TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PULCHOWK CAMPUS

INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT

Tutorial Questions
BME II/II

Prepared By
Associate Prof. Dr. Mahesh Chandra Luintel
Instructor Sagar Regmi
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Central Campus, Pulchowk

April, 2019
 Tutorial 1: Introduction and Fourier series
1. A voltmeter having a sensitivity of 1200Ω/V reads 120V on its scale when connected
across an unknown resistor in series with a milli-ammeter. When the milli-ammeter reads
6mA, calculate (a) apparent resistance of the unknown resistor, (b) actual resistance of the
unknown resistor, and (c) error due to the loading effect of voltmeter.
2. A meter reads 127.50 V and the true value of the voltage is 127.43V. Determine (a) the
static error, and (b) The static correction for this instrument.
3. A voltage has a true value of 1.50V. An Analog indicating instrument with a range of 0-
2.5V shows a voltage reading of 1.46 V. What are the values of absolute error and
correction? Express the error as a fraction of true value and the full scale deflection (f.s.d).

4. The following equation represents the time variation of a mechanical strain:

 = 180 + 75 sin 10t + 35 sin 20t + 13 sin 30t – 53 cos 10t – 21 cos 30t
(a) How many harmonics are present?
(b) What is the fundamental frequency in Hz?

(c) What is the amplitude of the third harmonic component?

5. Determine Fourier Series expansion for the following time dependent signals.

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 6. Find the Fourier Series of the function shown in Figure , viz a saw tooth wave
with alternative portions removed.

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 Tutorial 2: Zero Order System
1. A measuring system consists of a transducer, an amplifier, and a recorder, and their individual
sensitivities are sated as follows:
Transducer sensitivity: K1 = 0.25 mV/0C
Amplifier gain: K2 = 2.5 V/mV
Recorder sensitivity: K3 = 4 mm/V
Determine the overall sensitivity of the measuring system. (2.5 mm/0C)

2. A pressure measuring system consists of a piezoelectric transducer, a charge amplifier, and a

ultraviolet charge recorder. The sensitivities of these elements are stated as follows:
Piezoelectric transducer: K1 = 8.5 pC/bar
Charge amplifier: K2 = 0.004 V/pC
Ultravoilet charge recorder: K3 = 20 mm/V
What would be the deflection on the chart due to a pressure change of 30 bar? (20.4 mm)

3. The individual sensitivities of different elements comprising a temperature measuring system

are:
Transducer 0.3 /0C
Wheatstone bridge 0.01 V/
Amplifier gain 80 V/V
Pen recorder 0.12 cm/V
Determine the overall sensitivity and the temperature change corresponding to a recorder pen
movement of 3 cm. (0.0288 cm/0C, 104.1670C)

4. The following data pertains to measurement of angular speed by a dc tachogenerator.

Angular Velocity (rev/min) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Output Voltage (Volts) 0 8.9 15.1 23.5 29.7 38.8 47.5

Plot the results and proceed to make an estimate of sensitivity of the instrument. (0.0153
V/RPM)

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 Tutorial 3: First Order System
1. The dynamic performance of a thermocouple in a protective sheath has been described by the
following differential equation:

dqo
25 + 2.5 q0 = 1.25  10-5 qi
dt
where q0 is the output voltage in volts and qi is the input temperature in 0C. Determine the time
constant and the static sensitivity of the thermocouple. (10 s, 5  10-6 V/0C)
2. Determine the time constant and static sensitivity of mercury-in-glass thermometer whose
dynamic performance is prescribed by the following differential equation:

