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CHAPTER 6

Priority Queues (Heaps)

6.1 Yes. When an element is inserted, we compare it to the current minimum and change the minimum if the new

element is smaller. deleteMin operations are expensive in this scheme.

6.2

6.3 The result of three deleteMins, starting with both of the heaps in Exercise 6.2, is as follows:

6.4 (a) 4N

(b) O(N2)

(c) O(N4.1)

(d) O(2N)

6.5 public void insert( AnyType x )

{
if ( currentSize = = array.length - 1 )
enlargeArray( array.length * 2 + 1 );

©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
 // Percolate up
int hole = + + currentSize;
for ( ; hole > 1 && x.compareTo( array[ hole / 2 ] ) < 0; hole
/ = 2)
array[ hole ] = array[ hole/2 ];
array[ 0 ] = array[ hole ] = x;
}

6.6 225. To see this, start with i = 1 and position at the root. Follow the path toward the last node, doubling i

when taking a left child, and doubling i and adding one when taking a right child.

6.7 (a) We show that H(N), which is the sum of the heights of nodes in a complete binary tree of N nodes, is

N − b(N), where b(N) is the number of ones in the binary representation of N. Observe that for N = 0 and

N = 1, the claim is true. Assume that it is true for values of k up to and including N − 1. Suppose the left and

right subtrees have L and R nodes, respectively. Since the root has height  log N  , we have

H (N ) = log N  + H (L) + H (R )
= log N  + L − b(L) + R − b(R)
= N − 1 + (  Log N  − b(L) − b(R) )

The second line follows from the inductive hypothesis, and the third follows because L + R = N − 1. Now the

last node in the tree is in either the left subtree or the right subtree. If it is in the left subtree, then the right

subtree is a perfect tree, and b(R) = log N  − 1 . Further, the binary representation of N and L are identical,

with the exception that the leading 10 in N becomes 1 in L. (For instance, if N = 37 = 100101, L = 10101.) It

is clear that the second digit of N must be zero if the last node is in the left subtree. Thus in this case,

b(L) = b(N), and

H(N) = N − b(N)

If the last node is in the right subtree, then b(L) =  log N  . The binary representation of R is identical to

N, except that the leading 1 is not present. (For instance, if N = 27 = 101011, L = 01011.) Thus

b(R) = b(N) − 1, and again

H(N) = N − b(N)

(b) Run a single-elimination tournament among eight elements. This requires seven comparisons and

generates ordering information indicated by the binomial tree shown here.

©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
 The eighth comparison is between b and c. If c is less than b, then b is made a child of c. Otherwise, both

c and d are made children of b.

(c) A recursive strategy is used. Assume that N = 2k. A binomial tree is built for the N elements as in part (b).

The largest subtree of the root is then recursively converted into a binary heap of 2 k − 1 elements. The last

element in the heap (which is the only one on an extra level) is then inserted into the binomial queue

consisting of the remaining binomial trees, thus forming another binomial tree of 2 k − 1 elements. At that

point, the root has a subtree that is a heap of 2 k − 1 − 1 elements and another subtree that is a binomial tree of

2k−1 elements. Recursively convert that subtree into a heap; now the whole structure is a binary heap. The

running time for N = 2k satisfies T(N) = 2T(N/2) + log N. The base case is T(8) = 8.

6.9 Let D1, D2, . . . ,Dk be random variables representing the depth of the smallest, second smallest, and kth

smallest elements, respectively. We are interested in calculating E(Dk). In what follows, we assume that the

heap size N is one less than a power of two (that is, the bottom level is completely filled) but sufficiently

large so that terms bounded by O(1/N) are negligible. Without loss of generality, we may assume that the kth

smallest element is in the left subheap of the root. Let pj, k be the probability that this element is the jth

smallest element in the subheap.

Lemma.

k −1
For k > 1, E (Dk ) =  p j ,k (E (D j ) + 1) .
j =1

Proof.

An element that is at depth d in the left subheap is at depth d + 1 in the entire subheap. Since

E(Dj + 1) = E(Dj) + 1, the theorem follows.

©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
 Since by assumption, the bottom level of the heap is full, each of second, third, . . . , k − 1th smallest

elements are in the left subheap with probability of 0.5. (Technically, the probability should be half − 1/(N −

1) of being in the right subheap and half + 1/(N − 1) of being in the left, since we have already placed the kth

smallest in the right. Recall that we have assumed that terms of size O(1/N) can be ignored.) Thus

1  k − 2
p j ,k = pk − j ,k = k −2  
2  j −1 

Theorem.

