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Lecture 16

Module 16 discusses the application of derivatives in calculating average and instantaneous velocity, emphasizing their importance in the study of motion. It covers concepts such as displacement-time graphs, acceleration, and provides examples of determining the behavior of particles in motion. The module concludes with questions and a bonus exercise to reinforce understanding of velocity and acceleration functions.

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12 views

Lecture 16

Module 16 discusses the application of derivatives in calculating average and instantaneous velocity, emphasizing their importance in the study of motion. It covers concepts such as displacement-time graphs, acceleration, and provides examples of determining the behavior of particles in motion. The module concludes with questions and a bonus exercise to reinforce understanding of velocity and acceleration functions.

Uploaded by

abdulhazma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 16

Application
of Derivatives
Bilal Ahmed Usmani
Islamic Online University
Introduction
 One of the major reasons calculus was
invented was the study of motion
 Scientists and engineers were interested in
being able to calculate not only the average
velocity of an object, but also its
instantaneous velocity.
 The study of rectilinear motion is a classic
application of calculus.
Average Velocity
 Theaverage rate of change of f(x) with
respect to x over the interval [x0, x0+h] is

f ( x0  h)  f ( x0 )
Average rate of change 
h
Instantaneous Velocity
 Theinstantaneous rate of change of f(x)
with respect to x at x0 is the derivative

f ( x0  h)  f ( x0 )
f '( x0 )  lim
h 0 h
Displacement-Time Graph
 In a displacement-time graph the
slope of the tangent to the graph at
a particular point in time tells the
instantaneous velocity
 Consider the graph of position
function on next slide:
Find the average rate
of change of y

f(x) = 2x2 - 3x
over the interval [0,6]
60

(6,54)
and the equation of 40

the secant line.


20

f(0) = 0
f(6) = 54 4 2 2 4 6
x

(0,0)
f( 6 )  f( 0 ) 54  0
 9
60 60
y = 9x y = mx + b
b=0 54 = 9*6 + b
Average Velocity
 The orange line is the secant line through the
points t1 , s t1  and t2 , st2  .
 The slope of the secant line, given by
s t 2   s t1 
t 2  t1
 It represents the change in position divided by
the change in time on the interval t1 , t 2 
 This is the average velocity on t1 , t 2 
Instantaneous Velocity
 The red line is the tangent at t1
 The slope of the tangent (the derivative) at t1
represents the instantaneous velocity at t
 It is s t 2   s t1  1
lim
t 2 t1 t 2  t1
 So derivative of the position is velocity.
 Velocity can be negative, it is an indication of
direction.
Speed
 The
absolute value of velocity is called
speed.

ds
Speed  V  t  
dt
Example 1
A particle is moving so that its position is
given by s  3t 3  6t 2  3t  1
a) Determine the intervals when the
particle is moving to the left and when its
moving to the right
b) Determine when the particle is at rest
and when its changing direction
Solution
 We begin by finding the derivative
ds
 9t 2  12t  3
dt

 We need to determine when this


derivative is positive, negative and zero.
 We first find when this derivative is zero
Solution
when 9t  12t  3  0
2

3t 2  4t  1  0
ds
0 3t  1t  1  0
dt
1
t or t  1
3
ds
exists for all t
dt
Behavior of derivative at the
stationary values

The signs are


obtained by
substituting s at
any value within
these intervals.
Behavior of derivative at the
stationary values
 From the table we can conclude:
a) The particle is moving to the left on (1/3,1).
b) The particle is moving to the right on
(- ,1/3)  (1, ).
c) The particle is at rest at t = 1/3 and t = 1
d) The particle changes the direction where
the velocity changes sign at t = 1/3 and t =
1.
Acceleration
Definition
Acceleration is the derivative of velocity
with respect to time. If a body’s position at
time t is s = f(t), then the body’s acceleration
at time t is dv d 2 s
a t    2
dt dt
Example and Unit
v  32t If distance is in: feet Acceleration in:
ft
a  32 Velocity would be in: feet ft
sec
sec 
sec sec 2
Example 2
 A ball is thrown upwards from the ground with an
initial velocity of 36 feet per second. The ball’s
position is given by s(t )  9t 2  36t
where t is measured in seconds and position in feet.

a) Is the ball rising or falling at t = 1?


b) Is the ball rising or falling at t = 3?
c) With what velocity does the ball strike the ground?
d) How high does the ball go?
Solution
1. We begin all by finding v(t)
v(1)  18  v(t )  18t  36
2. the velocity at t = 1 is 18 feet per second. Because
the velocity is positive, the ball is rising.
3.
v(3)  18 
4. the velocity at t = 3 is -18 feet per second. Because
the velocity is negative, the ball is falling.
Solution
Now we use the velocity function to determine
the velocity at impact. Before we can determine
the velocity when the ball hits the ground, we
need to know when it hits the ground. We
determine this by setting the position function
equal to zero.
s(t )  9t 2  36t
s(t )  0 when  9t  36t  0
2

t  0 or t  4
Solution
We now know that the ball hits the ground
after 4 seconds. HOW???

Since v(4)  36 , the ball strikes the


ground with a velocity of -36 feet per
second or 36 feet per second
downwards.
Solution
d) When an object is thrown or launched into the air,
its velocity at its maximum height is zero. We will
use this fact to determine the maximum height.
We will determine at what value of t the velocity is
zero, then find the value of the position function at
that t.
v(t )  18t  36
v(t )  0when t = 2
Since s ( 2)  36, the maximum height the ball
reaches is 36 feet.
Questions
s(t) = t2 - 2t - 20. find the average velocity from t = 2 to t = 5.

Find the velocity function and the acceleration function for the function
s(t) = 2t3 + 5t - 7
Find the velocity and acceleration at t = 2 for the above function.

If a ball is thrown vertically upward with an initial velocity of 128 ft/sec,


the ball's height after t seconds is s(t) = 128t - 16t2
a) What is the velocity function?
b) At what time is the velocity 48 ft/sec? 16 ft/sec? -48 ft/sec?
[hint: Put the value of the velocity function in the equation obtained in part a]
c) When is the velocity zero? [Set the velocity function to zero and solve for t]
Bonus question

Let s(t) = 16t2 - 128t + 8. Answer each question.

a) Find v(t)
b) Find the velocity at t = 3, t = 4, t =5. What does
each answer mean?
c) Find a(t)
d) Find the acceleration at t = 1, t = 3, t = 3. What do
the answers indicate?

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