Chapter 05

ME-204
THERMODYNAMICS Dr. Musharib Khan
musharib@iese.nust.edu.pk
 Content

Analysis of Control Volumes

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 Flow Rates

• Mass Flow Rate (𝑚):

ሶ The amount of mass flowing through
a cross section per unit time.
• Volume Flow Rate ( 𝑉ሶ ): The volume of a fluid flowing
through a cross section per unit time.

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 Example
• Given:
• Diameter (D) = 1 m2
• Vavg = 2 m/s
• Density (ρ) of water = 1000 kg/m3
• E = 50 kJ
• m = 2 kg

• Required:
• Volume flow rate = ?
• Mass flow rate = ?
• Energy flow rate = ?

• Solution:
• Volume flow rate = (Area)(Velocity) = (0.785 m2)(2 m/s) = 1.57 m3/s
• Mass flow rate = (Density)(Volume flow rate) = (1000 kg/m3)(1.57 m3/s) = 1570 kg/s
• Energy flow rate = (e)(Mass flow rate) = (25 kJ/kg)(1570 kg/s) = 39,250 kJ/s

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 Average Flow Velocity
• Velocity is never uniform over a cross section of a pipe
because of the no-slip condition at the walls.
• Rather, the velocity varies from zero at the walls to
some maximum value at or near the centerline of the
pipe.
• We define the average velocity Vavg as the average
value of Vn across the entire cross section of the pipe.

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 Conservation of Mass
• For closed systems, the conservation
of mass principle is implicitly used by
requiring that the mass of the system
remain constant during a process.
• For control volumes, however, mass
can cross the boundaries, and so we
must keep track of the amount of
mass entering and leaving the control
volume.

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Conservation of Mass Principle

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Continuity Equation

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Continuity Equation

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Example

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Flow Work and the Energy of a Flowing Fluid

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The flow work
relation is the
same whether
the fluid is
pushed into or
out of the
control volume
(Fig. 5–14).

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Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid

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Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid

The total energy consists of four parts for a flowing fluid.

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Energy Transport by Mass

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Example

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Steady Flow Engineering Devices

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Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems

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Explanation of Terms & Assumptions in this Equation

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 Turbine
• In steam, gas, or hydroelectric
power plants, the device that
drives the electric generator is
the turbine.
• As the fluid passes through
the turbine, work is done
against the blades, which are
attached to the shaft.
• As a result, the shaft
rotates, and the turbine
produces work.

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Turbines

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Turbines

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 Compressors, Pumps, and Fans
• Compressors, as well as pumps and fans, are
devices used to increase the pressure of a fluid.
• Work is supplied to these devices from an
external source through a rotating shaft.
• Therefore, compressors involve work inputs.

• Even though these three devices function

similarly, they do differ in the tasks they perform:
• A compressor is capable of compressing the gas to
very high pressures.
• Pumps work very much like compressors except that
they handle liquids instead of gases.
• A fan increases the pressure of a gas slightly and is
mainly used to mobilize a gas.

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 Turbines produce
power output whereas
compressors, pumps,
and fans require power
input.

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 Compressors, Pumps, and Fans

Standard Assumptions:
2. Changes in PE are negligible (∆𝑃𝐸 ≈ 0).
3. Changes in KE are negligible (∆𝐾𝐸 ≈ 0).

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 Example

Solution

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 Throttling Valves
• Throttling valves are any kind of flow-restricting devices that cause a
significant pressure drop in the fluid.
• A throttling device involves a steady-flow adiabatic process that provides a
pressure drop with no significant potential energy or kinetic energy changes.
• Application: Adjustable Valves, Capillary tubes and Porous Plugs

• The enthalpy of the working fluid remains constant in the process.

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Throttling Valves

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Mixing Chambers

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Mixing Chambers

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 Problem

The water in all three streams exists as a compressed saturated liquid.

Solution

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 Heat Exchangers
• Heat exchangers are devices
where two moving fluid streams
exchange heat without mixing.
• The simplest form of a heat
exchanger is a double-tube (also
called tube-and-shell) heat
exchanger.
• Sometimes the inner tube makes a
couple of turns inside the shell to
Working Principle
increase the heat transfer area, One fluid flows in the inner
and thus the rate of heat transfer. pipe, and the other in the
annular space between the
• The mixing chambers discussed
two pipes. Heat is transferred
earlier are sometimes classified as from the hot fluid to the cold
direct-contact heat exchangers. one through the wall
separating them.
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 Heat Exchangers
Typical Conditions:
• No work interactions (w = 0)

• Changes in PE are negligible (∆𝑃𝐸 ≈ 0).

• Changes in KE are negligible (∆𝐾𝐸 ≈ 0).

Selection of boundary:
The heat transfer rate associated with
heat exchangers depends on how the
control volume is selected. Heat
exchangers are intended for heat transfer
between two fluids within the device, and
the outer shell is usually well insulated
to prevent any heat loss to the
surrounding medium.
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 Heat Exchangers

The heat transfer associated with a heat exchanger may be zero or

nonzero depending on how the control volume is selected.
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(a)
Assumptions:
w=0
∆𝑃𝐸 0
∆𝐾𝐸 0
Q=0

෍ 𝑚ሶ ℎ = ෍ 𝑚ሶ ℎ
in out

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(b)

𝑚ሶ 𝑅 ℎ𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄ሶ 𝑅,out + 𝑚ሶ 𝑅 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑄ሶ 𝑅,out = 𝑚ሶ 𝑅 ℎ𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑅 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄ሶ 𝑅,out = 𝑚ሶ 𝑅 (ℎ𝑖𝑛 − ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 )
𝑄ሶ 𝑅,out = 𝑚ሶ 𝑅 (ℎ3 − ℎ4)
Pipes and ducts

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Thanks
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