E(Dk)  log k.

Proof.

The proof is by induction. The theorem clearly holds for k = 1 and k = 2. We then show that it holds for

arbitrary k > 2 on the assumption that it holds for all smaller k. Now, by the inductive hypothesis, for any

1  j  k − 1,

E (D j ) + E (Dk − j )  log j + log k − j

Since f(x) = log x is convex for x > 0,

log j + log k − j  2 log ( k 2 )

Thus

E (D j ) + E (Dk − j )  log( k 2 ) + log ( k 2 )

Furthermore, since pj, k = pk − j, k,

p j ,k E (D j ) + pk − j ,k E (Dk − j )  p j ,k log ( k 2 ) + pk − j ,k log ( k 2 )

From the lemma,

k −1
E (Dk ) =  p j , k (E (D j ) + 1)
j =1
k −1
=1+  p j, k E(D j )
j =1

Thus

©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
 k −1
E ( Dk )  1 +  p j , k log ( k 2)
j =1
k −1
 1 + log ( k 2)  p j , k
j =1

 1 + log ( k 2)
 log k

completing the proof.

It can also be shown that asymptotically, E(Dk)  log(k − 1) − 0.273548.

6.10 (a) Perform a preorder traversal of the heap.

(b) Works for leftist and skew heaps. The running time is O(Kd) for d-heaps.

6.12 Simulations show that the linear time algorithm is the faster, not only on worst-case inputs, but also on

random data.

6.13 (a) If the heap is organized as a (min) heap, then starting at the hole at the root, find a path down to a leaf by

taking the minimum child. The requires roughly log N comparisons. To find the correct place where to move

the hole, perform a binary search on the log N elements. This takes O(log log N) comparisons.

(b) Find a path of minimum children, stopping after log N − log log N levels. At this point, it is easy to

determine if the hole should be placed above or below the stopping point. If it goes below, then continue

finding the path, but perform the binary search on only the last log log N elements on the path, for a total of

log N + log log log N comparisons. Otherwise, perform a binary search on the first log N − log log N

elements. The binary search takes at most log log N comparisons, and the path finding took only log N − log

log N, so the total in this case is log N. So the worst case is the first case.

(c) The bound can be improved to log N + log*N + O(1), where log*N is the inverse Ackerman function (see

Chapter 8). This bound can be found in reference [17].

6.14 The parent is at position (i + d − 2) d  . The children are in positions (i − 1)d + 2, . . . , id + 1.

6.15 (a) O((M + d N) logd N).

(b) O((M + N) log N).

(c) O(M + N2).

(d) d = max(2, M/N). (See the related discussion at the end of Section 11.4.)

©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
6.16 Starting from the second most signficant digit in i, and going toward the least significant digit, branch left for

0s, and right for 1s.

6.17 (a) Place negative infinity as a root with the two heaps as subtrees. Then do a deleteMin.

(b) Place negative infinity as a root with the larger heap as the left subheap, and the smaller heap as the right

subheap. Then do a deleteMin.

(c) SKETCH: Split the larger subheap into smaller heaps as follows: on the left-most path, remove two

subheaps of height r − 1, then one of height r, r + 1, and so one, until l − 2. Then merge the trees, going

smaller to higher, using the results of parts (a) and (b), with the extra nodes on the left path substituting for

the insertion of infinity, and subsequent deleteMin.

6.19

6.20

6.21 This theorem is true, and the proof is very much along the same lines as Exercise 4.20.

6.22 If elements are inserted in decreasing order, a leftist heap consisting of a chain of left children is formed. This

is the best because the right path length is minimized.

6.23 (a) If a decreaseKey is performed on a node that is very deep (very left), the time to percolate up would be

prohibitive. Thus the obvious solution doesn’t work. However, we can still do the operation efficiently by a

combination of remove and insert. To remove an arbitrary node x in the heap, replace x by the merge of its

left and right subheaps. This might create an imbalance for nodes on the path from x’s parent to the root that

©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
 would need to be fixed by a child swap. However, it is easy to show that at most logN nodes can be affected,

preserving the time bound.

This is discussed in Chapter 11.

6.24 Lazy deletion in leftist heaps is discussed in the paper by Cheriton and Tarjan [10]. The general idea is that if

the root is marked deleted, then a preorder traversal of the heap is formed, and the frontier of marked nodes is

removed, leaving a collection of heaps. These can be merged two at a time by placing all the heaps on a

queue, removing two, merging them, and placing the result at the end of the queue, terminating when only

one heap remains.

