Grade

11

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

QUARTER 3 – MODULE 2

Mean and Variance of Discrete

Random Variable

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 At the end of the lesson , the students are expected to :
1. Illustrate the mean and variance of a discrete random variable ( M11/12SP-IIIb-1)
2. Calculate the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable (M11/12SP-IIIb-2 )
3. Interpret the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable (M11/12SP-IIIb-3 )
4. Solves problem involving mean and variance of probability distributions (M11/12SP-IIIb-4 )

Lesso
n Mean of the Discrete Random
Variable
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Covid-19 is continuously spreading around the world, that is why reports regarding average infected people per
country is being updated every day. For this kind of report, experts used Statistics and Probability to show reliable
analysis in their data. In this lesson, you will learn how to compute the average or mean of a discrete probability
distribution as well as the variance and standard deviation of a discrete random variable.
Let’s find out if you are ready to learn this new lesson. Do the following, write your answer in your answer sheet.
Activity 1
A. Given the values of the variables X and Y, evaluate the following summations.
X1 = 5, Y1 = 3 X2 = 4, Y2 = 2 X3 = 3 , Y3 = 1 X4 = 2, Y4 = 0
Find :
1.ΣX 2. ΣXY 3. Σ (X + Y ) 4. ΣY 5. Σ 4XY
B. Construct a probability distribution of W representing the square of the number when a die is rolled once. Copy the table on your
answer sheet and copy the table.
W
P(w)

Mean of a Discrete Random Variable

The Mean µ of a discrete random variable is the central value or average of its
corresponding probability mass function. It is also called as the Expected Value. It is
computed using the formula:

µ = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑥)

Where x is the outcome and p(x) is the probability of the outcome.

Example
1. Determine the mean or expected value of random variable below
X 0 1 2 3 4
P(x) 1 1 1 1 1
5 5 5 5 5

µ = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑥)
Solution:

2
 = Σ [0 ( ) + 1 ( ) + 2 ( ) + 3 ( ) + 4 ( ) ]
1 1 1 1 1
5 5 5 5 5
=Σ(0+ + + + )
1 2 3 4
5 5 5 5
= or 2
10
5

Therefore mean is 2 for the above random variable.

2.Find the mean of the random variable Y representing the number of the red color chocolates per 160gram pack of colored
chocolate packages that has the following probability distribution.
Y 4 5 6 7
P(y) 0.10 0.37 0.33 0.20

µ = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑥)
Solution:

= Σ [4 (0.10) + 5(0.37) + 6(0.33) + 7(0.20) ]

= Σ ( 0.40 + 1.85 + 1.98 = 1.40 )
= 5.63
So , the mean probability distribution is 5.73. This implies that the average number of red chocolates per 160-
gram is 5.63.

STEPS IN FINDING THE MEAN

Step 1: Construct the probability distribution for the random variable X representing the number of items.
Step 2: Multiply the value of the random variable X by the corresponding probability
Step 3: Add the results obtained in Step#2. Results obtained is the mean of the probability distribution.

Lesso Variance and Standard Deviation

n of the Discrete Random Variable
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The variance and standard deviation describe the amount of spread, dispersion, or variability of the items in a distribution. How
can we describe the spread or dispersion in a probability distribution? In this lesson, you will learn how to compute the variance
and standard deviation of a discrete probability distribution.

Variance and Standard Deviation of a Random Variable

The variance and standard deviation are two values that describe how scattered or
spread out the scores are from the mean value of the random variable. The variance,

σ2 = ∑(𝑥 − µ)2p(x)
denoted as σ2, is determined using the formula:

The standard deviation σ is the square root of the variance, thus,

σ = √∑(𝑥 − µ)²𝑝(𝑥)

σ2 - variance σ – standard deviation

µ - mean p(x) – probability of the outcome
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Example
1. The number of cars sold per day at a local car dealership, along with its corresponding probabilities, is shown in the succeeding
table. Compute the variance and the standard deviation of the probability distribution by following the given steps. Write your
answer on your answer sheets.
Number of Cars Sold X Probability P(x)
0 10%
1 20%
2 30%
3 20%
4 20%
In solving the problem, let’s follow the steps below.

STEPS IN FINDING THE VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION

1. Find the mean of the probability distribution
2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random variable X.
3. square the result obtained in Step#2.
4. Multiply the result obtained in Step#3 by the corresponding probability P(x).
5. Get the sum of all the results obtained in Step4. Results obtained is the value of the variance of probability distribution.

