Monsoon Semester 2022-23: Tutorial 10

Topics: Topics: Gauss’ divergence theorem, Stokes’ Theorem.

1. (a) Verify the Divergence Theorem for F (x, y, z) = xi+yj+zk where σ is the surface
of the cube bounded by the planes x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1.
RR RR
σ1 : x = 0, F · n = −x = 0, RR σ1 (0)dA = 0, σ2 : x = 1, F · n = x = 1, RR σ2 (1)dA = 1,
σ3 : y = 0, F · n = −y = 0, RRσ3 (0)dA = 0, σ4 : y = 1, F · n = y = 1, RRσ4 (1)dA = 1,
σ5 : z = 0, F · n = −z = 0, σ5 (0)dA = 0, σ6 : z = 1, F · n = z = 1, σ6 (1)dA = 1.
ZZ ZZZ ZZZ
F · n = 3; div FdV = 3dV = 3.
σ G G

(b) Verify the Divergence Theorem for F (x, y, z) = 5j + 7k where σ is the spherical
surface x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.
Let r = sin u cos vi + sin u sin vj + cos uk,
ru × rv = sin2 u cos vi + sin2 u sin vj + sin u cos uk,
F · (ru × rv ) = 5 sin2 u sin v + 7 sin u cos u
ZZ Z 2π Z π
F · ndS = 5 sin2 u sin v + 7 sin u cos ududv = 0;
σ 0 0
ZZZ ZZZ
div FdV = 0dV = 0.
G G

(c) Verify the Divergence Theorem for F (x, y, z) = 2xi − yzj + z 2 k where σ is the
paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 capped by the disk x2 + y 2 ≤ 1 in the plane z = 1.
RR
σ1 : z = 1, n = k, F · n = z 2 = 1, σ1 (1)dS = π,
σ2 : n = 2xi + 2yj − k, F · n = 4x2 − 4x2 y 2 − x4 − 3y 4 ,
ZZ Z 2π Z 1
 2 π
4r cos2 θ − 4r4 cos2 θ sin2 θ − r4 cos4 θ − 3r4 sin4 θ rdrdθ = ;

F · ndS =
σ 0 0 3
ZZ 2 ZZZ ZZZ Z 2π Z 1 Z 1
4π
F · ndS = ; div FdV = (2 + z)dV = (2 + z)dzrdrdθ = 4π/3.
σ 3 G G 0 0 r2

2. (a) Use the Divergence Theorem to find the flux of F (x, y, z) = (x2 + y) i + z 2 j +
(ey − z) k across σ which is the surface of the rectangular solid bounded by the
coordinate planes and the planes x = 3, y = 1, and z = 2, with outward orientation.
ZZZ Z 2Z 1Z 3
G is the rectangular solid; div FdV = (2x − 1)dxdydz = 12.
G 0 0 0
 (b) Use the Divergence Theorem to find the flux of F (x, y, z) = xi + yj + zk across
σ which is the surface of the solid bounded by the paraboloid z = 1 − x2 − y 2 and
the xy-plane, with outward orientation.
G is the solid bounded by z = 1 − x2 − y 2 and the xy-plane;
ZZZ ZZZ Z 2π Z 1 Z 1−r2
3π
div FdV = 3 dV = 3 rdzdrdθ =
G G 0 0 0 2

(c) Use the Divergence Theorem to find the flux of F (x, y, z) = (x2 + y) i + xyj −
(2xz+y)k across σ which is the surface of the tetrahedron in the first octant bounded
by x + y + z = 1 and the coordinate planes, with outward orientation.
ZZZ ZZZ Z 1 Z 1−x Z 1−x−y
1
G is the tetrahedron; div FdV = xdV = xdzdydx =
G G 0 0 0 24

(d) Use the Divergence Theorem to find the flux of F (x, y, z) = x3 i + x2 yj + xyk
across σ which is the surface of the solid bounded by z = 4 − x2 , y + z = 5, z = 0,
and y = 0, with outward orientation.