6.25 (a) The standard way to do this is to divide the work into passes. A new pass begins when the first element

reappears in a heap that is dequeued. The first pass takes roughly 2*1*(N/2) time units because there are N/2

merges of trees with one node each on the right path. The next pass takes 2*2*(N/4) time units because of the

roughly N/4 merges of trees with no more than two nodes on the right path. The third pass takes 2*3*(N/8)

time units, and so on. The sum converges to 4N.

(b) It generates heaps that are more leftist.

6.26

6.27

6.28 This claim is also true, and the proof is similar in spirit to Exercise 4.20 or 6.21.

©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
6.29 Yes. All the single operation estimates in Exercise 6.25 become amortized instead of worst-case, but by the

definition of amortized analysis, the sum of these estimates is a worst-case bound for the sequence.

6.30 Clearly the claim is true for k = 1. Suppose it is true for all values i = 1, 2, . . . , k. A Bk + 1 tree is formed by

attaching a Bk tree to the root of a Bk tree. Thus by induction, it contains a B0 through Bk − 1 tree, as well as the

newly attached Bk tree, proving the claim.

6.31 Proof is by induction. Clearly the claim is true for k = 1. Assume true for all values i = 1, 2, . . . ,k. A Bk + 1

k 
tree is formed by attaching a Bk tree to the original Bk tree. The original thus had   nodes at depth d. The
d 

 k 
attached tree had   nodes at depth d−1, which are now at depth d. Adding these two terms and using a
 d − 1

well-known formula establishes the theorem.

6.32

6.33 This is established in Chapter 11.

6.38 Don’t keep the key values in the heap, but keep only the difference between the value of the key in a node

and the value of the parent’s key.

6.39 O(N + k log N) is a better bound than O(N log k). The first bound is O(N) if k = O(N/log N). The second

bound is more than this as soon as k grows faster than a constant. For the other values (N/log N) = k = (N),

the first bound is better. When k = (N), the bounds are identical.

©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Other documents randomly have
different content
works so quietly and easily. You see we have no sisters but
such as are of good family. We are not obliged to take up
with any riff-raff the king may choose to send us, as you
are over there."

I can't say I found the Superior a very apt scholar. I

never succeeded in teaching her how to turn off a heel, and
at last in despair, I suggested that she should knit a rug for
the cat, which was a great personage and much petted,
though she had no vocation whatever. The rug went off
better, but I rather doubt whether puss has had the benefit
of it to this day.

On the whole I was not unhappy during the two weeks I

remained at the Ursuline convent at Marseilles. I did my
best to please Mother Mary, and succeeded pretty well. I
think she appreciated my efforts, for really most of the
other girls were trials—idle, mischievous, and bending all
their efforts not to learn the arts the nuns tried to teach
them. I except Desirée, who was always docile, and the
poor girl whom I had thought I knew. I got into
conversation with her one day over our work, and at last
she told me she had seen me before.

"Do you not remember stopping in your travelling

carriage to speak to my aunt, the day after our vineyard
was destroyed? The lady with you gave my aunt some
money."

"Yes, I remember well," I answered. "What became of

your father?"

"He was not my father, but my mother's stepbrother,"

was the answer. "He had adopted me, and I was betrothed
to his son. My lord the marquis shot him dead with his own
hand. My betrothed was arrested on some pretext of
poaching, and sent to the galleys, and I, because I would
not give him up and go into service in the Marquis' family,
was sent here. It does not matter. Baptiste is dead, and I
would as soon be here as anywhere—rather a thousand
times than in the house of that wretch! I cannot be worse
off. Maybe they will let me live out as a servant."

This is a fair specimen of what may be done by a

tyrannical landowner in France. By all I hear, things must
have grown worse instead of better. It is a wonder if they
do not have an explosion some day which will blow them all
sky-high.
 CHAPTER XXII.
THE VOYAGE.

THE day at last came for our embarkation. Our luggage

was taken away in the first place, but we were allowed to
keep each a basket containing a change of linen and certain
other necessaries. Mother St. Stanislaus distributed among
us with a lavish hand biscuits, dried fruit, gingerbread, and
peppermint comfits, and the good Sister St. Anne smuggled
into my own basket a bottle of lavender and a flask of a
certain fragrant and spicy cordial which she had a great
reputation for making, and which was esteemed a sovereign
remedy for indigestion. There was a good deal of indigestion
among the nuns of St. Ursula.