dqo
4.5 + 3 q0 = 1.5  10-3 qi
dt
where q0 is the height of the mercury column in m and qi is the input temperature, in 0C.
(1.5 s, 0.5  10-3 m/0C)
3. A temperature probe has first – order response with a time constant of 1 s. It is given a step
input of 500C from 00C. Calculate the temperature 0.6 s after the application of the input.
(22.60C)
4. A thermometer has a time constant of 3.5 s. It is quickly taken from a temperature 00C to a
water bath having a temperature 1000C. What temperature will be indicated after 1.5 s?
(34.860C)
5. A thermometer has been suddenly plunged into a steaming water bath whose temperature
remains steady at 1000C. It takes 10 s for the thermometer to reach the equilibrium condition.
Calculate the time constant and the time taken by the thermometer to indicate half of the
temperature difference. The initial thermometer temperature can be considered to be zero. (2s,
1.386 s)
6. A measuring element with a time constant of 0.4 s and a static sensitivity of 0.05 mV/0C is
used to measure the temperature of a medium, which changes from 20 to 600C. Taking the
output as zero at 200C, find the time taken for the output voltage to reach 80 % of the steady
state value, if the temperature change occurs suddenly. (0.644 s)
7. Assume that a particular temperature probe approximates first-order behavior in a particular
application, that it has a time constant of 6 s, and that it is suddenly subjected to a temperature
step of 750C – 3000C.
a. What temperature will be indicated 10 s after the process has been initiated?
b. Find the indicated temperature after 10 s if the same probe is subjected to a step 3000C –
750C. (2570C, 1170C)
8. A temperature sensing device can be modeled as a first order system with a time constant of 6
s. It is suddenly subjected to a step input of 250C – 1500C. What temperature will be indicated
in 10 s after the process has started? What temperature will be indicated in 10 s if the same
device is subjected to a step input of 1500C – 250C? (126.40C, 48.60C)
9. A thermometer is initially at a temperature of 200C and is suddenly plunged into a liquid bath,
which is maintained at 1500C. The thermometer indicated 950C after time interval of 3 s.

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 Estimate the time constant for the thermometer. Also calculate the indicated temperature after
five time constants and comment upon the results. (3.487 s, 149.120C)
10. The temperature of furnace is increasing at a rate of 0.10C/s. What is the maximum permissible
time constant of a first order instrument that can be used, so the temperature is read with a
maximum error of 50C? (50s)
11. A temperature sensitive transducer used to measure the temperature of a furnace has been
idealized as a first order system subjected to ramp input. Calculate the time constant of the
transducer if the furnace temperature increases at a rate of 0.150C/s. The maximum permissible
error in temperature measurement is limited to 4.50C. (30 s)
12. A balloon carrying a first order thermometer with a 15-s time constant rises through the
atmosphere 6 m/s. Assume temperature varies with altitude at 0.150C/30 m. The balloon radios
temperature and altitude readings back to the ground. At 3000 m the balloon says the
temperature of 00C. What is the true altitude at which 00C occurs? (2910 m)
13. A weather balloon, carrying a temperature sensing device with time constant 10 s, rises through
the atmosphere at 6 m/s. The balloon transmits information about temperature and altitude
through radio signals. At 3000 m height, a temperature indication of 350C has been received.
Determine the true altitude at which 350C temperature occurs. It may be presumed that the
temperature varies with altitude at a uniform rate of 0.010C/m. (2940 m)
14. A balloon rising through the atmosphere at a rate of 7 m/s has a thermometer of first order
response. The time constant of the thermometer is 15 s. Assume that the temperature varies
with altitude at a rate of 0.60C/100 m. The balloon sends back to the earth the signals
proportional to the altitude and temperature. At 3000 m height the balloon indicates a
temperature of – 10C.
a. What is the correct altitude at which – 10C occurs?
b. What would be the correct temperature at 3000 m? (2895 m, – 1.60C)
15. A measuring element with a time constant of 0.4 s and a static sensitivity of 0.05 mV/ 0C is
used to measure the temperature of a medium, which changes from 20 to 600C. Taking the
output as zero at 200C, find the output voltage at the end of 5 s, if the temperature changes
from 20 to 600C, occurs at a constant rate in 5 s. (1.84 mV)
16. If a cyclic change is taking every 10 s and the time constant of the system is 10 s, what
percentage of cyclic change will be registered assuming the system to be first order one? If the
time constant is doubled what would be the magnitude ratio? (15.7 %, 7.9 %)
17. A thermocouple system with a time constant of 8 seconds has been used to measure the
temperature of a furnace whose temperature difference fluctuates sinusoidally between 4000C
and 4500C with a periodic time of 60 s. Determine the maximum and minimum values that
will be indicated by the by the thermocouple. Calculate the phase angle and the corresponding
time lag between the temperature signals and the thermocouple output signals. (444.20C,
405.80C, 6.669 s)
18. A thermocouple system has a time constant of 10 s. The system is used to measure the
temperature of a furnace which fluctuates sinusoidally between 6400C to 6000C, with a
periodic time of 80 s. Determine the maximum and minimum values of the temperature
indicated. Calculate also the angle of phase shift and the time lag. (635.70C, 604.30C; 38.10;
8.5 s)
19. A first order instrument having a time constant of 0.25 s has been subjected to a sinusoidal
input prescribed by the relation: qi = 0.25 sin 20t. Develop an expression for the corresponding
output. [0.049 sin (20t – 78.69)]

