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Module 3._FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

first law of thermodynamics

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rakesh.sd2023
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6 views

Module 3._FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

first law of thermodynamics

Uploaded by

rakesh.sd2023
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS

MODULE 3: FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS


CONTENTS
Energy balance for closed systems
First law applied to steady
Flow engineering devices
PROBLEM
Solution - 1
PROBLEM - 2
Solution - 2
PROBLEM - 3
Solution - 3
PROBLEM - 4
Solution - 4
PROBLEM - 5
Solution - 5
PROBLEM - 7
Solution - 7
PROBLEM - 8
Solution - 8
Conservation of Mass
• Mass cannot be created nor destroyed
• Mass and energy can be converted to each other according to
E=mc2
• For most energy interactions, the change in mass is extremely
small, except for nuclear reactions
• For Closed Systems, the mass of the system remains enclosed
and hence constant
• For an Open System (Control Volume), there are mass in and out
flows and so mass should be tracked carefully
47
Conservation of Mass Principle
• The net mass transfer to or from a control volume during a time interval
t is equal to the net change in the total mass within the control volume
during t

min – mout = mcv

• The above equations are known as Mass balance Equations

48
Mass Balance in Steady-Flow Processes
• For Steady Flow Processes, mcv is constant and hence mcv=0

Steady Flow:

 m  m
in out

( The total rate of mass entering the CV is equal to the total rate of mass leaving it)
Steady Flow (Single Stream):

 2  1V1 A1   2V2 A2
1  m
m
Steady Incompressible Flow (Single Stream):
V1 A1  V2 A2 49
Examples of Mass balance

50
Flow Work or Flow Energy
• Unlike Closed Systems, control volumes involve
mass flow across their boundaries, and some
work is required to push the mass into or out of
the CV
• This work is known as Flow Work or Flow
Energy

51
Expression for Flow Work

F  PA
W f low  FL  PAL  PV
w f low  Pv

52
Total Energy of Flowing Fluid (θ)
• e = u + ke + pe
• θ = pv + e = pv + (u + ke + pe)
• But h = u + pv
• Therefore θ = h + ke + pe
V2
  h  gz
2
• The flow work is automatically taken care by Enthalpy, h

53
Total energy entering the system = Potential energy (gZ1) + Kinetic energy (c12/2) +
Internal energy (U1) + Flow energy (p1 v1) + Heat (Q)

Total energy leaving the system = Potential energy (gZ2) + Kinetic energy (c22/2) + Internal
energy (U2) + Flow energy (p2 v2) + Work (W)

From first law of Thermodynamics,


Total energy entering the system = Total energy leaving the system

gZ1 + (c12/2) + U1 + p1 v1 + Q = gZ2 + (c22/2) + U2+ p2 v2 + W

gZ1 + (c12/2) + h1 +Q = gZ2 + (c22/2) + W

[ i.e h = U + pv]
Some Examples of Steady Flow Processes

• Nozzle and Diffuser

• Throttling Device

• Turbine and Compressor

• Heat Exchanger
60
Nozzle and Diffuser

• A Nozzle is a device which increases the velocity of a fluid at


the expense of its pressure drop
• Diffuser increases the pressure of a fluid at the expense of its
velocity

61
Nozzle and Diffuser…

• Assumptions: No heat transfer, no change in PE, for nozzle V2>>V1


• Work done is zero as nozzle and diffuser do not involve work

Q  W  h  KE  PE

0  0  h2  h1 
1
2
 
V22  V12  g  z 2  z1 

0  h2  h1 
1
2
 
V22  0  0

V2  2h1  h2 
62
Throttling Device
• When a fluid flows through a constricted passage, like a
partially opened valve, an orifice, or a porous plug, there is an
appreciable drop in pressure, and the flow is said to be
throttled.

63
Throttling Device…
• Assumptions: Adiabatic, no change in PE, no change in KE
• No work is involved during the throttling process
Q  W  h  KE  PE
0  0  h2  h1  0  0
h2  h1
• Therefore, throttling is Isenthalpic process

64
Turbine and Compressor
• Turbines and engines give positive power output
whereas compressors and pumps require power input

65
Turbine and Compressor…
• Assumptions: Adiabatic, no change in KE and PE

Q  W  h  KE  PE
0  W  h2  h1  0  0
 W  h2  h1
W  h1  h2

66
PROBLEM
PROBLEM
PROBLEM
Simple divide C1/2000
And gZ1/1000
PROBLEM
PROBLEM

A centrifugal pump delivers 50 kg of water per second. The


inlet and outlet pressures are 1 bar and 4.2 bar respectively.
The suction is 2.2 m below the centre of the pump and
delivery is 8.5 m above the centre of the pump. The suction
and delivery pipe diameters are 20 cm and 10 cm
respectively. Determine the capacity of the electric motor to
run the pump.
PROBLEM - 10
UNSTEADY FLOW PROCESSES
In engineering practice, the variable flow process
applications are as common as the steady flow process.

The rate of energy and mass transfer into and out of the
control volume are not same in the case of unstable (or
variable or transient) flow process

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