Poor dear souls! They were all very good to me, and but
for the change in my religious views and the hope I still
cherished of meeting Andrew once more, I think I could
have made myself very content among them. The mothers
kissed me and made me various little presents, some of
which I have still, especially a medal containing some hairs
of St. Ursula, given me by the Superior. They are coarse
hairs, and are just the color of the tail of my chestnut mare.
I think she sincerely regretted my departure, but I don't
think she was at all sorry to get rid of Mother Mary, who
was a religious all through, taking a real delight in all sorts
of mortifications, and very ready to impose them on others;
besides that, she could not for the life of her help wishing to
take the management of matters into her own hands,
wherever she was. I know she ached to reform the Ursuline
Convent from top to bottom, and it was well for the comfort
of those concerned that she had not the power to do so.

We were taken in close carriages from the convent

through the city to the place of embarkation. The ship could
not be brought alongside the wharf, and we had to embark
a few at a time in the little boats. Mother Mary, who had
managed several such affairs, sent her two assistant nuns
first to receive the passengers as they came, and herself
remained on the wharf till the whole company were
dispatched. Desirée and I were among the last.

I was burning with impatience, for I saw David in the

crowd and close to me, and I longed to slip into his hand a
note I had written telling him of the fate of poor Lucille, and
begging him to lose no time in escaping to England. At last
the chance mine. Poor Louisonne, who was always doing the
wrong thing at the wrong time, did the right one for me and
slipped into the water. The bustle and alarm—for the poor
thing was nearly drowned—drew Mother Mary away for a
moment and gave me the desired opportunity. David drew
near, and as he brushed by me, I put the note into his
hand. Nobody saw me but a good-natured-looking
Franciscan, who only smiled and shook his head at me.

At last we were all on board and introduced to the

cabin, which was to be our lodging for at least six weeks.
Oh, what a hole it was!—dirty, ill-lighted, not half furnished.

Mother Mary was very angry, as I could see by her face;

and indeed I heard her remonstrating with the captain very
energetically on the subject; but he only shrugged his
shoulders and said it was not his fault. He had taken
command of the ship only a few days before, and that not
by any good-will of his own. He added, however, that now
he was appointed to the command, he meant to exercise it,
and intimated to Mother Mary very plainly that she had
better mind her own business.

She certainly had enough to mind. Half the girls were

crying or in hysterics; everything was in confusion. We were
dreadfully in the way on deck, but no one could bear the
idea of going below. Mother Mary at last restored some sort
of quiet, and calling me to help her, with the remark that I
seemed to have some spirit and sense, we began to try to
put our cabin into better order. It was discouraging work,
for everything was wanting for comfort or decency; but we
worked hard, and by night we had things in better trim. The
girls had had their cry out and felt for the time in good
spirits. We did not set sail till about six in the evening, being
kept by the state of the tide, but at last we were off.

The land gradually faded from view; we lost sight of the

lights in the city, and before bedtime we were out in the
open sea, and every soul but myself was overcome with the
first depressing feelings of sea-sickness. I had a busy time
enough for the next week. Every passenger was sick,
including Mother Mary herself, who was one of the worst,
though she strove against the weakness with all the force of
her strong will. But, in truth, a strong will does little for one
when one's heels are one moment higher than one's head,
and the next knocked violently on the floor, and every
portable article is sliding about trying its best to break
everything else.

We had a stormy voyage from the first, though the

winds were for the most part favorable, and the passage
promised to be short. But it was wretchedly uncomfortable.
The ship was ill-found and hardly seaworthy. She was
crammed with goods, which were thrust even into our
cabin, thus abridging the small room allotted to us. The
water was bad, and the sailors stole our wine; our
provisions were not fit for well people, not to say invalids,
and short as our passage was, we had more than one case
of scurvy. Poor Desirée succumbed under her hardships and
died when we had been out about three weeks. I had
become greatly attached to her, but I could not weep for
her death. It seemed a merciful deliverance.

For myself, I was not as unhappy as I should have been

if I had not been so busy. The only really well person of the
party, I had enough to do in waiting on the sick. I had made
friends with the cook, a great good-natured blackamoor, by
speaking to him in English, when I found that he
understood that language, and I cooked our miserable
provisions so as to make them as savory as possible, and
now and then secured a bit of something better than usual
to tempt the appetite of poor Sister Margaret, who seemed
likely enough to die of exhaustion.

Going about as I did, I was often free to take out my

little book and study its contents. The more I did so, the
more I recalled what I had learned of the other Scriptures,
the more I wondered how I could ever have so far departed
from the simplicity of the Gospel as to profess the Roman
Catholic religion. I never should have done so but for the
fact that my belief in all religion had been weakened by
intercourse with unbelievers, and my heart corrupted by
love of pleasure and of the world. I do not say by any
means that this is true of all perverts, but I know it was
true of me.