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20. A first order instrument which has time constant of 0.5 s is subjected to an input of qi = 2 sin
3t – 0.5 sin 30t. Find the response of the instrument. [1.11 sin (3t – 560) + 0.0053 sin (30t –
860)]
21. A liquid thermometer has its glass bulb protected by a well. The thermometer is subjected to a
temperature which is changing from  150C every 100 seconds. Determine the maximum value
of temperature indicated by the thermometer. After how much time of the actual occurrence of
temperature, it will be indicated by the instruments? The measurement system may be idealized
by a double capacity system with time constants of 20 s for the bulb and 40 s for the well.
(3.450C, 33.26 s)
22. A thermocouple having a first order response characteristics is used to measure a single
temperature pulse having a half wave sinusoidal shape (with maximum amplitude E and time
period T). Find the output response of the thermocouple for (a) T = 4, and (b) T = 10,  being
the time constant of the thermometer.
23. A mercury thermometer has a capillary tube of 0.25 mm diameter. If the bulb is made up of
zero expansion material, what volume must it have if a sensitivity of 1.5 mm/0C is desired? If
the bulb is spherical and is immersed in stationary hot air, estimate the time constant. Assume
volumetric expansion coefficient for mercury = 1.8  10-4 /0C; specific heat of mercury = 140
J/kg.0C; density of mercury = 13600 kg/m3; and the heat transfer coefficient of the thermometer
material = 60 W/m2.0C. (409 mm3, 48.7 s)
24. A balloon is equipped with temperature and altitude measuring instruments and has radio
equipment that can transmit the output readings of these instruments back to ground. The
balloon is initially anchored to the ground with the instrument output readings in steady state.
The altitude measuring instrument is approximately zero order and the temperature transducer
first order with a time constant of 15 seconds. The temperature on ground, T0 is 100c and the
temperature Tx at an altitude of x meters is given by the relation
Tx = T0 – 0.01x
a. If the balloon is released at time zero, and thereafter rises upwards at a velocity of 5
meters/sec, draw a table showing the temperature and altitude measurements reported at
an interval of 10secs, over the first 50 seconds of travel. Show also in the table the error
in each temperature reading.
b. What temperature does the balloon report at an altitude of 5000 meters? (-39.25degree
C)

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 Tutorial 4: Second Order systems
1. A second order system has been described by the following differential equation
d 2 q0 dq
2
 2 0  25q 0 = 25qi
dt dt
where q0 and qi are the output and input quantities respectively. Determine the damping ratio,
undamped and damped natural frequencies, and static sensitivity. (5 rad/s, 4.899 rad/s, 1.0)
2. Determine the natural frequency, damping ratio and the static sensitivity for a system
prescribed by the following differential equation:

d 2 q0 dq
2
 2.5  103 0  2  1010 q 0 = 1011qi
dt dt
The equation pertains to a piezoelectric transducer where q0 is the output charge in pC and qi
is the input acceleration in m/s2. (1.414  105 rad/s, 8.8 4 10-5, 5 pC)

