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Oracle_SQL_PL_SQL_Concepts

The document outlines key Oracle SQL and PL/SQL concepts, including differences between UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY, the use of GROUP BY and HAVING clauses, and the definition of subqueries and views. It also covers cursors, exception handling, packages, and various data types, along with triggers and collections. Additionally, it highlights the use of Oracle APEX and dynamic actions for application development.

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raguljayam3
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views

Oracle_SQL_PL_SQL_Concepts

The document outlines key Oracle SQL and PL/SQL concepts, including differences between UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY, the use of GROUP BY and HAVING clauses, and the definition of subqueries and views. It also covers cursors, exception handling, packages, and various data types, along with triggers and collections. Additionally, it highlights the use of Oracle APEX and dynamic actions for application development.

Uploaded by

raguljayam3
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Oracle SQL and PL/SQL Concepts

1. Difference between UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY:

- UNIQUE allows NULL values; PRIMARY KEY does not.

- A table can have multiple UNIQUE keys but only one PRIMARY KEY.

2. Use of GROUP BY Clause:

- Used to group rows with the same values in specified columns.

- Example: Summarize sales data by regions.

3. Use of HAVING Clause:

- Filters grouped records after aggregation.

- Example: Find regions with sales > 10000.

4. Difference Between WHERE and HAVING Clauses:

- WHERE filters rows before grouping; HAVING filters after grouping.

5. What is a Subquery?

- A query inside another query. Used for complex conditions.

- Example: Select employees in departments with >10 employees.

6. What is a View?

- A virtual table created by a SQL query. Does not store data physically.

7. Difference Between Named Block and Anonymous Block:

- Named blocks (Procedures/Functions) are reusable and stored in the database.


- Anonymous blocks are not stored and execute once.

8. What is a Cursor?

- A pointer to a result set of a query. Used for row-by-row processing.

9. Types of Cursors:

- Implicit: Automatically managed by Oracle for DML operations.

- Explicit: Defined and controlled by the user.

10. Explicit Cursor:

- Created for a specific query. Allows custom fetch operations.

11. Exception Handling:

- Mechanism to handle runtime errors using EXCEPTION blocks.

12. Package:

- A collection of related procedures, functions, and variables.

13. Use of APEX:

- Oracle APEX is a web-based application development tool.

14. Use of Dynamic Actions:

- Allows declarative interactions without coding.

15. Data Types:

- VARCHAR2, NUMBER, DATE, BOOLEAN, CLOB, etc.


16. What is NumPy?

- A Python library for numerical computations.

17. DECODE Function:

- Performs conditional querying (similar to CASE).

18. Views and Types of Views:

- Simple View: Based on a single table.

- Complex View: Based on multiple tables with joins.

19. Can We Update Complex Views?

- Yes, but with restrictions. Use INSTEAD OF triggers if necessary.

20. Use of INSTEAD OF Triggers:

- Used to handle DML operations on non-updatable views.

21. REF Cursor:

- A cursor that allows dynamic query results.

22. Bulk Bind and Bulk Collect:

- Efficiently process large volumes of data.

23. Indexes and Their Types:

- B-Tree, Bitmap, Unique, Composite, Function-Based Indexes.

24. Cursor vs Collections:

- Cursor processes row-by-row; Collections process sets of data.


25. Retrieving Unique Values Without DISTINCT:

- Use GROUP BY or ROW_NUMBER().

26. Types of Triggers:

- BEFORE, AFTER, INSTEAD OF triggers.

- DML triggers: Fire on INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.

27. Collections:

- Nested Tables, VARRAYs, Associative Arrays.

28. Most Widely Used Collection:

- Associative Arrays due to their flexibility.

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