But now arose a grave question, which indeed had

troubled me before. I felt that I must confess my faith
before men; I could not go on serving God according to the
faith of my fathers and worshipping the saints at the same
time. I could not believe in and apply to the One Mediator,
amid at the same time invoke a hundred others. It may be
easy for any one who reads these lines, and who has never
been in any danger, to say what my conduct should have
been. But for me, in the midst of the conflict, it was not so
easy. I well knew what would be my fate, for the Jesuits
ruled in Canada, and that with a rod of iron, and I had seen
enough of Mother Mary to guess well that she would have
no compassion for a heretic.

I thought and prayed and wept, and at last strength

seemed to come to me. I had nothing to do just now but to
wait on my companions. When the time came for help, I
should have help. Sufficient unto the day was the evil
thereof.

Help did come, and, as so often happens, through

trouble. We had been out five weeks when we were
overtaken by a tempest, compared to which all we had
suffered before was as a summer breeze. I do not know
enough of nautical matters to describe it. I know that for
many days neither sun nor stars appeared; that we were
tossed up to the skies and then hurled down to the abyss;
that we lost sail and masts and were more than once in
imminent danger of sinking; and that when the storm
subsided at last we drifted in helpless wreck, having lost all
our boats, and having our ship so injured that the least
increase in the storm might send her to the bottom.

The captain, who had behaved like a hero, was busy in

overseeing the construction of rafts. He had ordered us all
on deck, sick and well together, in order to give us a last
chance, though a slender one. We sat huddled together,
some praying, some crying, others too miserable to do
either—silent, in hopeless despair. Such was our condition
when, happening to look up, I was the very first to descry a
sail, and almost at the same moment the shout was raised
by half a dozen at once. It was a British ship, and a large
one. She was rapidly coming up with us, and our despair
was changed into the certainty of succor.

It was a work of some danger to transfer so many

helpless women from one ship to the other, but it was
accomplished at last, the captain and Mother Mary being
the last to leave the poor wreck. Nobody but myself
understood English, and I was called upon to interpret. The
ship was the Good Hope, trading from Bristol to New
England, and now on her way to the town of Boston, from
which, according to the reckoning of Captain Mayhew, we
were but a short day's sail.

Mother Mary was quite in despair. She offered large

rewards to the captain to alter his course and sail for the St.
Lawrence, but in vain. The captain said his ship had been
damaged, and was in no state for such a voyage; that he
was overdue at Boston, and that his wife would be anxious
about him. He would engage that Mother Mary and her
companions should meet with every civility and
accommodation, but to the St. Lawrence, he could not and
would not go—"and that was all about it."

There was no opportunity to argue the matter further,

for poor Mother Mary was taken very ill once more and had
to be carried to the cabin which the sailors had hastily
arranged for us. The captain apologized for its narrowness,
saying that he had another small cabin which should be
ours so soon as its occupant, a gentleman passenger who
had been hurt in the storm, should give it up, adding,
however, that he hoped to set us all on dry ground before
that time to-morrow.

From the moment that I set foot on the deck of the

Good Hope my mind was made up. I would tell the captain
my story, throw myself on his mercy, and entreat him to
rescue me. If he refused to do so I would contrive to effect
my escape while we were in Boston. Surely in a town full of
Protestants there must be some one who would protect me.

I had very little rest that night, though Mother Mary

herself, the sickest of the party, scolded the others for their
demands on me, and at last bade me lie down and not mind
them. At daylight most of my charges were asleep, and I
stole on deck to compose myself and breathe a little fresh
air. Lo! There before me lay the land, green and fair, clothed
with forest for the most part, but with here and there a
clearing. How heavenly it all looked, but I had no time for
gazing. There stood the captain, as I thought, with his back
to me, looking toward the land. There was no time like the
present, and I went quickly up to him.

"Captain Mayhew!" said I.

The stranger turned, and I saw Andrew Corbet. He

looked at me with a bewildered, half-recognizing gaze, and
the thought darted into my mind that he did not mean to
know me. But it was no time for scruples or maiden
shyness. The need was too imminent.

"Andrew!" said I. "If ever you loved me or my mother,

save me!"

"Vevette!" said Andrew, still wondering. "It is Vevette."

Then catching me in his arms, he left me no doubt of

the state of his heart. He never asked me whether I still
loved him, and I don't think it ever occurred to him to doubt
it.

