
print(i,i*i)
i=i+1

Output
0 0
1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16
String

string1=’This is a string defined by single quotes’

print(’First character:’,string1[0])
print(’Last character:’,string1[-1])
print(’Last six characters:’,string1[-6:])
print(’Characters 10-18 :’,string1[10:18])

First character: T
Last character: s
Last six characters: quotes
Characters 10-18 : string d
String

string2="This is a string defined by double quotes"

print(’First character:’,string2[0])
print(’Last character:’,string2[-1])
print(’Last six characters:’,string2[-6:])
print(’Characters 10-18 :’,string2[10:18])

First character: T
Last character: s
Last six characters: quotes
Characters 10-18 : string d
Lists

a=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
print(a)
print(a[::2])
print(a[3:0:-1])

fruits=[’mango’,’orange’,’apple’,
’banana’, ’guava’,’papaya’]
print(len(fruits))

Output
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
[4, 3, 2]
6
Membership operators

Program Output
a=30 a is not in c
b=10 b is in c
c=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
if a in c:
print(’a is in c’)
else:
print (’a is not in c’)

if b not in c:
print(’b is not in c’)
else:
print (’b is in c’)
Function

def absolute(x):
if x >= 0:
return x
else:
return -x
print(’absolute(-5):’,absolute(-5))
print(’absolute(-10.1):’,absolute(-10.1))
print(’absolute(20.3):’,absolute(20.3))

absolute(-5): 5
absolute(-10.1): 10.1
absolute(20.3): 20.3
Function
The syntax *args in function definitions in python is used to pass
a non-keyworded, variable-length argument list.

def sum(*args):

sumn=0
for n in args:
sumn=sumn+n

return sumn

print(sum(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10))

55
Function
The syntax **kwargs in function definitions in python is used to
pass a keyworded, variable-length argument list.

def Person(**kwargs):
for key,value in kwargs.items():
print(key,’:’,value)

p=Person(name=’Ram Babu’, age=50, job=’Service’)

print(p)

name : Ram Babu

age : 50
job : Service
None
Writing in a file
fout=open(’test.out’,’w’)
for i in range(10):
fout.write(’%d %d\n’%(i,i*i))
fout.close()

test.out
0 0
1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16
5 25
6 36
7 49
8 64
9 81
Introduction to modules

import math

print(’sqrt(2):’,math.sqrt(2))
print(’pi:’,math.pi)
print(’sin(pi/3):’,math.sin(math.pi/3))

sqrt(2): 1.4142135623730951
pi: 3.141592653589793
sin(pi/3): 0.8660254037844386
Introduction to modules

import random

random.seed(10)
print(’random()’,random.random())
print(’uniform:’,random.uniform(1,10))
print(’randint:’,random.randint(1,10))

random() 0.5714025946899135
uniform: 4.860001492076032
randint: 10
Iterative computations

x3 x5 x7
sin(x ) =x − + − + ...
3! 5! 7!

(1)
∞
X (−1)n 2n+1
= x
n=0 (2n + 1)!
Iterative computations

import math for n in range(nterms):

nterms=10 nodd=2*n+1
x=1.0 nfac=1
sinx=0.0 for i in range(nodd):
sign=-1 nfac=nfac*(i+1)
sign=-sign
xterm=x**nodd
xnterm=sign*xterm/nfac
sinx=sinx+xnterm
print(n,nodd,xnterm,sinx)

print(x,math.sin(x))
Iterative computations

Output
0 1 1.0 1.0
1 3 -0.16666666666666666 0.8333333333333334
2 5 0.008333333333333333 0.8416666666666667
3 7 -0.0001984126984126984 0.841468253968254
4 9 2.7557319223985893e-06 0.8414710097001764
5 11 -2.505210838544172e-08 0.841470984648068
6 13 1.6059043836821613e-10 0.8414709848086585
7 15 -7.647163731819816e-13 0.8414709848078937
8 17 2.8114572543455206e-15 0.8414709848078965
9 19 -8.22063524662433e-18 0.8414709848078965
1.0 0.8414709848078965
Iterative computations

import math for n in range(nterms):

nterms=10 nodd=2*n+1
x=2.0 nn=nn+1
sinx=0.0 nfac=nfac*nn
sign=-1 sign=-sign
nfac=1 xterm=xterm*x
xterm=1 xnterm=sign*xterm/nfac
nn=0 sinx=sinx+xnterm
print(n,nodd,xterm,nfac,xnterm,sinx)
nn=nn+1
nfac=nfac*nn
xterm=xterm*x

print(x,math.sin(x))
Iterative computations
Output
0 1 2.0 1 2.0 2.0
1 3 8.0 6 -1.3333333333333333 0.6666666666666667
2 5 32.0 120 0.26666666666666666 0.9333333333333333
3 7 128.0 5040 -0.025396825396825397 0.90793650793650
79
4 9 512.0 362880 0.0014109347442680777 0.909347442680
776
5 11 2048.0 39916800 -5.130671797338464e-05 0.9092961
359628027
6 13 8192.0 6227020800 1.3155568711124266e-06 0.90929
74515196738
7 15 32768.0 1307674368000 -2.5058226116427174e-08 0.
9092974264614476
8 17 131072.0 355687428096000 3.685033252415761e-10 0
.909297426829951
Bubble sort
L=[3,7,5,4,10,1,2]
print(L)
n = len(L)
swapped = True
x = -1
while swapped:
swapped = False
x = x + 1
for i in range(1, n-x):
if L[i - 1] > L[i]:
L[i-1],L[i]=L[i],L[i-1]
swapped = True
print(L)

[3, 7, 5, 4, 10, 1, 2]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10]
Recursion
def factorial(n):
if n == 0:
return 1
elif n == 1:
return n
else:
return n * factorial(n-1)

for n in range(10):
print(n,’!:’,factorial(n))

test.out
0 !: 1
1 !: 1
2 !: 2
3 !: 6
Summary
Summary

Different operators are explained

Conditional statements are shown
Examples of iterative statements are given
Input from screen is shown
References
References

Python for Scientists, John M. Stewart, Cambridge University

Press, 2014
Programming Python, Mark Lutz, O’Reilly,2012