From the examples we see that we need to integrate the divergence of the vector
field over the whole volume. The former is div F = 4x2 . Finding the volume is
more difficult. We are looking for all the points in the x − y plane that lie above the
plane z = 0, and that lie i) underneath the surface z = 4 − x2 , (this surface passes
through the parabola z = 4 − x2 in the x − z plane and has no restriction on y ); and
ii) lie underneath the plane z = 5 − y together with the condition y ≥ 0. First we
observe that −2 ≤ x ≤ 2. Given such a value of x, we note that 0 ≤ y ≤ 5. Finally,
0 ≤ z ≤ min (5 − y, 4 − x2 ). And which is the minimum? We check the boundary,
where one z equals the other z, i.e. 4 − x2 = 5 − y, or the parabola y = x2 + 1 in
the x − y plane. Thus
ZZZ ZZZ Z 2 Z 1+x2
2
div FdV = 4 x dV =
G G −2 0

Z 4−x2 Z 2 Z 5 Z 5−y
2 4608
4x dzdydx + 4x2 dzdydx =
0 −2 x2 +1 0 35
3. Prove that if r = xi + yj + zk and
RR σ is the surface of a solid G oriented by outward
1
unit normals, then vol(G) = 3 σ r · ndS where vol(G) is the volume of G.
ZZ ZZZ ZZZ
r · ndS = div rdV = 3 dV = 3 vol(G)
σ G G

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4. Use the result in question (3) to find the outward flux of the vector field F(x, y, z) =
xi + yj + zk across the surface σ of the cylindrical solid bounded by x2 + 4x + y 2 =
5, z = −1, and z = 4.
ZZ
F · ndS = 3 π 32 (5) = 135π


σ

5. Prove the following identities assuming that F, σ, and G satisfy the hypotheses of
the Divergence Theorem and that all necessary differentiability requirements for the
functions f (x, y, z) and g(x, y, z) are met.

RR
(a) σ
curl F · ndS = 0
ZZ ZZZ ZZZ
curl F · ndS = div(curl F)dV = (0)dV = 0
σ G G

∂2f ∂2f ∂2f

RR RRR
(b) σ
∇f · ndS = G
∇2 f dV , where ∇2 f = ∂x2
+ ∂y 2
+ ∂z 2
ZZ ZZZ ZZZ
∇f · ndS = div(∇f )dV = ∇2 f dV
σ G G
RR RRR
(c) σ
(f ∇g) · ndS = G
(f ∇2 g + ∇f · ∇g) dV
ZZ ZZZ ZZZ
f ∇2 g + ∇f · ∇g dV


(f ∇g) · ndS = div(f ∇g)dV =
σ G G

RR RRR
(d) σ (f ∇g − g∇f ) · ndS = G
(f ∇2 g − g∇2 f ) dV (Hint: Interchange f and g
in (c))
ZZ σ ZZZ
f ∇2 g + ∇f · ∇g dV by Exercise 5.c;


(f ∇g) · ndS =
σ G
ZZ ZZZ
g∇2 f + ∇g · ∇f dV


(g∇f ) · ndS =
σ G
by interchanging
RR f and
RRR g; subtract to obtain the result.
(e) σ (f n) · vdS = G
∇f · vdV (v a fixed vector)
∇ · v = 0. Let
Since v is constant, RR RR F = f v; then
RRR div F = (∇fRRR
)v and by the
Divergence Theorem σ f v · ndS = σ F · ndS = G
div FdV = G
(∇f ) · vdV

6. (a) Show that the outward flux of the position vector field F = xi + yj + zk through
a smooth closed surface S is three times the volume of the region enclosed by the

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 surface.
Let D be the region enclosed by the smooth closed surface S, then from the Diver-
gence Theorem the outward flux of F across the surface is
ZZ ZZ
F · ndσ = ∇ · F dV
S ZZ D

= ∇ · (xi + yj + zk)dV
D
ZZZ  
∂x ∂y ∂z
= + + dV
D ∂x ∂y ∂z
ZZZ ZZZ
= 3dV = 3 dV
D D
= 3V

where V is the volume of the region D.