"Well!" said a voice close by. "I should say, Mr. Corbet,
that you had found some one you was kind of glad to see."
 "Glad is no word," said Andrew, while I released myself,
covered with blushes. "But how came you here?"

In a very few words, I told him of what had happened.

Andrew's brow grew dark, and Captain Mayhew expressed
the wish that he had that Frenchman on board.

"Will you not contrive to save me?" I said, in conclusion.

"I am a Protestant—as much as I ever was. I cannot go to
Canada. I only ask a safe asylum. They said I was a French
subject because my father was French."

"Plague the French!" said Captain Mayhew. "They shan't

keep you. Yes, we'll save you somehow. Never fear. But
how?"

He considered a moment, and then his thin, clever face

broke into a smile, and he turned to Andrew:

"You say this young lady was promised to you, with the
consent of her parents?"

"Yes," answered Andrew. "We might have been married

before this but for my own hardness and pig-headed
jealousies."

"You were not to blame," said I. "The fault has been all
mine."

"Reckon you'll have time to settle that," said the

captain. "Well, since all that is so, and you like the young
lady and she likes you, why, it appears to me that the best
way will be to call the good minister who came over with us,
and let him marry you on the spot. Then the lady will be the
wife of a British subject, which will make her one herself, I
take it; and if old King Lewy don't like it, let him come over
himself and see about it."
 "It would be much the best way, Vevette," said Andrew,
turning to me. "It would give me the right to protect you."

I faltered something, I know not what.

"The long and the short of it is, we will have a wedding

on the spot," said the captain. "As to the banns and all that,
we can settle it afterward. But we had better be in a hurry,
for we are getting into smooth water, and your Mother Mary
will be astir presently, making a fuss. Just call Mr. Norton,
and tell him to make haste, will you?" he said to the
steward. "Or, maybe we had better go into my cabin. Mr.
Norton is a regular Church of England minister," he
explained to me as he assisted me down the companion-
way. "He's going out to see his folks, but he don't calculate
to settle."

A few words put Mr. Norton in possession of the story.

The first mate was called in as an additional witness, and in
half an hour, I returned to the cabin the lawful wife of
Andrew Corbet of Tre Madoc.

I had not been away an hour, but how the world was
changed to me!

"Where have you been, and what kept you so long?"

asked Mother Mary as I brought her some coffee which the
steward had provided.

"I have been on deck for air, and the captain kept me to
answer some questions," I answered. And then, to hide my
confusion, I added, "We are in full sight of land, reverend
mother. The captain says we shall be at Boston by
afternoon."

"Oh that it were Quebec instead of that heretical

Boston!" sighed Mother Mary. "Is the captain quite obdurate
still?"

"Yes, reverend mother; but he says he is sure. We shall

receive every kindness from the people. Will you try to get
up? The ship does not roll much now."

I assisted her, and my companions, who were overjoyed

when they heard we were in sight of land, though it was a
land of heretics. A land of cannibals would have been
welcome to the poor souls just then. We were soon all on
deck, I keeping by Mother Mary's side as usual, for it had
been settled that I should say nothing till the time came for
disembarkation.

It came very soon. The anchor rattled down into Boston

harbor about three o'clock. We were at once boarded by the
harbor-master and another gentleman of goodly presence,
who, it seems, was a magistrate. He looked with surprise at
the unusual passengers, and Captain Mayhew explained to
them the state of the case. The gentleman, who could
speak French fluently, turned to Mother Mary, and with
much politeness assured her of every consideration. There
was a French ship in the bay, which would doubtless take
her and her companions to their destination. Meantime a
house on shore should be placed at her disposal and
furnished with every comfort.

Madame, hearing of the French ship, declined to go on

shore, saying that she should prefer going at once to the
ship, whereat three or four of the girls burst out crying with
disappointment. Mr. Folsom suggested that the ship would
not be prepared for our reception, and that at least they
must give the captain notice; but Mother Mary was
obstinate. She would remain where she was rather than set
foot on heretic ground. This, however, was shown to be
impossible, and at last she consented to go on shore,
provided she could have a house to herself, which Mr.
Folsom promised. Then, turning to Andrew, he asked if he
were ready to accompany him.

"I am quite ready, if my wife is," replied Andrew, and at

a signal from him, I left Mother Mary's side and went to
him, placing my arm within his. There was an exclamation
of horror from the nuns.

"Vevette, what does this mean?" exclaimed Mother

Mary. "Wicked, shameless girl, what are you doing?"

