Lecture Thermo

Thermodynamics
Course Code: ME-102

Week 13
Dated: 08-12-2023
Fall-2023
Dr. Qazi Shahzad Ali
Assistant Professor
National University of Sciences and Technology, (NUST), Islamabad 1

Objectives:
• Develop the conservation of mass principle.
• Apply the conservation of mass principle to various systems
including steady- and unsteady-flow control volumes.
• Apply the first law of thermodynamics as the statement of the
conservation of energy principle to control volumes.
• Identify the energy carried by a fluid stream crossing a control
surface as the sum of internal energy, flow work, kinetic energy,
and potential energy of the fluid and to relate the combination of
the internal energy and the flow work to the property enthalpy.
• Solve energy balance problems for common steady-flow devices
such as nozzles, compressors, turbines, throttling valves, mixers,
heaters, and heat exchangers.
• Apply the energy balance to general unsteady-flow processes with
particular emphasis on the uniform-flow process as the model for
commonly encountered charging and discharging processes.
2
Most Common CV Engineering Devices:
Covered in
Last Lecture
Nozzle and Diffuser Turbine
Throttling valve
Heat Exchanger Pump Compressor

Turbofan:
4
Class Discussion:
Chinook Helicopter
• Fly near jungle
• Birds
• Stones
• Other solid object
5
Throttling Valves: Isenthalpic device
Throttling valves are any kind of flow-restricting devices
that cause a significant pressure drop in the fluid.
What is the difference between a turbine and a
throttling valve?
The pressure drop in the fluid is often accompanied by a
large drop in temperature, and for that reason throttling
devices are commonly used in refrigeration and air-
conditioning (RAC) applications.
Energy balance
The temperature of an ideal gas does During a throttling process, the enthalpy of a
not change during a throttling fluid remains constant. But internal and flow
(h = constant) process since h = h(T). energies may be converted to each other.
6
Example 5-8:
7
Example 5-8:
8
Mixing Chambers:
In engineering applications, the section 60C
where the mixing process takes place is
commonly referred to as a mixing chamber.
Some time also called as direct-contact
heat exchangers.
140
kPa
10C 43C
Energy balance for the adiabatic

mixing chamber in the figure is:
The conservation of mass principle for a mixing
chamber requires that the sum of the incoming
mass flow rates equal the mass flow rate of the
outgoing mixture.
The T-elbow of an ordinary shower

serves as the mixing chamber for the
hot- and the cold-water streams.
9
Heat Exchangers:
Heat exchangers are
devices where two moving
fluid streams exchange heat
without mixing.
Heat exchangers are widely

used in various industries,
and they come in various The heat transfer associated with a heat exchanger
designs. may be zero or nonzero depending on how the
control volume is selected.
Mass and energy balances for
the adiabatic heat exchanger
in the figure is:
A heat exchanger can be as

simple as two concentric pipes.
10
Pipe and Duct Flow:
The transport of liquids or gases in
pipes and ducts is of great importance
in many engineering applications. Flow
through a pipe or a duct usually satisfies
the steady-flow conditions.
Pipe or duct flow may involve more than

one form of work at the same time.
Energy balance
for the pipe flow
Heat losses from a hot shown in the
fluid flowing through figure is
an uninsulated pipe or
duct to the cooler
environment may be
very significant.
11
Example 5-10:
12
Example 5-10:
13
Example 5-10:
14
Energy Analysis of Unsteady-Flow Processes:
Many processes of interest, Charging of a rigid
however, involve changes within tank from a supply
the control volume with time. line is an unsteady-
Such processes are called flow process since it
unsteady-flow, or transient- involves changes
flow, processes. within the control
Most unsteady-flow processes volume.
can be represented reasonably
Changes
well by the uniform-flow process.
within the
Uniform-flow process: The fluid control
flow at any inlet or exit is uniform volume.
and steady, and thus the fluid
properties do not change with
time or position over the cross The shape and size
section of an inlet or exit. If they of a control volume
do, they are averaged and may change during
treated as constants for the an unsteady-flow
entire process. process.
15
Mass balance
Energy balance
Here Ө = h+ke+pe is the energy of a fluid stream at any inlet or exit per unit mass,
and e = u+ke+pe is the energy of the non-flowing fluid within the control volume
per unit mass.
A uniform-flow
system may involve
electrical, shaft,
and boundary work
all at once.
The energy equation of a uniform-flow system

reduces to that of a closed system when all
the inlets and exits are closed.
16
When K.E and P.E changes associated with the control volume and fluid
streams are negligible, as is usually the case,
The Energy Balance above simplifies to
• The steady-flow systems are fixed in space, size, and shape. Unsteady-flow
systems, however, are not. They are usually stationary; that is, they are
fixed in space, but they may involve moving boundaries and thus
boundary work.
• A system is called a simple compressible system in the absence of
electrical, magnetic, gravitational, motion, and surface tension effects.
17
Example 5-12: (Homework task)
18
Example 5-12:
19
Example 5-12:
Note that the temperature of the steam in the tank has increased by
156.18C. This result may be surprising at first, and you may be wondering
where the energy to raise the temperature of the steam came from?
The answer lies in the enthalpy term h=u+Pv. Part of the energy
represented by enthalpy is the flow energy Pv, and this flow energy is
converted to sensible internal energy once the flow ceases to exist in
the control volume, and it shows up as an increase in temperature.
20
Thank You
21

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Thermodynamics

Course Code: ME-102

National University of Sciences and Technology, (NUST), Islamabad 1

Nozzle and Diffuser Turbine

Heat Exchanger Pump Compressor

Energy balance for the adiabatic

The T-elbow of an ordinary shower

Heat exchangers are widely

A heat exchanger can be as

Pipe or duct flow may involve more than

The energy equation of a uniform-flow system

The Energy Balance above simplifies to

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