Weekly Learning Activity Sheet Statistics and Probability Grade 11 Quarter 3 Week 2 Mean and Variance of A Discrete Random Variable

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WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Statistics and Probability
Grade 11 Quarter 3 Week 2
Mean and Variance of a Discrete Random Variable
Name: ______________________________________ Section: ____________________
Learning Objective
Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs)

The learner:
- computes probabilities corresponding to a given variable(M11/12SP-IIIa-6)
- illustrates the mean and variance of a discrete random variable.(M11/12SPIIIb-1)
- calculates the mean and variance of a discrete random variable.(M11/12SP-IIIb-2)
Time Allotment: 4 hours
Key Concepts
You have learned that the random variable assigns numerical value to each favorable
outcome of an event called probability of an event. The probability distribution of a discrete
random variable needs to be summarized in order to give the behavior of the random
variable under observation. The mean or average of a data (discrete random variable) is
sum of all the products of a particular outcome and its corresponding probability. Another
impotant characteristics in describing a given probability is the variance that describes the
degree of homogeneity and heterogeneity af a given data.
Mean of a Discrete Random Variable

The mean of a discrete random variable denoted by µ is the average of its
corresponding probability distribution. That is
µ = ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑝(𝑥𝑖 )
𝑖=1
Where xi is the ith outcome and p(xi) is the probability of th ith outcome.
Example1: Find the mean of the probability distribution involving the random variable X
that gives the number of heads that appear after tossing three coins. The
probability distribution is given below.
Number of Heads X 0 1 2 3
Probability of X P(X) 0.125 0.375 0.375 0.125
If 𝑋̅ is the mean of a random sample size 𝑛 taken from a population with mean 𝜇 and
Solution:
finite variance 𝜎 2 , then the limiting form of the distribution of
Given: x1 = 0 , x2 = 1 , x3 = 2 , x4 = 3
as 𝑛 → ∞, is the standard normal distribution 𝑛 (𝑧; 0,1)
p(x1) = 0.125 p(x2) = 0.375 p(x3) = 0.375 p(x4) = 0.125
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𝑖=1
Author: Paul L. Comiling
School/Station: Buenavista National High School
Email Address: paul.comiling@deped.gov.ph
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µ= 0(0.125) + 1(0.375) + 2(0.375) + 3(0.125)

µ= 0 + 0.375 + 0.75 + 0.375
µ= 1.5
Note that X is a discrete random variable, a whole number could obtain in this experiment.
Hence, we can round off 1.5 into its nearest whole number and that is 2. So we can say
that the average outcome of getting heads after tossing three coins is two.
Example 2: The probabilities that a certain company produces 0, 1, 2, and 3 defective

bulbs are 42% 28% 18% and 12% respectively.Let X be a random variable,
construct a probability distribution and then compute the mean of a random
variable.
Solution:
Number of Defective Bulbs X 0 1 2 3
Probability of X P(X) 0.42 0.28 0.18 0.12
Given: x1 = 0 , x2 = 1 , x3 = 2 , x4 = 3
p(x1) = 0.42 p(x2) = 0.28 p(x3) = 0.18 p(x4) = 0.12
𝑖=1
µ= 0(0.42) + 1(0.28) + 2(0.18) + 3(0.12)

µ= 0 + 0.375 + 0.75 + 0.375
µ= 1
Thus, the mean value of the variable is 1. Thus, the average number of defective bulbs
that the company can produce is 1.
Example 3. Find the mean of random variable X of the two tables below.
Table 1
X 2 4 6 8
P(X) 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Table 2
X 2 4 6 8
P(X) 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.4
Solutions:
For Table 1: For Table 2:
𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑥 𝑃(𝑥)
2 0.25 0.5 2 0.4 0.8
4 0.25 1 4 0.1 0.4
6 0.25 1.5 6 0.1 0.6
8 0.25 2 8 0.4 3.2
𝜇 = ∑ 𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) = 5 𝜇 = ∑ 𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) = 5

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The two distributions have equal mean. However, the distribution of the probabilities is
completely different. The variance can help us to describe the difference of the two
distributions.
Variance of a Discrete Random Variable
The variance is a value that describe how scattered or spread out the scores
are from the mean value of a random variable and is denoted by 𝜎 2 , is
determined using the formula:
𝑛
𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑥𝑖 − µ)2 𝑝(𝑥𝑖 )