"Good words, madame," said Andrew in French. "This

lady was long ago betrothed to me by the consent of all our
parents. We have been separated a long time by the force
of circumstances; but having come together again, we
resolved to put it out of any human power to separate us,
and so we were married this morning by the Reverend Mr.
Norton, a Church of England minister, who is on board, as
Captain Mayhew can certify."

The captain bowed. "Oh, yes, he is a regular minister,"

said he. "I know him and all his folks. It is all right, Mr.
Folsom. Tell the lady so."

The lady was told so, but she refused to listen. With her
most majestic air she commanded me to return to her side.

"No, madame," I answered; "I thank you for all your

kindness, but my place is with my husband."

"Wretched, deluded child! Know you not that a marriage

by a heretic minister is no marriage, and is in itself a
crime?"

"In France, madame, no doubt; but we are not in

France. This is an English colony, and governed by English
laws."

"But a heretic," said Mother Mary; "a blasphemer of our

holy religion!"

"A heretic according to your thinking, but no

blasphemer, madame," said Andrew. "My wife is herself a
Protestant, as her fathers have been before her."

"It is true," said I; "I have been deluded for a time; but
I have seen my error. I am of the Reformed, heart and soul;
or rather," remembering our old family boast, "I am a
Waldensian—of that people who never corrupted the faith,
and so needed no reformation."

"And all this time you have been pretending to be a

good Catholic," said Mother Mary. "What a wolf in sheep's
clothing have I been entertaining among my lambs!"

"No, madame," I answered; "I confess that my

judgment was warped for a time by passion and self-
interest, and the stress of a great disappointment, and in
that frame I made a profession of your religion. But it is
long since my faith began to waver, and since I have been
on shipboard it hath been confirmed in the old way by
thought, prayer, and study of the Word of God. I was no
willing emigrant, but was betrayed into my present position
by the treachery of those who professed, for motives of
gain, to be my friends. I think it neither wrong nor shame
to leave that position for the protection of the man to whom
my father himself gave me."

Mother Mary was about to reply, when, glancing around,

she saw all the girls listening with open mouth and
exchanging significant glances with one another. So she cut
the matter short.
 "It is well," said she; "I wash my hands of you. Child of
wicked parents, you have followed in their steps! Go, then,
with your paramour, and remember that the vengeance of
Heaven dogs your steps! As to me and mine, we will not set
foot on this wicked shore. I demand to be taken to the
French ship immediately, without a moment's delay."

"Madame," said Andrew, bowing, "I trust I shall not

forget that I am a gentleman, and that I am speaking to a
woman who has been kind to my wife, and who is old
enough to be my mother."

I saw Mother Mary wince a little at this.

"Come, Vevette, Mr. Folsom's boat waits for us."

I would have taken a kind leave of my companions, but

Mother Mary would not allow it, fearing, I suppose, that
marriage might be catching. We descended into Mr.
Folsom's boat, and were soon at the shore.

We walked up through the green lane—oh, how

delicious seemed the firm ground and the grass to my feet!
—till we came to Mr. Folsom's house, which was not the
rude erection I expected to see, but a handsome square
mansion, partly of stone, and with a pretty garden beside it.
I am told that Boston hath grown to be quite a fine city. It
was even then a pretty town, with neat houses and some
good shops and a very decent church, which they called a
meeting-house, for the most part. For they say that the
name church belongs to the faithful who assemble there,
and not to the place. 'Tis a matter of small moment—just
one of those inconsequent things which people hold to with
the most persistence. In my grandmother's time Archbishop
Laud would have deposed a worthy minister because he did
not believe in St. George. However, I shall never get to Mr.
Folsom's house at this rate.

Mistress Folsom came to the door to meet us, having

been advertised by a special messenger. She was a comely
lady, richly but plainly dressed in a somewhat bygone
fashion. Her two pretty daughters stood behind her, as
sweet and prim as two pink daisies. She made me welcome
with a motherly kiss, and listened with great amaze and
interest while my husband made her acquainted with the
outline of our history.

"'Tis like something in a romance," said she. "But you

must be very weary, and hungry too. We will have supper
ready directly. Sweetheart, would you not like to change
your dress?"

I explained to her that I had no changes, all my luggage

having been lost in the wreck, except my basket, which
Sister St. Stanislaus had given me, and which I had clung to
through all. Without more ado, she carried me to a plain but
pretty and comfortable chamber, and sent her two
daughters hither and thither for clean linen, a gown, and
other necessaries. Then they left me to myself; but
presently a black wench came up with a great can of hot
water and an armful of towels. I do not remember in my life
any bodily sensation more delicious than that clean, well-
laundered linen.