Solution:
STEPS SOLUTION
1. Find the mean of the probability distribution Number of cars Probability X . P(x)

µ = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑥)
using the formula sold P(x)
0 0.1 0
1 0.2 0.2
2 0.3 0.6
3 0.2 0.6
4 0.2 0.8

µ = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑥) = 2.2
TOTAL 2.2

2. Subtract the mean from each value of the X P(x) X . P(x) X-µ
random variable X. 0 0.1 0 0 - 2.2 = -2.2
1 0.2 0.2 1 - 2.2 = -1.2
2 0.3 0.6 2 – 2.2 = -0.2
3 0.2 0.6 3 – 2.2 = 0.8
4 0.2 0.8 4 – 2.2 = 1.8
3. Square the results obtained in Step 2 X P(x) X . P(x) X-µ (X - µ)2
0 0.1 0 -2.2 4.84
1 0.2 0.2 -1.2 1.44
2 0.3 0.6 -0.2 0.04
3 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.64
4 0.2 0.8 1.8 3.24

4. Multiply the results obtained in step3 by the X P(x) X . P(x) X-µ (X - µ)2 (X - µ ). P(x)
corresponding probability 0 0.1 0 -2.2 4.84 0.484
1 0.2 0.2 -1.2 1.44 0.288
2 0.3 0.6 -0.2 0.04 0.012
3 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.64 0.128
4 0.2 0.8 1.8 3.24 0.648

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 5. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step4. X P(x) X . P(x) X-µ (X - µ)2 (X - µ ). P(x)
The result is the value of the variance . So the 0 0.1 0 -2.2 4.84 0.484

σ2 = ∑(𝑥 − µ)2p(x)
formula is 1 0.2 0.2 -1.2 1.44 0.288
2 0.3 0.6 -0.2 0.04 0.012
3 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.64 0.128

σ2 = ∑(𝑥 − µ)2p(x) = 1.56

4 0.2 0.8 1.8 3.24 0.648

To Solve for Standard Deviation:

σ2 = ∑(𝑥 − µ)2p(x) = 1.56

Get the square root of the variance

σ = √ 1.56
σ = 1.25
So the variance of the number of cars sold per day is 1.56 and the standard deviation is 1.25

ACTIVITY 2
A. Determine the mean or expected value of random variable given the table below. Write your answer in you answer sheet.

s 3 4 12 20
P(s) 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.2

Use this formula to find the mean , µ = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑥), also guide in answering on step1 page4 of this module.

PERFORMANCE TASK
When three (3) coins are tossed , the probability distribution for the random variable X representing the number of heads that
occur is given below. Compute the mean, variance and standard deviation of the probability distribution. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper (follow the steps in previous example ).

Emerging (1) Developing (2) Proficient (3-4) Exemplary (5)

Strategies and The student did not The process lead to a Appropriate , efficient Proof that the solution
reasoning seem to know where to partially complete strategies for solving were correct and that
begin solution the problem were used the approach were
valid
Computation and Mathematical Representations were All visual All aspects of the
execution representations were essentially correct but representations were solution were complete
inaccurate ;information not accurately and complete and accurate. and accurate
was labeled incorrectly. completely labeled Computations were
essentially correct

ASSESSMENT

Direction: Explain and identify what is ask in each of the question below.

1-2. These are two values that describes how scattered or spread out the scores are form the mean value of the random variable.
3-5. Define 3 steps in finding the mean
6-10 Define 5 steps in finding the variance and standard deviation.

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ANSWER KEY

Activity 1 Activity 1
A B
1. 14 1 4 9 16 25 36
W
2. 26
3. 20 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6
P(w)
4. 6
5. 104

Activity 2
STEPS SOLUTION
1. Find the mean of the probability S Probability X . P(x)

µ = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑥)
distribution using the formula P(s)
3 0.1 0.3
4 0.5 2
12 0.2 2.4
20 0.2 4
TOTAL 8.7

µ = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑥) = 8.7

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 References
Books
Banigon Jr., Ricardo B. et. Al., 2016 Statistics and Probability for Senior High School, Educational
Resources Corporation, 11-B Sunrise Drive Barangay Bagong Lipunan ng Crame, Cubao, Quezon
City.
Belecina, Rene R. et. Al., 2016 Statistics and Probability, Rex Bookstore, 856 Nicanor Reyes Sr. St.
Sampaloc, Manila
Canlapan, Raymond B., Statistics and Probability Module, Diwa Learning Systems Inc. 4/F SEDCCO 1
Bldg. 120 Thailand corner Legaspi Streets, Legaspi Village, 1229 Makati City, Philippines