𝑖=0
Where, xi is the particular outcome of a random variable, µ is the mean, p(xi) is
the probability of the particular outcome of a random variable.
Finding the variance by using this formula is somewhat tedious. So for simplified
computations, a shortcut formula can be used. This formula is algebraically
equivalent to the longer one and is used in the examples that follow.
Formula for the Variance of a Probability Distribution
Find the variance of a probability distribution by multiplying the square of each outcome
by its corresponding probability, summing those products, and subtracting the square of
the mean. The formula for the variance of a probability distribution is
𝜎 2 = ∑[𝑋 2 − 𝑃(𝑋)] − 𝜇2
The standard deviation (𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 "𝜎") of a probability distribution is
𝜎 = √𝜎 2 𝑜𝑟 √∑[𝑋2 − 𝑃(𝑋) − 𝜇2 ]
Remember that the variance and standard deviation cannot be negative.
Another important characteristic in describing a given probability distribution is the

variance. Variance is the measure of variability, which means that it describes the degree
of homogeneity or heterogeinity of a given set of data. Standard deviation, on other hand,
is another measure of variability, similar with the variance it is also describe how scattered
and spread of a certain data.
In most cases, the mean value is not enough to describe a random variable because there
are instances when two probability distributions have equal mean but are entirely
different. Consider the probability distributions below

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Example 4: Compute the variance and standard deviation of the two tables in example 3.
Solution: Given in (example 1) that the mean or 𝜇 = 5.

Table 1 Table 2
𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑥2 𝑥 2 𝑃(𝑥)
2 0.25 4 1 2 0.4 4 1.6
4 0.25 16 4 4 0.1 16 1.6
6 0.25 36 9 6 0.1 36 3.6
8 0.25 64 16 8 0.4 64 25.6
∑ 𝑥 2 𝑃(𝑥) = 30 ∑ 𝑥 2 𝑃(𝑥) = 32.4
Variance: 𝜎 2 = ∑[𝑋2 − 𝑃(𝑋)] − 𝜇2 𝜎 2 = ∑[𝑋2 − 𝑃(𝑋)] − 𝜇2
𝜎 2 = 30 − 52 = 30 − 25 = 5 𝜎 2 = 32.4 − 52 = 32.4 − 25 = 7.4
Standard Deviation: 𝜎 = √𝜎 2 =√5 =2.24 𝜎 = √𝜎 2 =√7 =2.65
The example shows that even they have the same value of mean, but they don’t have the
same value of variance and standard deviation.
Example 5. The following table contains a probability distribution for a random

variable X.
𝑥 1 2 3 4 5
𝑃(𝑥) 0.16 0.22 0.28 0.20 0.14
𝑛
*Note that the summation of the values of 𝑃(𝑥) is always equal to 1 (i.e.∑𝑖=0 𝑃(𝑥𝑖 ) = 1).
a. Find the mean of a random variable X.
Solution:
𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑥 𝑃(𝑥)
1 0.16 0.16
2 0.22 0.44
3 0.28 0.84
4 0.20 0.80
5 0.14 0.70
∑ 𝑃 (𝑥 ) = 1 ∑ 𝑥 𝑃 (𝑥 ) = 2.94
Thus, 𝜇 = ∑ 𝑥 𝑃 (𝑥 ) = 2.94.
b. Find the variance and standard deviation of a random variable X.

Solution:
𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑥2 𝑥 2 𝑃(𝑥)
1 0.16 1 0.16
2 0.22 4 0.88
3 0.28 9 2.52
4 0.20 16 3.20
5 0.14 25 3.50
∑ 𝑥 2 𝑃(𝑥) = 10.26
Variance: 𝜎 2 = ∑ 𝑥 2 𝑃(𝑥) − 𝜇2 = 10.26 − (2.94)2 = 10.26 − 8.64 = 1.62
Standard deviation: 𝜎 = √1.62 = 1.27

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Activity 1. Find the Mean and Variance!
Materials: Ballpen, paper, WLAS
Directions: Solve the problem below.
1. The random variable X represents the number of calls per hour to a call center
in the last month. The probability distribution for X is below.
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑃(𝑥) 0.01 0.10 0.26 0.33 0.18 0.06 0.03 0.03
a. Find the mean of X.