(b) Let n be the outward unit normal vector field on S. Show that it is not possible
for F to be orthogonal to n at every point of S.
We notice that if F and n are orthogonal at any point on the surface, then the
outward flux of F across the surface is
ZZ ZZ
F · ndσ = (0)dσ = 0
S S

because F · n = 0. Nevertheless, in part a) we have proven that the flux depended

on the volume of the region enclosed by the surface. Therefore, there exists at least
one point on the surface where F and n are not orthogonal.

7. Volume of a solid region Let F = xi + yj + zk and suppose that the surface S and
region D satisfy the hypotheses of the Divergence Theorem. Show that the volume
of D is given by the formula
ZZ
1
volume of (D) = F · ndσ
3 S

8. Verify Formula in Stokes’ Theorem by evaluating the line integral and the surface
integral. Assume that the surface has an upward orientation.

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(a) F(x, y, z) = (x−y)i+(y −z)j+(z −x)k; σ is the portion of the plane x+y +z = 1
in the first octant.
If σ is oriented with upward normals then C consists of three parts parametrized as
C1 :r(t) = (1 − t)i + tj for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1,
C2 :r(t) = (1 − t)j + tk for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1,
C3 :r(t) = ti + (1 − t)k for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
Z Z Z Z 1
1
F · dr = F · dr = F · dr = (3t − 1)dt =
C1 C2 C3 0 2
so I
1 1 1 3
F · dr = + + =
C 2 2 2 2
curlF = i + j + k, z = 1 − x − y, R is the triangular region in the xy-plane enclosed
by x + y = 1, x = 0, and y = 0;
ZZZ ZZ  
1 3
(curlF) · ndS = 3 dA = (3)(area of R) = (3) (1)(1) =
σ R 2 2
p
(b) F(x, y, z) = x2 i + y 2 j + z 2 k; σ is the portion of the cone z = x2 + y 2 below the
plane z = 1.
If σ is oriented with upward normals then C can be parametrized as r(t) = cos ti +
sin tj + k for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
I Z 2π ZZ ZZ
2 2


F·dr = sin t cos t − cos t sin t dt = 0; curl F = 0 so (curl F)·ndS = 0dS = 0.
C 0 σ σ

p
(c) F(x, y, z) = xi + yj + zk; σ is the upper hemisphere z = a2 − x2 − y 2 .
If σ is oriented with upward normals then C can be parametrized as r(t) = a cos ti +
a sin tj for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
I Z 2π ZZ ZZ
F · dr = 0dt = 0; curl F = 0 so (curl F) · ndS = 0dS = 0.
C 0 σ σ

(d) F(x, y, z) = (z − y)i + (z + x)j − (x + y)k; σ is the portion of the paraboloid

z = 9 − x2 − y 2 above the xy-plane.
If σ is oriented with upward normals then C can be parametrized as

r(t) = 3 cos ti + 3 sin tj for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π

I Z 2π Z 2π
2 2


F · dr = 9 sin t + 9 cos t dt = 9 dt = 18π. curl F = −2i + 2j + 2k,
C 0 0

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 R is the circular region in the xy− plane enclosed by x2 + y 2 = 9 ;
ZZ ZZ Z 2π Z 3
(curl F)·ndS = (−4x+4y+2)dA = (−4r cos θ+4r sin θ+2)rdrdθ = 18π
σ R 0 0

H
9. Use Stokes’ Theorem to evaluate C
F · dr
(a) F(x, y, z) = z 2 i + 2xj − y 3 k; C is the circle x2 + y 2 = 1 in the xy-plane with
counterclockwise orientation looking down the positive z-axis.
Take σ as the part of the plane z = 0 for x2 + y 2 ≤ 1 with n = k; curl F =
−3y 2 i + 2zj + 2k,
ZZ ZZ
dS = (2)(area of circle) = (2) π(1)2 = 2π
 
(curl F) · ndS = 2
σ σ

(b) F(x, y, z) = −3y 2 i + 4zj + 6xk; C is the triangle in the plane z = 21 y with vertices
(2, 0, 0), (0, 2, 1) and (0, 0, 0) with a counterclockwise orientation looking down the
positive z-axis.
curl F = −4i − 6j + 6yk, z = y/2 oriented with upward normals, R is the triangular
region in the xy-plane enclosed by x + y = 2, x = 0, and y = 0;
ZZ ZZ Z 2 Z 2−x
(curl F) · ndS = (3 + 6y)dA = (3 + 6y)dydx = 14
σ R 0 0