3. A pressure transducer has a natural frequency of 30 rad/s, damping ratio of 0.1 and static
sensitivity of 1.0 V/Pa. A step pressure input of 800 kPa is applied. Determine the output of
the transducer. (0.8 1  e 3t cos 29.8t  0.1005sin 29.85t  )
4. A second order instrument has a mass of 8 g and stiffness of 1000 N/m. Calculate the natural
frequency of the system. Also find out the damping ratio required to just prevent overshoot in
response to a step input. (353.6 rad/s, 5.7 Ns/M)
5. A pressure transducer behaves as a second order system. If the undamped natural frequency is
4000 Hz and the damping ratio is 75 % of critical, determine the frequency range over which
the measurement error is not greater than 5 %. What will be the frequency range if the damping
ratio is changed to 0.5?
6. A pressure transducer behaves as a second order system. If the undamped natural frequency is
4000 Hz. When the transducer is subjected to a harmonic input of 2400 Hz, the phase angle
between the output and the input is measured as 450. With this in mind, determine the error
when the transducer is used to measure a harmonic signal of 1800 Hz. What is the phase angle
between the input and output at this frequency?
7. A force transducer behaves as a second order system. If the undamped natural frequency of the
transducer is 1800 Hz and its damping is 30 % of critical, determine the error in the measured
force for a harmonic input of 950 Hz. What is the magnitude of the phase angle?
8. During the act of force measurement by a pressure transducer of the diaphragm type, the system
is stated to have a natural frequency of 1000 Hz and a damping ratio of 60 %. Determine the
frequency range over which the amplitude ratio corresponding to sinusoidal input deviates by
a maximum amount of 10 %. Consider the pressure transducer to behave as a second order
system. (916 Hz)
9. A torque sensing transducer is connected to the shaft of an electric motor which drives a load
that has a moment of inertia of 200  10-3 kg m2. What should be the damping ratio of the
system when a sinusoidal torque varying at a frequency of 2 rad/s is to be reproduced with a
maximum error of + 10 %? The torsional constant is 1.5 Nm/rad. (0.534)

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10. A second order control system of transfer function
q0 10
 2
qi D  5D  25

has been subjected to unit amplitude input signal which has a frequency of 0.5 Hz. Establish
an expression for the steady state response of the system and determine the corresponding
output amplitude, output frequency and phase lag. (0.4587, 46.040)
11. A d'Arsonval galvanometer is a second order instrument. In the design of d'Arsonval
galvanometer's moving system, it is found that the damping ratio is 0.65 and the natural
frequency of the undamped oscillations is 4 Hz.
(a) If the sensitivity of the movement is doubled by using spring of smaller stiffness, calculate
the new damping ratio and the new natural frequency.
(b) If the damping ratio is now restored to its original value by altering the moment of inertia
of the system, determine the natural frequency of the system. (0.92, 2.83 Hz, 2 Hz)
12. A second order system has a natural frequency of 10 Hz and a damping ratio of 0.3. Calculate
the value of resonant frequency and the magnitude ratio at this frequency. Also calculate the
bandwidth. Find the value of steady state error to unit ramp input. (9.05 Hz, 1.75, 14.5 Hz, 9.5
ms)
13. A seismic motion transducer has a seismic mass of 50 g. Its undamped natural frequency is 10
Hz and damping ratio 0.6. The relative motion of the seismic mass with respect to the frame
of the transducer is converted to a voltage, by a first order instrument of time constant 0.01 s
and static sensitivity of 2 V/mm. Find the output voltage for an input motion of 0.5 mm at a
frequency of 30 Hz. (0.48 V)
14. A second order pressure transducer has an undamped natural frequency of 300 rad/s, damping
ratio of 0.1 and a static sensitivity of 10-6 V/N/m2. It is connected to a second order recording
device which has an undamped natural frequency of 400 rad/s damping ratio of 0.5 and static
sensitivity of 2 V/mm. If the input is a harmonic pressure signal of amplitude 1000 N/m 2 and
frequency 30 Hz, find the value of the output amplitude recorded and the phase difference
between the input and output signals. (8.88 mm, – 42.90)
15. A diaphragm pressure transducer behaves as a second order system. The Static displacement
of the diaphragm is proportional to the applied force. If the natural frequency of the diaphragm
is 1000Hz and the damping ratio is 0.6; determine the frequency range over which the
amplitude ratio(corresponding to a sinusoidal input) deviates by a maximum amount of 10%.
16. A 2nd order instrument has a natural frequency of 4Hz and the damping ratio is 0.66. If the
excitation frequency of the system is 6 Hz, determine the error due to the approximation of
excited frequency with natural frequency of the system.

