Basic Mathematical Skills

Dr. Suzan Abdel-Rahman

Assistant professor at faculty of
graduate studies for statistical
research
 Linear and quadratic equations

The general form of the linear equation is:

𝛼𝑋 + 𝑏 = 0 𝛼≠0
Now we can solve it
𝛼𝑋 + 𝑏 = 0
∴ 𝛼𝑋 = −𝑏
Dividing both sides over 𝛼
−𝑏
𝑋=
𝑎
 Linear equations

Example (1):
2𝑋 − 1 = 0
2𝑋 = 1
Dividing by 2
2𝑋 1
=
2 2
1
∴𝑋=
2
 Linear equations
Example (2):
3 5
𝑋− =0
2 2
3 5
𝑋− =0
2 2
3 5
𝑋=+
2 2
2
𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 ( )
3
2 3 5 2
* 𝑋 = + ∗
3 2 2 3
5
𝑋=+
3
 Quadratic equations
The general form of the quadratic equation is

𝒂𝑿𝟐 + 𝒃𝑿 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 𝜶, 𝒃 ≠ 𝟎
The above equation can be solved by using two methods:

Methods

Quadratic
Analysis way
formula
‫طريقة التحليل‬
‫القانون‬
 Quadratic equations
Example 1
Find the value of X that satisfies the following equations:
Find the value of X that satisfies the following equation.
𝑿𝟐 − 𝟑𝑿 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
Solution
1- first method
𝑿𝟐 − 𝟑𝑿 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
(𝑿 − 𝟏)(𝑿—2)=0
Then
X-1=0 or X-2=0
X=1 or X=2
 Quadratic equations
2- second method
By comparing this equation by general form of quadratic equation
𝑋 2 − 3𝑋 + 2 = 0
𝑎𝑋 2 + 𝑏𝑋 + 𝑐 = 0

𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −3 , 𝑐 = 2
Hence
−𝑏 ± 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 3 ± 9 − 8
𝑋= =
2𝑎 2
3+1 4 3−1 2
𝑋= = =2 𝑜𝑟 𝑋= = =1
2 2 2 2
Example (2)
𝟐𝑿𝟐 − 𝟓𝑿 + 𝟐 = 𝟎

By comparing this equation by general form of quadratic equation

𝟐𝑿𝟐 − 𝟓𝑿 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒂𝑿𝟐 + 𝒃𝑿 + 𝒄 = 𝟎

𝒂 = 𝟐, 𝒃 = −𝟓 , 𝒄 = 𝟐
Hence

−𝒃 ± 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟓 ± 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟏𝟔
𝑿= =
𝟐𝒂 𝟒
𝟓+𝟑 𝟖 𝟓−𝟑 𝟏
𝑿= = =𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝑿= =
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐
Example (3)
4𝑿𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝑿 = 𝟕
Solution (first method)
4𝑿𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝑿 = 𝟕
4𝑿𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝑿 − 𝟕 = 𝟎
(𝟐𝑿 − 𝟕)(𝟐𝑿+1)=0
Then
𝟐𝑿 − 𝟕 = 𝟎 or 𝟐𝑿+1=0
𝟐𝑿 = 𝟕 or 𝟐𝑿 = −𝟏
𝟕 −𝟏
𝑿= or 𝑿=
𝟐 𝟐
Example (3)
4𝑿𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝑿 = 𝟕
Second method
𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = −12 , 𝑐 = −7
Hence
−𝑏 ± 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 12 ± 144 + 112
𝑋= =
2𝑎 8
12+16 28 7 12−16 −4 −1
𝑋= = = 𝑋= = =
8 8 2 8 8 2
Example (4)
𝑿𝟐 − 𝟓𝑿 + 𝟐 𝑿𝟐 − 𝟓𝑿 + 𝟑=12
 Example (4)
𝑿𝟐 − 𝟓𝑿 + 𝟐 𝑿𝟐 − 𝟓𝑿 + 𝟑=12
Solution

