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    PCS 213 Lab 2

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    Shivang Patel
    The document summarizes a physics lab experiment on diffraction and interference of light. The experiment used a sodium lamp and hydrogen light bulb to measure wavelength and determine the Rydberg constant. For sodium, the average measured wavelength was 597 nm with a 1.31% error. For hydrogen, the measured wavelengths for red, blue-green, and violet lines were 644 nm, 466 nm, and 471 nm respectively. The Rydberg constant was calculated for each, with the largest error of 4.29% for blue-green. The results validated the equations used to calculate wavelength and Rydberg constant from diffraction patterns.

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    PCS 213 Lab 2

    Uploaded by

    Shivang Patel
    391 views11 pages
    The document summarizes a physics lab experiment on diffraction and interference of light. The experiment used a sodium lamp and hydrogen light bulb to measure wavelength and determine the Rydberg constant. For sodium, the average measured wavelength was 597 nm with a 1.31% error. For hydrogen, the measured wavelengths for red, blue-green, and violet lines were 644 nm, 466 nm, and 471 nm respectively. The Rydberg constant was calculated for each, with the largest error of 4.29% for blue-green. The results validated the equations used to calculate wavelength and Rydberg constant from diffraction patterns.

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    The document summarizes a physics lab experiment on diffraction and interference of light. The experiment used a sodium lamp and hydrogen light bulb to measure wavelength and determine the Rydberg constant. For sodium, the average measured wavelength was 597 nm with a 1.31% error. For hydrogen, the measured wavelengths for red, blue-green, and violet lines were 644 nm, 466 nm, and 471 nm respectively. The Rydberg constant was calculated for each, with the largest error of 4.29% for blue-green. The results validated the equations used to calculate wavelength and Rydberg constant from diffraction patterns.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    391 views11 pages

    PCS 213 Lab 2

    Uploaded by

    Shivang Patel
    The document summarizes a physics lab experiment on diffraction and interference of light. The experiment used a sodium lamp and hydrogen light bulb to measure wavelength and determine the Rydberg constant. For sodium, the average measured wavelength was 597 nm with a 1.31% error. For hydrogen, the measured wavelengths for red, blue-green, and violet lines were 644 nm, 466 nm, and 471 nm respectively. The Rydberg constant was calculated for each, with the largest error of 4.29% for blue-green. The results validated the equations used to calculate wavelength and Rydberg constant from diffraction patterns.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 11

    RYERSON UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS LAB REPORT FOR

    PCS 213 SECTION 4/ (Fill you section here)

    TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: DIFFRACTION AND INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT

    EXPERIMENTERS:

    Shivang Patel (500376688) Kody Baum ( )

    AUTHORS OF THIS REPORT: Shivang Patel (500376688) [fake my sign here] ) [sign here] Kody Baum (

    EXPERIMENT PERFORMED ON: 6 Feb 2012 REPORT SUBMITTED ON: 13 Feb 2012 TA S NAME: David Dalla Rosa

    Objectives
    The purpose of this experiment was to measure the wavelength produced by a monochromatic light source [sodium lamp], as well as to measure the Rydberg constant for hydrogen light bulb. [1]

    Background
    An American astronomer, David Rittenhouse, made the first diffraction grating in 1785, and reported constructing a half-inch wide grating with fifty-three apertures. A diffraction grating is a collection of reflecting elements separated by a distance comparable to the wavelength of light under study. It may be thought of as a collection of diffracting elements, such as a pattern of transparent slits in an opaque screen. For a diffraction to occur the light source(s) must be in a constant phase. Furthermore, constructive interference will occur only for certain discrete angles of the transmitted rays. [2] [3] The diffraction angles, , at which constructive interference occurs can be found from the equation: eq. 1 [1] Rydberg constant describes the wavelengths or frequencies of light in various series of related spectral lines, such as those emitted by hydrogen atoms. The value of this constant is based on the premise that the nucleus of the atom emitting light is exceedingly massive compared with a single orbiting electron. [4] The literature value of the Rydberg constant R is 1.097373157 107 per meter.

    In this experiment, the Rydberg constant for hydrogen will be found using the equation known as Balmer s expression. eq. 2 [1]

    Apparatus
    Part A

    FIGURE 1 [1] Meter stick Part C

    L Diffraction Grating

    Hydrogen light bulb

    FIGURE 2

    Procedure
    Part A 1) The sodium lamp was lit and allowed to warm up for about 10 minutes. 2) A meter stick was then mounted in front of the sodium lamp just below it. 3) The diffraction grating stand was then positioned 0.75 meters away from the meter stick. 4) The diffraction grating was the positioned so that images of the slit were visible along the meter stick. 5) The exact distance between the meter stick and diffraction grating was then measured. 6) The positions of the first two images of the slit on each side of the central image were then recorded along with the position of the central image. Part C 1) The room lights were turned off to improve the results of the experiment. 2) The meter stick was first set up horizontally and slightly elevated in front of the hydrogen discharge tube. 3) The diffraction grating was then positioned 0.75 meters away from the meter stick. 4) The diffraction grating was the positioned so that spectrum lines were visible along the meter stick. 5) The positions of the first two images of the slit on each side of the central image were then recorded along with the position of the central image.