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 Tutorial 5: Sensors

1. A linear wire wound potentiometer has a total resistance of 8 k, and the overheating
effects limit the maximum power dissipation to 50 mW. Determine the maximum value of
excitation voltage. Also determine the output voltage if the input displacement is 1.25 mm
and the maximum displacement for the potentiometer device is 4.5 mm. Assume maximum
permissible excitation voltage is applied. (20 V, 5.55 V)
2. In a particular resistance transducer, the load (meter) resistance is 2.5 times the
potentiometer resistance. Calculate the loading error for the slider position corresponding
to 50 % of the full-scale travel of the wiper (slider). (0.454, - 10.13%)

3. The diaphragms of a pressure measuring transducer are 2 cm2 in area and 2.5 mm apart,
and the system has a capacitance of 250  10-12F. When a pressure of 104 Pa is applied to
the diaphragm, there results a deflection of 0.25 mm in the diaphragm. Determine the
change in the capacitance of the system. (27.78  10-12F )
4. A parallel plate capacitive transducer uses plates of area 500 mm2 which are separated by
a distance of 0.2 mm. Calculate the value of capacitance when the dielectric is air having
a permittivity of 8.85  10-12F/m. Calculate the change in capacitance if a linear
displacement reduces the distance between the plates to 0.18 mm. Also calculate the ratio
of per unit change of displacement. (22.125 pF, 1.111)
5. A parallel plate air spaced capacitor has an effective plate area of 6.5  10-4m2 and the
distance between the plates is 1 mm. Workout the displacement sensitivity of the device if
air has a relative permittivity of unity. (57.55  10-10F/m )
6. A potentiometer ballast circuit has a gauge resistance of 150  and when working under
maximum sensitivity conditions, the current flow is limited to 25 mA. Calculate the input
supply and output voltages. (7.5 V, 3.75 V)
7. The output of a transducer with a total resistance of 120  has been measured with a
potentiometer ballast circuit. The supply voltage is 100 V and maximum sensitivity is
attained at the mid position of the transducer. Make calculations for the sensitivity at 25 %
and 75 % position, and comment on results. (0.7407 V/m, 0.2666 V/m)
8. The output from a pressure pick up has been measured by a simple ballast circuit which is
so designed that the ballast resistance is 5 times the total resistance of the potentiometer.
Calculate the voltage output at 50 % load on the potentiometer if the unit has been
energized by a 100 V supply. (8.33 V)
9. A Wheatstone bridge circuit used in a strain measuring system comprises four strain gauges
of equal magnitude; one connected into each limb of the bridge. The nominal resistance of
each gauge is 120 , the bridge excitation voltage is 6 V and the output measuring
instrument has an infinitely high internal resistance. Determine the output voltage from the
bridge if one gauge resistance increases by 1.25 %. How this output voltage would be
affected if a gauge in an adjacent limb simultaneously decreases its resistance by the same
amount? Comment on results. (18.63 mV, 37.2 mV)
10. A Wheatstone bridge circuit used in strain measurement system comprises four strain
gauges of equal magnitude, one connected into each limb of the bridge. The nominal
resistance of each gauge is 120  and the bridge supply voltage is 10 V. When strained,
the resistance changes by 0.5 . Obtain a relation between the output voltage V0 and x,
and calculate the output voltage. The meter has infinite internal resistance. (0.04167 V)

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 Tutorial 6: Strain Gauge
1. A 100  strain gauge is bonded to a low carbon steel bar which has been subjected to a
tensile load. The bar has a preload uniform cross-sectional area of 0.5  10-4 m2 and Yong's
modulus for low carbon steel is 200 GPa. If a load of 50 kN produces a change of 1  in
the gauge resistance, determine the gauge factor for the strain gauge. (2)
2. A resistance strain gauge experiences 1 % change in resistance when subjected to a uniaxial
strain of 5000 -strain. Determine the gauge factor. What would be the sense and
magnitude of error if a value of 1.9 is assumed for the gauge factor? (-5%)
3. A metallic electric resistance strain gauge of 120  resistance with gauge factor of 2 is
cemented onto an aluminium test surface. If the yield stress 20 MPa and Young's modulus
of elasticity is 70 GPa, determine the change in resistance of the gauge that would be caused
by loading the material to yield point. (0.0686 )
4. A compressive force is applied to structural member. The strain is 5 -strain. Two separate
strain gauges are attached to the structural member, one is a nickel wire strain gauge having
a gauge factor of 12.1 and the other is nichrome wire strain gauge having a gauge factor of
2. Calculate the value of resistance of the gauges after they are strained. The resistance of
strain gauges before being strained is 120 . (7.26 m, 1.2 m)
5. A strain gauge is bonded to a beam 0.1 m long has a cross-sectional are 4 cm2. Young's
modulus of elasticity for steel is 207 GPa. The strain gauge has an unstrained of 240  and
a gauge factor of 2.2. When a load is applied, the resistance of gauge changes by 0.013 .
Calculate the change in length of the steel beam and the amount of force applied on the
beam. (2.46  10-6 m, 2.037 103 N)
6. A strain gauge has gauge factor of 4. If the strain gauge is attached to a metal bar that
stretches from 0.25 m to 0.255 m when stained, what is the percentage change in resistance?
If the unstrained value of gauge is 120 , what is the resistance value of gauge after
application of strain? (8 %, 129.6 )
7. A semiconductor gauge having a resistance of 1000  and a gauge factor of 133 is
subjected to a compressive strain 500 -strain. Calculate the new value of resistance of the
gauge. (1066.5 )
8. A strain gauge with a gauge factor of 4 has a resistance of 500 . It is to be used in a test
I which the strain to be measured may be as low as 5  10-6. What will the change in
resistance of gauge be? (0.001 )
9. A strain gauge potentiometric circuit uses a strain gauge of 120  and a gauge factor of 2.
When working under maximum sensitivity conditions, the current flow through the system
is limited to 20 mA. Calculate the supply voltage and the change in output voltage when a
strain of 500 -strain is impressed upon the gauge. (4.8 V, 1.2 mV)
10. A strain gauge bridge comprise of two fixed resistors each of have 120 , one active gauge,
and an unstrained temperature compensation gauge. The two gauge connected in adjacent
arms of the bridge has unstrained resistance of 120  and a gauge factor of 2.2. Find the
bridge output voltage for a supply voltage output of 3 V, when the active gauge is subjected
to 600 -strain. (0.99 mV)
11. A single electrical resistance strain gauge of resistance 120  and having a gauge factor of
2 is bonded to steel having an elastic limit stress of 400 kPa and modulus of elasticity of
200 GPa. Calculate the change in resistance:

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 (a) due to a change in stress equal to 1/10 of the elastic range of steel and due to a change of
temperature of 200C, if the material is advance alloy for which resistance temperature
coefficient is 20  10-6/0C.
(b) Calculate the strain due to differential expansion of the gauge metal and steel, if coefficient
of linear expansion of steel is 12  10-6/0C and that of advance alloy is 16  10-6/0C. (0.048
, 0.019 )
12. In a strain gauge Wheatstone bridge, the four limbs are: R1 = 99.75  (strain gauge
resistance), R2 = variable, R3 = 100 , and R4 = 10000 . What is the value of variable
resistance R2 at initial balance with zero strain? When the bridge was rebalanced after the
strain was applied this resistance increased to 9997 . Make calculations for the change in
resistance and the strain applied if the gauge factor is 2.0. (9975 , 22 , 1103-strain)
[KUMAR Ex.11.7]
13. A tensile strain of 0.001 has been applied to a strain gauge having a gauge factor of 2.0.
The gauge resistance and the other three resistances comprising limbs of a Wheatstone
circuit have an initial resistance of 120 . Workout for the change in the value of variable
resistance R2 to rebalance the null type bridge and the output voltage of a voltage sensitive
bridge supply voltage is 6 V. (0.24 , 3 mV)
14. A strain gauge bridge circuit has two fixed resistors R3 and R4 of 100  each and a variable
resistance R2 which is 100  at zero strain and 100.52  when a load is applied to it. If the
strain gauge has a gauge factor of 2.0, determine the strain in the beam at the point where
the strain gauge R1 is attached. (2600 -strain)

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