University of Perpetual Help System Laguna

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECH-VOC

ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS

LECTURE 2B
MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF
CONTROL VOLUMES

ENGR. ROBERT A. MENDOZA

PROFESSOR
Objectives
• Develop the conservation of mass principle.
• Apply the conservation of mass principle to various systems
including steady- and unsteady-flow control volumes.
• Apply the first law of thermodynamics as the statement of the
conservation of energy principle to control volumes.
• Identify the energy carried by a fluid stream crossing a control
surface as the sum of internal energy, flow work, kinetic energy,
and potential energy of the fluid and to relate the combination of
the internal energy and the flow work to the property enthalpy.
• Solve energy balance problems for common steady-flow devices
such as nozzles, compressors, turbines, throttling valves, mixers,
heaters, and heat exchangers.
• Apply the energy balance to general unsteady-flow processes with
particular emphasis on the uniform-flow process as the model for
commonly encountered charging and discharging processes.
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CONSERVATION OF MASS
Conservation of mass: Mass, like energy, is a conserved property,
and it cannot be created or destroyed during a process.
Closed systems: The mass of the system remain constant during a
process.
Control volumes: Mass can cross the boundaries, and so we must
keep track of the amount of mass entering and leaving the control
volume.

Mass is conserved even during chemical reactions.

Mass m and energy E can be converted to each other according to

where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, which is c = 2.9979  108 m/s.

The mass change due to energy change is absolutely negligible.

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Mass and Volume Flow Rates
Definition of
average velocity
Volume flow rate

Mass flow
rate

The average velocity Vavg is The volume flow rate is the

defined as the average speed volume of fluid flowing through a
through a cross section. cross section per unit time. 4
 Conservation of Mass Principle
The conservation of mass principle for a control volume: The net mass transfer
to or from a control volume during a time interval t is equal to the net change
(increase or decrease) in the total mass within the control volume during t.

General conservation of mass

General conservation of mass in rate form

Conservation of mass principle or

for an ordinary bathtub. 5
 Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes
During a steady-flow process, the total amount of mass contained within a
control volume does not change with time (mCV = constant).
Then the conservation of mass principle requires that the total amount of mass
entering a control volume equal the total amount of mass leaving it.

For steady-flow processes, we are

interested in the amount of mass flowing per
unit time, that is, the mass flow rate.
Multiple inlets
and exits
Single
stream

Many engineering devices such as nozzles,

diffusers, turbines, compressors, and
pumps involve a single stream (only one
inlet and one outlet).

Conservation of mass principle for a two-

inlet–one-outlet steady-flow system.
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Special Case: Incompressible Flow
The conservation of mass relations can be simplified even further when
the fluid is incompressible, which is usually the case for liquids.

Steady,
incompressible

Steady,
incompressible
flow (single stream)
There is no such thing as a “conservation of
volume” principle.
However, for steady flow of liquids, the volume flow
rates, as well as the mass flow rates, remain
constant since liquids are essentially incompressible
substances.

During a steady-flow process, volume

flow rates are not necessarily conserved
although mass flow rates are.
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FLOW WORK AND THE
ENERGY OF A FLOWING FLUID
Flow work, or flow energy: The work (or energy)
required to push the mass into or out of the control
volume. This work is necessary for maintaining a
continuous flow through a control volume.

In the absence of acceleration, the force

applied on a fluid by a piston is equal to the
Schematic for flow work. force applied on the piston by the fluid. 8
Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid
The flow energy is
automatically taken
care of by enthalpy.
h = u + Pv In fact, this is the
main reason for
defining the
property enthalpy.

The total energy consists of three parts for a nonflowing fluid and four parts for a
flowing fluid. 9
 Energy Transport by Mass

When the kinetic and potential energies

of a fluid stream are negligible

When the properties of the mass at

each inlet or exit change with time
as well as over the cross section

The product m  ii is the energy

transported into control volume by
mass per unit time.
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ENERGY ANALYSIS OF STEADY-FLOW
SYSTEMS

Under steady-flow conditions, the mass

and energy contents of a control volume
remain constant.