𝑿𝟐 − 𝟓𝑿 + 𝟐 𝑿𝟐 − 𝟓𝑿 + 𝟑=12 (1)

Let 𝒚 = 𝑿𝟐 − 𝟓𝑿 + 𝟑
By squaring the two sides or rasing both sides to power 2
So
𝒚𝟐 = 𝑿𝟐 − 𝟓𝑿 +3 (2)
Hence
𝒚𝟐 -3= 𝑿𝟐 − 𝟓𝑿 (𝟑)
Example (4)
Substituting from (2) and (3) into (1)
𝒚𝟐 -3+2y=12

𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝐲 − 𝟑 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝐲 − 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎
(𝐲 + 𝟓) (y-3)=0
then
𝐲+𝟓=𝟎 or 𝐲 − 𝟑 = 𝟎
𝐲 = −𝟓 or 𝐲 = 𝟑
 Example 4

Second method
𝒂 = 𝟏, 𝒃 = 𝟐 , 𝒄 = −𝟏𝟓
Hence
−𝒃± 𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄 −𝟐± 𝟒+𝟔𝟎
y= =
𝟐𝒂 𝟐
−𝟐+𝟖 𝟔 −𝟐−𝟖 −𝟏𝟎
𝒚= = =𝟑 𝒚= = = −𝟓
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

At y=3 and substituting in equation 3

At y=-5 and substituting in equation 3

Example 4
▪ At y=3 and substituting in equation 3

▪ 𝒚𝟐 -3= 𝑿𝟐 − 𝟓𝑿 (𝟑)

▪ 9-3= 𝑿𝟐 − 𝟓𝑿

▪ 𝑿𝟐 − 𝟓𝑿=6

▪ 𝑿𝟐 − 𝟓𝑿-6=0

▪ (𝑿 − 𝟔 )(𝑿 + 𝟏 )=0

▪ 𝑿 − 𝟔=0 or 𝑿 + 𝟏 = 𝟎

▪ 𝑿 = 𝟔 𝒐𝒓 𝑿 = −𝟏
Example 4
▪ At y=-5 and substituting in equation 3
▪ 𝒚𝟐 -3= 𝑿𝟐 − 𝟓𝑿 (𝟑)
▪ 25-3 = 𝑿𝟐 − 𝟓𝑿
▪ 𝑿𝟐 − 𝟓𝑿=22
▪ 𝑿𝟐 − 𝟓𝑿-22=0
▪ 𝒂 = 𝟏, 𝒃 = −𝟓 , 𝒄 = −𝟐𝟐
−𝒃± 𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟓± 𝟐𝟓+𝟖𝟖
X= =
𝟐𝒂 𝟐

𝟓+ 𝟏𝟏𝟑 𝟓− 𝟏𝟏𝟑
▪ X= or X=
𝟐 𝟐
Example 5
▪ 𝑿𝟐 − 𝟒𝑿 + 𝟒 = 𝟎
▪ Solution

𝒂 = 𝟏, 𝒃 = −𝟒 , 𝒄 = 𝟒
−𝒃± 𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟒± 𝟏𝟔−𝟏𝟔
‫بالتحليل‬ X= =
𝟐𝒂 𝟐
𝑿𝟐 − 𝟒𝑿 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 𝟒+ 𝟎 𝟒− 𝟎
(𝑿 − 𝟐) (𝑿 − 𝟐) = 𝟎 X= or X=
𝟐 𝟐
𝑿 = 𝟐 𝑶𝑹 𝑿 = 𝟐 𝟒+𝟎 𝟒−𝟎
X= =𝟐 or X= = 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
Exercises : solve the following equations
▪ 𝑿𝟐 − 𝟓𝑿 − 𝟓𝟎 = 𝟎

▪ 𝑿𝟐 + 𝟒𝑿 + 𝟒 = 𝟎
Exercises : solve the following equations

▪ 𝟑𝑿𝟐 − 𝟑𝑿 − 𝟔𝟎 = 𝟎

▪ 𝑿𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎
4𝑿 − 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟎
𝟐
5𝑿 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 = 𝟎
Thanks