    Observations
    n 1(Left) 2(Left) 1(Right) 2(Right) Red (Left) Red(Right) N 100 100 100 100 100 100 d(mm) 1/100 1/100 1/100 1/100 1/100 1/100 1/100 1/100 1/100 1/100 y(cm) 60-55.5= 4.5 60-50.9= 9.1 64.4-60= 4.4 69.1-60= 9.1 60-55= 5 64.7-60= 4.7 60-56.5= 3.5 63.5-60= 3.5 60-56.3= 3.7 63.4-60= 3.4 x(cm) 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 =tan-1(y/x) () 3.43 6.92 3.36 6.92 3.81 3.58 2.67 2.67 2.82 2.59 Sin 0.0598 0.1204 0.0586 0.1204 0.0664 0.0624 0.0466 0.0466 0.0491 0.0452 (nm) 598 602 586 602 664 624 466 466 491 452

    Blue100 Green(Left) Blue100 Green(Right) Violet(Left) 100 Violet(Right) 100

    TABLE 1 Actual value of sodium= 589.3nm

    Calculations and Results


    Sodium Lamp: =tan-1(y/x) = tan-1(0.045/0.75)=3.43 =tan-1(y/x)= tan-1(0.091/0.75)= 6.92 =tan-1(y/x)= tan-1(0.044/0.75)= 3.36 =tan-1(y/x)= tan-1(0.091/0.75)= 6.92 Sin Sin Sin Sin = Sin(3.43 = Sin(6.92 = Sin(3.36 = Sin(6.92 ) =0.0598 ) =0.1204 ) =0.0586 ) =0.1204

    = dsin /n = (0.00001x0.0598)/1 = 598nm = dsin /n = (0.00001x0.1204)/2 = 602nm = dsin /n = (0.00001x0.0586)/1 = 586nm = dsin /n = (0.00001x0.1204)/2 = 602nm avg= 597nm
    percentage error = (estimate - actual) / actual * 100 = ((597-589.3)/589.3) x 100= 1.31 %

    Hydrogen Lamp:
    Red:

    =tan-1(y/x)= tan-1(0.05/0.75)= 3.81 =tan-1(y/x)= tan-1(0.047/0.75)= 3.58 Sin = Sin(3.81 ) =0.0664 Sin = Sin(3.58 ) =0.0624 = dsin /n = (0.00001x0.0664)/1 = 664nm = dsin /n = (0.00001x0.0624)/1 = 624nm
    Blue-Green:

    =tan-1(y/x)= tan-1(0.035/0.75)= 2.67 =tan-1(y/x)= tan-1(0.035/0.75)= 2.67 Sin = Sin(2.67 ) =0.0466 Sin = Sin(2.67 ) =0.0466 = dsin /n = (0.00001x0.0664)/1 = 466nm = dsin /n = (0.00001x0.0624)/1 = 466nm

    Violet:

    =tan-1(y/x)= tan-1(0.037/0.75)= 2.82 =tan-1(y/x)= tan-1(0.034/0.75)= 2.59 Sin = Sin(2.82 ) =0.0491 Sin = Sin(2.59 ) =0.0452 = dsin /n = (0.00001x0.0491)/1 = 491nm = dsin /n = (0.00001x0.0452)/1 = 452nm Average experimental wavelength for Red, blue-green and violet respectively: Red = 644 nm Blue-Green = 466 nm violet = 471 nm

    Using Balmer's equation to find the Rydberg constant for red, blue-green, and violet:

    For the wavelength with the colour red:

    For the wavelength with the colour blue-green:

    For the wavelength with the colour violet:

    Uncertainty within the experiment: Measuring uncertainty

    Error calculated for Rydberg constant for blue-green because that was the largest uncertainty in the entire procedure.

    Discussion of Results and Conclusions


    The condition for maximum intensity is the same as that for a double slit, experiment 1. However, angular separation of the maxima is generally much greater because the slit spacing is so small for a diffraction grating. The diffraction grating is an immensely useful tool for the separation of the spectral lines associated with atomic transitions. It acts as a prism, separating the different colors of light much more than the dispersion effect in a prism. The hydrogen gas in a thin glass tube is excited by an electrical discharge and the spectrum can be viewed through the grating. The tracks of a compact disc act as a diffraction grating, producing a separation of the colors of white light. The nominal track separation on a CD is 1.6 micrometers, corresponding to about 625 tracks per millimeter. This is in the range of ordinary laboratory diffraction gratings.

    For this particular experiment the average experimental wavelength for Red, blue-green and violet respectively: Red = 644 nm Blue-Green = 466 nm violet = 471 nm Using Balmer's equation to find the Rydberg constant for red,

    for blue-green, and for violet,

    The actual Rydberg constant is 1.097373157 107 per meter. However, for this experiment the % error calculated for Rydberg constant is 4.29% for blue-green as that color has the largest uncertainty in the entire procedure. To insure the quality of the experiment the lights were turned off, however, the reasoning for the % error could be the way we were taking the readings as all of readings were close estimation of the real values on the meter stick. In conclusion, both the equations eq.1 and eq. 2 were verified through this experiment.

    References
    http://www.physics.ryerson.ca/sites/default/files/u3/2011/06/DiffractionandInterferen ceofLight.pdf [1] http://physics-animations.com/Physics/English/DG10/DG.htm [2] http://optics.sgu.ru/~ulianov/Students/Books/Applied_Optics/E.%20Loewen%20Diffract ion%20Grating%20Handbook%20(2005).pdf [3] http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/RydbergConstant.html [4]

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