(c) F(x, y, z) = xyi + x2 j + z 2 k; C is the intersection of the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2

and the plane z = y with a counterclockwise orientation looking down the positive
z-axis.
curl F = xk, take σ as part of the plane z = y oriented with upward normals, R is
the circular region in the xy-plane enclosed by x2 + y 2 − y = 0;
ZZ ZZ Z π Z sin θ
(curl F) · ndS = xdA = r2 cos θdrdθ = 0
σ R 0 0

(d) F(x, y, z) = (z +sin x)i+(x +p y 2 ) j+(y + ez ) k; C is the intersection of the sphere

x2 +y 2 +z 2 = 1 and the cone z = x2 + y 2 with counterclockwise orientation looking
down the positive z-axis. √ 2 2
curl F =RRi + j + k, take σ as the part of the plane z = 1/ 2 with x + y ≤ 1/2 and
n = k; σ ( curl F) · ndS =
ZZ
π
dS = area of circle =
σ 2

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10. Let F(x, y) = yi − 2xj

(a) Find a nonzero function h(x) such that h(x)F(x, y) is a conservative vector field.
∂
If h(x)F is conservative, then ∂y ∂
(yh(x)) = ∂x (−2xh(x)), or h(x) = −2h(x)−2xh′ (x)
−3/2 y 2
which has the general solution x3 h(x)2 = C1 , h(x)
√ = Cx , so C x3/2 i − C x1/2 j is
conservative, with potential function ϕ = −2Cy/ x.

(b) Find a nonzero function g(y) such that g(y)F(x, y) is a conservative vector field.
∂
If g(y)F(x, y) is conservative then ∂y ∂
(yg(y)) = ∂x (−2xg(y)), or g(y) + yg ′ (y) =
−2g(y), with general solution g(y) = C/y 3 , so F = C y12 i − C 2x
y3
j is conservative,
2
with potential function Cx/y .

11. Find a vector field with twice-differentiable components whose curl is xi + yj + zk

or prove that no such field exists.
Let’s consider that there exists a vector field F = Ai + Bj + Ck such that

∇ × F = xi + yj + zk

then,
     
∂C ∂B ∂A ∂C ∂B ∂A
− i+ − j+ − k = xi + yj + zk
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y

Equaling components at both sides of the equation we have that

∂C ∂B
− =x
∂y ∂z
∂A ∂C
− =y
∂z ∂x
∂B ∂A
− =z
∂x ∂y

Now, we differentiate both sides of (1) with respect to x, (2) with respect to y and
(3) with respect to z, then
∂ 2C ∂ 2B
− =1
∂x∂y ∂x∂z
∂ 2A ∂ 2C
− =1
∂y∂z ∂y∂x
∂ 2B ∂ 2A
− =1
∂z∂x ∂z∂y

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 Adding equations (4) (5) and (6) we have that
 2
∂ 2B
  2
∂ 2C
  2
∂ 2A

∂ C ∂ A ∂ B
− + − + − =3
∂x∂y ∂x∂z ∂y∂z ∂y∂x ∂z∂x ∂z∂y
 2
∂ 2C
  2
∂ 2A
  2
∂ 2B

∂ C ∂ A ∂ B
⇒ − + − + − =3
∂x∂y ∂y∂x ∂y∂z ∂z∂y ∂z∂x ∂x∂z
⇒0 + 0 + 0 = 3 (contradiction)

This is a clear contradiction. Therefore, there does not exists a vector field that
satisfies the required condition.
√
12. Center of mass of an arch A slender metal arch lies along the semicircle y = a2 − x2
in the xy-plane. The density at the point (x, y) on the arch is δ(x, y) = 2a − y. Find
the center of mass.
For this curve, where y ≥ 0, we can use the parametrization

r(t) = a cos ti + a sin tj

for 0 ≤ θ ≤ π(y ≥ 0)
The mass of this arch is given by
Z Z π
M= δds = δ(t)ds(t)
C 0

where
δ(t) = 2a − y(t) = 2a − a sin t
and s 2  2  2
dx dy dz
ds = + + dt
dt dt dt
p
= (−a sin t)2 + (a cos t)2 dt
= adt (a > 0)
So that, Z π
M= (2a − a sin t)adt
0
Z π
2
=a (2 − sin t)dt = a2 [2t + cos t]π0
0
= a (2π − 2) = 2a2 (π − 1)
2

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 The moments about the coordinate planes are
Z Z π
Myz = xδds = a cos t(2a − a sin t)adt
C 0
Z π 
3 1
=a 2 cos t − sin(2t) dt
0 2
 π
3 1
= a 2 sin t + cos(2t) = 0
4 0
Z Z π
Mxz = yδds = a sin t(2a − a sin t)adt
C 0
Z π
3
2 sin t − sin2 t dt


=a
0 Z π Z π π
3 1 − cos(2t)
=a 2 sin tdt − dt
0 0 2
  π  0π 
1 1
= a3 2[− cos t]π0 − t + sin(2t)
2 0 4 0
 π  a3
= a3 4 − = (8 − π)
2 2
and Z Z
Mxy = z(t)δds = (0)δds = 0
C C
Therefore, the center of mass of the arch is located at

0 a3 (8 − π)/2 0
 
(x̄, ȳ, z̄) = , ,
M M M
 
8−π
= 0, ,0
4(π − 1)

Result  
8−π
M= 0, ,0
4(π − 1)
13. Inertia and center of mass of a shell Find Iz and the center of mass of a thin shell
of density δ(x, y, z) = z cut from the upper portion of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 25
by the plane z = 3.
Taking into account that z ≥ 3 we have that

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 25 ⇒ x2 + y 2 = 25 − z 2
⇒ x2 + y 2 ≤ 25 − 9 = 16

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Therefore, the projection of the surface on the xy-plane is the region enclosed by
the circle
x2 + y 2 = 16
which can be described as

R = {(r, θ, z) | 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ r ≤ 4, z = 0}

We can choose p = k as the normal vector to this region on the xy-plane. Now, on
the sphere
f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 ⇒ ∇f = ∇ x2 + y 2 + z 2

⇒ ∇f = 2(xi + yj + zk)
So that,
|∇f | 2|xi + yj + zk|
dσ = dA = dA
|∇f · p| |2z|
p √
2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 2 25
= dA = dA
2z 2z
5
= dA
z
√
where z = z(r, θ) = 25 − r2 . The mass of the wire is given by
ZZ Z 2π Z 4
5
M= δdσ = z(r, θ) rdrdθ
S 0 0 z(r, θ)
Z 2π Z 4  2 4
r
= 5rdrdθ = 5(2π)
0 0 2 0
= 10π(8) = 80π

The moment of inertia Iz is given by

ZZ ZZ
2 2 5
r2 z rdrdθ


Iz = x + y δdσ =
S R z
Z 2π Z 4  4 4
r
=5 r3 dr = 5(2π)
0 0 4 0
5
= π(128) = 640π
2
On the other hand, we can notice that the surface is symmetric about the z-axis,
and that the density of the wire, δ, does not depended on the variables x and y.

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 Therefore, x̄ = ȳ = 0. To find the z-coordinate of the center of mass, we determine
the moment about the xy plane. It is given by
ZZ Z 2π Z 4
5
Mxy = zδdσ = z(r, θ)z(r, θ) rdrdθ
S 0 0 z(r, θ)
Z 2π Z 4 Z 2π Z 4 √
= 5z(r, θ)rdrdθ = 5 25 − r2 rdr
0 0 0 0
 Z 4
1
1/2
25 − r2 d 25 − r2


= 5(2π) −
2 0
 4
2 2 3/2

10π
= −5π 25 − r =− (27 − 125)
3 0 3
980
= π
3
So that, the z-coordinate of the center of mass is
980π
Mxy 49
z̄ = = 3 =
M 80π 12
The center of mass is located at (0, 0, 49/12)
Iz = 640π and the center of mass is located at (x̄, ȳ, z̄) = (0, 0, 49/12)