b. Find the variance and standard deviation of X.
Reflections
Write two things that:
I have learned that:
1. __________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________
References
Walpole, Ronald E., Ergle, William D. Introduction to Statistics, Third Edition, SAGE
Publications, 2019.
Walpole, Ronald E., Myers, Raymond H., Myers, Sharon L., Ye, Keying, Probability and
Statistics for Engineers and Scientist, Ninth Edition, Prentice Hall, 2011.
http://www.elcom-hu.com/Mshtrk/Statstics/9th%20txt%20book.pdf
Belecina, Rene R., Baccay, Elisa S., Mateo, Efren B., Statistics and Probability, First
Edition, REX Book Store, 2016.
Levine, D. (2014). Even You Can Learn Statistics and Analytics: An Easy to Understand
Guide to Statistics and Analytics 3rd Edition. Pearson FT Press
Canlapan, Ronald B.,DIWA Senior High School Series: Statistics and Probability.Philippine
Copyright 2016 by DIWA LAERNING SYSTEM INC
https://www.meta-chart/histogram#/display

EPS-Mathematics Principal I-Abilan NHS Principal I-Manapa NHS
Lilibeth S. Apat PERLITA B. ABRENICA BEVERLY L. MINGKE
Validators:
Activity 1. Find the Mean and Variance!
1.) a. Find the mean of X.
Solution:
𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑥 𝑃(𝑥)
0 0.01 0
1 0.10 0.10
2 0.26 0.52
3 0.33 0.99
4 0.18 0.72
5 0.06 0.30
6 0.03 0.18
7 0.03 0.21
∑ 𝑃(𝑥) = 1 ∑ 𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) = 3.02
Thus, 𝜇 = 3.02.
b. Find the variance and standard deviation of X.
𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑥2 𝑥 2 𝑃(𝑥)
0 0.01 0 0.00
1 0.10 1 0.10
2 0.26 4 1.04
3 0.33 6 2.97
4 0.18 16 2.88
5 0.06 25 1.50
6 0.03 36 1.08
7 0.03 49 1.47
∑ 𝑥 2 𝑃(𝑥) = 11.04
Variance: 𝜎 2 = ∑ 𝑥 2 𝑃(𝑥) − 𝜇2 = 11.04 − (3.02)2 = 11.04 − 9.12 = 1.92
Standard deviation: 𝜎 = √1.92 = 1.39
Thus, the variance of X is 1.92 and the standard deviation is 1.39.
Answer Key
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Weekly Learning Activity Sheet Statistics and Probability Grade 11 Quarter 3 Week 2 Mean and Variance of A Discrete Random Variable

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1

WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Mean and Variance of a Discrete Random Variable

Name: ______________________________________ Section: ____________________

Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs)

Time Allotment: 4 hours

Mean of a Discrete Random Variable

µ= 0(0.125) + 1(0.375) + 2(0.375) + 3(0.125)

Example 2: The probabilities that a certain company produces 0, 1, 2, and 3 defective

p(x1) = 0.42 p(x2) = 0.28 p(x3) = 0.18 p(x4) = 0.12

µ= 0(0.42) + 1(0.28) + 2(0.18) + 3(0.12)

Author: Paul L. Comiling

Variance of a Discrete Random Variable

𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑥𝑖 − µ)2 𝑝(𝑥𝑖 )

Formula for the Variance of a Probability Distribution

The standard deviation (𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 "𝜎") of a probability distribution is

Remember that the variance and standard deviation cannot be negative.

Another important characteristic in describing a given probability distribution is the

Author: Paul L. Comiling

Solution: Given in (example 1) that the mean or 𝜇 = 5.

Variance: 𝜎 2 = ∑[𝑋2 − 𝑃(𝑋)] − 𝜇2 𝜎 2 = ∑[𝑋2 − 𝑃(𝑋)] − 𝜇2

𝜎 2 = 30 − 52 = 30 − 25 = 5 𝜎 2 = 32.4 − 52 = 32.4 − 25 = 7.4

Standard Deviation: 𝜎 = √𝜎 2 =√5 =2.24 𝜎 = √𝜎 2 =√7 =2.65

Example 5. The following table contains a probability distribution for a random

b. Find the variance and standard deviation of a random variable X.

Variance: 𝜎 2 = ∑ 𝑥 2 𝑃(𝑥) − 𝜇2 = 10.26 − (2.94)2 = 10.26 − 8.64 = 1.62

Standard deviation: 𝜎 = √1.62 = 1.27

Author: Paul L. Comiling

Directions: Solve the problem below.

a. Find the mean of X.

I have learned that:

Author: Paul L. Comiling

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Name: __________________ Section: