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PROSTAT-Chapter 1.2 - Mean and Variance of Discrete Random Variables

The document discusses the mean (expected value) and variance of discrete random variables, providing definitions, formulas, and examples for each concept. It explains how to calculate the mean using the probability mass function and illustrates variance and standard deviation as measures of dispersion. Several examples are provided to demonstrate the application of these concepts in different scenarios.

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henzoncharise
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2 views

PROSTAT-Chapter 1.2 - Mean and Variance of Discrete Random Variables

The document discusses the mean (expected value) and variance of discrete random variables, providing definitions, formulas, and examples for each concept. It explains how to calculate the mean using the probability mass function and illustrates variance and standard deviation as measures of dispersion. Several examples are provided to demonstrate the application of these concepts in different scenarios.

Uploaded by

henzoncharise
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mean and Variance

of Discrete Random
Variables
Chapter 1.2
Mean or
Expected Value
Definition of Terms
• Mean of Discrete Random Variable (𝞵) – is the central value or
average of its corresponding probability mass function. It is also
called as the “Expected Value”. It is computed using the formula:

𝝁 = ෍ 𝑿𝑷(𝒙)

where x is the outcome and p(x) is the probability of the outcome


Example 1:
• Determine the mean or Expected Value of the random variable below:

X 0 1 2 3 4
P(x) 1 1 1 1 1
5 5 5 5 5

𝜇 = ෍(𝑥𝑃 𝑥 )
Example 1: continuation…
X 0 1 2 3 4
P(x) 1 1 1 1 1
5 5 5 5 5

𝜇 = ෍(𝑥𝑃 𝑥 )

1 1 1 1 1
=σ 0 +1 +2 +3 +4
5 5 5 5 5
1 2 3 4 𝟏𝟎
=σ 0+ + + + = 𝒐𝒓 𝟐
5 5 5 5 𝟓

Therefore, the mean/expected value is 2 for the random variable.


Example 2
• Find the mean of the random variable Y representing the number of
red colour chocolates per 160g pack of coloured chocolate packages
that has the following probability distribution.

X 0 1 2 3 4
P(x) 1 1 1 1 1
5 5 5 5 5
Example 3:
• The probabilities that a customer will buy 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 items in a
grocery store are 0.3, 0.1, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 respectively. What is the
average number of items that a customer will buy?
Variance and Standard
Deviation of the Discrete
Random Variable
Definition of terms
• Variance/standard deviation – describes the amount of spread,
dispersion, or variability of the items in a distribution.
• The variance (𝜎 2 ) and standard deviation (𝜎) are two values that
describe how scattered of spread out the scores are from the mean
value of the random variable.
Variance and Standard Deviation
• The variance is determined using the formula:

𝝈𝟐 = ෍ 𝒙 − 𝝁 𝟐 𝒑 𝒙

• The standard deviation is the square root of the variance,

𝝈= ෍ 𝒙 − 𝝁 𝟐 𝒑(𝒙)

Where: 𝜎 2 = 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒; 𝜇 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛;


𝜎 = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛; 𝑝 𝑥 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
Example 1
The number of cars sold per day at a local car dealership, along with its
corresponding probabilities, is shown in the table. Compute the variance
and the standard deviation of the probability distribution.
No. of cars sold (X) Probability P(x)
0 10%
1 20%
2 30%
3 20%
4 20%
No. of cards P(x) 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝒙)
sold (X)
0 0.1

Step 1
1 0.2
2 0.3
3 0.2
Find the mean 𝜇 4 0.2
Total
No. of P(x) 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝒙) X-𝝁
cards
sold (X)
0 0.1 0

Step 2 1
2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.6
Subtract the mean 3 0.2 0.6
4 0.2 0.8
from each value of the
random variable X
No. of
𝟐
cards P(x) 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝒙) X-𝝁 𝑿−𝝁
sold (X)

0 0.1 0 -2.2

Step 3 1 0.2 0.2 -1.2

2 0.3 0.6 -0.2

Square the results 3 0.2 0.6 0.8


obtained in Step 2
4 0.2 0.8 1.8
Step 4
NO. OF
𝑿 𝟐 𝟐
CARDS P(X) X-𝝁 𝑿−𝝁 𝑿−𝝁 ∙ 𝑷(𝒙)
∙ 𝑷(𝒙)
SOLD (X)

0 0.1 0 -2.2 4.84


Multiply the results
1 0.2 0.2 -1.2 1.44
obtained in Step 3 by the
corresponding probability 2 0.3 0.6 -0.2 0.04

3 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.64

4 0.2 0.8 1.8 3.24


Step 5
NO. OF
𝑿 𝟐 𝟐
CARDS P(X) X-𝝁 𝑿−𝝁 𝑿−𝝁 ∙ 𝑷(𝒙)
∙ 𝑷(𝒙)
SOLD (X)

0 0.1 0 -2.2 4.84 0.484


Get the sum of the
1 0.2 0.2 -1.2 1.44 0.288
results obtained in Step
4. The result is the value 2 0.3 0.6 -0.2 0.04 0.012
of the variance.
3 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.64 0.128
𝝈𝟐 = ෍ 𝒙 − 𝝁 𝟐 𝒑 𝒙
4 0.2 0.8 1.8 3.24 0.648
Example 2
Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from an urn
containing 5 red balls and 6 violet balls. Let V be the random variable
representing the number of violet balls. Find the values of the random
variable V and compute for the mean, variance, and standard deviation
of the probability distribution.
Example 3
Three coins are tossed once. Determine the probability distribution for
the random variable X representing the number of heads that will occur.
Compute the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the probability
distribution.

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