14. Moment of inertia of a cube. Find the moment of inertia about the z-axis of the
surface of the cube cut from the first octant by the planes x = 1, y = 1, and z = 1
if the density is δ = 1.
The moment of inertia about the z-axis is given by the surface integral
ZZ
x2 + y 2 dσ


Iz =
S

Let’s denote S1 : face that lies on the plane z = 0 S2 face that lies on the plane
z = 1 S3 face that lies on the plane y = 0 S4 face that lies on the plane y = 1 SS
face that lies on the plane x = 0 S6 face that lies on the plane x = 1 Then,
ZZ 6 ZZ
X
2 2
x2 + y 2 dσ



Iz = x +y dσ =
S i=1 Si

We can notice that on the portions of the surface S that lies on the planes z = 1

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and z = 0 (S1 and S2 ) dσ = dxdy for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 1. Therefore,
ZZ Z 1Z 1
2 2
x2 + y 2 dydx



x + y dσ =
S1 0 0
Z 1 
2 1
= x (1 − 0) + − 0 dx
0 3
 3 1
x x 2
= + =
3 3 0 3

and ZZ Z 1 Z 1
2 2 2
x2 + y 2 dydx =



x +y dσ =
S2 0 0 3
Now, on the faces S3 and S4 we have that dσ = dxdz for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ z ≤ 1.
Therefore,
ZZ Z 1Z 1
2 2
x2 + 0 dzdx (y = 0 on S3 )



x + y dσ =
S3 0 0
Z 1 Z 1
2
= x dx dz
0 0
 
1 1
= (1) =
3 3

and ZZ Z 1 Z 1
2 2
x2 + 1 dzdx



x +y dσ = (y = 1 on S4 )
S4 0 0
Z 1 Z 1
2


= x + 1 dx dz
0 0
 
1 4
= + 1 (1) =
3 3
Finally, on the faces S5 and S6 we have that dσ = dydz for 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ z ≤ 1.
Therefore,
ZZ Z 1Z 1
2 2
0 + y 2 dydz (x = 0 on S5 )



x + y dσ =
S5 0 0
Z 1 Z 1
2
= y dy dz
0 0
 
1 1
= (1) =
3 3

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 and ZZ Z 1 Z 1
2 2
1 + y 2 dydz



x +y dσ = (x = 1 on S6 )
S6 0 0
Z 1 Z 1
2


= 1 + y dy dz
0 0
 
1 4
= 1+ (1) =
3 3
Finally, we have found that
ZZ 6 ZZ
X
2 2
x2 + y 2 dσ



x +y dσ =
S i=1 Si
2 2 1 4 1 4
= + + + + +
3 3 3 3 3 3
14
=
3

15. Find all points (a, b, c) on the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 where the vector field
F = yz 2 i + xz 2 j + 2xyzk is normal to the surface and F(a, b, c) ̸= 0.

16. Among all rectangular regions 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ b, find the one for which the total
outward flux of F = (x2 + 4xy) i − 6yj across the four sides is least. What is the
least flux?
RbRa
M = x2 + 4xy and N = −6y ⇒ ∂M ∂x
= 2x + 4y and ∂N
∂x
= −6 ⇒ Flux = 0 0
dydx =
Rb 2 2 2 2
0
(a + 4ay − 6a) dy = a b + 2ab − 6b = 0 and fb (a, b) = a + 4ab − 6a = 0 ⇒
b(2a + 2b − 6) = 0 ⇒ b = 0 or b = −a + 3 Now b = 0 ⇒ a2 − 6a = 0 ⇒ a = 0
or a = 6 ⇒ (0, 0) and (6, 0) are critical points. On the other hand b = −a + 3 ⇒
a2 + 4a(−a + 3) − 6a = 0 ⇒ −3a2 + 6a = 0 ⇒ a = 0 or a = 2 ⇒ (0, 3) and (2, 1)
are also critical points. The flux at (0, 0) = 0, the flux at (6, 0) = 0, the flux at
(0, 3) = 0 and the flux at (2, 1) = −4.Therefore, the flux is minimized at (2, 1) with
value −4.

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