When I was dressed, I took up a Bible which lay upon

my toilette-table and read the one hundred and third Psalm,
and then said my prayers, and having thus a little
composed myself, I went down-stairs. A most bountiful
supper was provided for us, and we sat down, waited upon
by a black servant. I had no notion of so much style and
ceremony in this remote corner of the world; but I soon
found that there were other colonists who kept up much
more state than Mr. and Mrs. Folsom.

After supper, Andrew and I were left to ourselves in the

parlor, and it may be guessed we did not want subjects for
talk. I told him my whole story, concealing nothing.

"You see what sort of wife you have taken in your

haste," said I, in conclusion. "All these things are much
worse than aiding and abetting poor Betty, even if I had
done so, which I never did."

"Ah, Vevette! Don't taunt me with my folly and

obstinacy," said Andrew, covering his face. "It was just that
which threw you into the hands of your enemies."

"My enemies would have had no power, if I had but kept

them at arm's length," said I. "It was not your fault that I
did not accept Theo's invitation instead of going with
Madame de Fayrolles; but the truth was that, when I heard
you were going to be married to the Jamaica lady, I thought
only of getting out of England before you came into it."

"So it was that piece of folly that drove you away," said
Andrew. "I wish you could see the Jamaica lady, Vevette.
She was indeed very kind to me when I lay ill at her father's
house; but she is fifty years old at least, and about as
handsome as old Deborah. Dear soul! She gave me a string
of beautiful pearls for you, and when I heard you were
married, I threw them into the sea."

"That was very wasteful; you might have given them to

the poor," I returned. "But who told you I was married?"

"Nobody said you were actually married; but when I

went to Stanton Court, to obtain news of you on my return,
I found my lord fuming over a letter he had just received,
saying that you were to be married on the morrow to some
Frenchman—I don't remember his name—of great wealth
and consequence."

"Monsieur de Luynes," said I. "They did try to make me

marry him afterward, but I had not heard of him at that
time. He was a good old man, and very kind to me."

"That was the name," continued Andrew. "My lord swore

you should not touch a penny till you were twenty-one,
whatever happened. But how came you to write yourself
that you were going to be married?"

"I did not," I answered.

"It was a forgery then. There was a note in your

handwriting, and signed with your name. I thought the
hand looked a little Frenchified, but the signature was yours
to a hair. Only for that I should have gone to Paris to find
you; but I thought if you were well married, and with your
own consent, I would not be a makebate between you and
your husband. So I even turned the old place over to
Margaret and her husband to care for, gathered together my
prize-money, and what else I could, and came hither
intending to turn settler. I was knocked down and hurt in
the storm, which was the reason I did not see you upon
your coming aboard. I was thinking on you when you came
and spoke to me, and for a moment I thought it was your
ghost."

"Ghosts don't come at that time of day," said I. "And so

Margaret is married?"

"Yes, and well married as I could desire—to Mr.

Treverthy, son of our good old knight. 'Tis an excellent
marriage in every way."
 "And your mother?"

"My mother lives with Margaret, and so does Rosamond

for the present. Betty and her husband are in London,
where he had some small office."

Our conversation was interrupted by the return of Mr.

Folsom.

"And do you know what has kept me abroad so late?"

said he, seeming much amused. "Even taking order for the
accommodation of your French madame and her flock of
lambs. I have them all safely and comfortably housed in the
new tavern, and have sent for a French woman who can
speak English to interpret for them."

"What! Did she come on shore after all?" I asked.

"She had no choice. The captain of the French ship

positively refused to receive her, till his ship should be made
ready for sea. So, as she could not well sleep in an open
boat, she was at length prevailed upon to hear reason. I
have been half over the town gathering beds and other
needful comforts for them, and I have left the poor things
at last happy over a hot supper."

"I am glad they are comfortable. They have had a hard

time of it. I don't know how they will bear to go to sea
again."
 CHAPTER XXIII.
CONCLUSION.

THE next day I went with Mrs. Folsom to carry some

additional comforts, in the shape of linen and so on, to my
old companions. I found them all comfortably housed in a
new tavern, which, though not quite finished, was clean and
cheerful. Mother Mary would not see us at all, but Sister
Margaret came to us, and was very grateful for what we
brought.

"Every one has been very good," said she. "I did not
know that heretics could be so kind. They used to tell us
that the English settlers murdered every Catholic, and
especially every nun that fell into their hands; but the
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