Many engineering systems such

as power plants operate under
steady conditions.

Under steady-flow conditions,

the fluid properties at an inlet
or exit remain constant (do not
change with time).
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Mass and Energy balances
for a steady-flow process

Mass A water
balance heater in
steady
operation.

Energy
balance

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Energy balance relations with sign conventions
(i.e., heat input and work output are positive)

when kinetic and potential energy

changes are negligible

Some energy unit equivalents

Under steady operation,

shaft work and electrical
work are the only forms of
work a simple compressible
system may involve. 13
 SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES
Many engineering devices operate essentially under the same conditions
for long periods of time. The components of a steam power plant (turbines,
compressors, heat exchangers, and pumps), for example, operate nonstop for
months before the system is shut down for maintenance. Therefore, these
devices can be conveniently analyzed as steady-flow devices.

At very high velocities,

even small changes in
A modern land-based gas turbine used for electric power velocities can cause
production. This is a General Electric LM5000 turbine. It significant changes in
has a length of 6.2 m, it weighs 12.5 tons, and produces the kinetic energy of the
55.2 MW at 3600 rpm with steam injection. fluid.
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Nozzles and Diffusers Nozzles and diffusers are commonly
utilized in jet engines, rockets,
spacecraft, and even garden hoses.
A nozzle is a device that increases
the velocity of a fluid at the expense
of pressure.
A diffuser is a device that increases
the pressure of a fluid by slowing it
down.
The cross-sectional area of a nozzle
decreases in the flow direction for
subsonic flows and increases for
supersonic flows. The reverse is true
for diffusers.

Energy
Nozzles and diffusers are balance for
shaped so that they cause large a nozzle or
changes in fluid velocities and diffuser:
thus kinetic energies.

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Turbines and
Turbine drives the electric generator In
Compressors steam, gas, or hydroelectric power plants.
As the fluid passes through the turbine,
work is done against the blades, which are
attached to the shaft. As a result, the shaft
rotates, and the turbine produces work.
Compressors, as well as pumps and
fans, are devices used to increase the
pressure of a fluid. Work is supplied to
these devices from an external source
through a rotating shaft.
A fan increases the pressure of a gas
slightly and is mainly used to mobilize a
Energy balance for the gas.
compressor in this figure: A compressor is capable of compressing
the gas to very high pressures.
Pumps work very much like compressors
except that they handle liquids instead of
gases.

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 Throttling valves are any kind of flow-restricting devices
Throttling valves that cause a significant pressure drop in the fluid.
What is the difference between a turbine and a
throttling valve?
The pressure drop in the fluid is often accompanied by a
large drop in temperature, and for that reason throttling
devices are commonly used in refrigeration and air-
conditioning applications.

Energy
balance

During a throttling process, the enthalpy

The temperature of an ideal gas does of a fluid remains constant. But internal
not change during a throttling and flow energies may be converted to
(h = constant) process since h = h(T). each other.
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Mixing chambers 60C
In engineering applications, the section
where the mixing process takes place is
commonly referred to as a mixing
chamber.

140 kPa

10C 43C

Energy balance for the

adiabatic mixing chamber in
the figure is:

The T-elbow of an ordinary shower

serves as the mixing chamber for the
hot- and the cold-water streams.
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Heat exchangers
Heat exchangers are
devices where two moving
fluid streams exchange heat
without mixing. Heat
exchangers are widely used
in various industries, and
they come in various
designs. The heat transfer associated with a heat
exchanger may be zero or nonzero depending on
how the control volume is selected.

Mass and energy

balances for the adiabatic
heat exchanger in the
figure is:

A heat exchanger
can be as simple as
two concentric pipes. 19
Pipe and duct fow
The transport of liquids or gases in
pipes and ducts is of great importance
in many engineering applications. Flow
through a pipe or a duct usually satisfies
the steady-flow conditions.

Pipe or duct flow may involve more than

one form of work at the same time.

Energy balance
Heat losses from for the pipe flow
a hot fluid shown in the
flowing through figure is
an uninsulated
pipe or duct to
the cooler
environment
may be very
significant.
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