Joven
Joven
Joven
style), is one of the main instruments used in many Japanese musical traditions. Its construction is elegant and refined, consisting of a long narrow wooden neck, a resonating wooden box covered both sides with animal skin, and a set of woven silk strings stretched over a water buffalo horn, tortoiseshell or wooden bridge.
One of the more recognizable instruments of Japan, the koto consists of a 6 foot long shallow resonating box (made from Paulownia wood) with a set of thirteen strings stretched over movable ivory bridges. This arrangement creates a harp-like instrument which is traditionally played at floor level by a kneeling musician. The player has tsume (plectra) attached to three fingers and strums and plucks the strings. Higher pitches can be created by pressing down to varying degrees on strings behind the bridges. Introduced from China in about the eighth century AD, the koto was originally part of the court orchestra called Gagaku. The oldest existing repertoire for the koto outside of Gagaku dates back to the end of the 16th century. Later in the Edo period (1603-1868) the koto joined the shamisen in small chamber ensembles. This was a tremendously active period in the arts and many parallel genres of music evolved. Music making was one of the allowed professions for blind people and was partially subsidized by the government.
The shakuhachi is Japan's vertical bamboo flute with five finger holes, four in front and one at the back. It is an ancient instrument and yet, due to its versatility, it has a uniquely contemporary appeal. Related to similar flutes found in China, India and the Middle East, The shakuhachi was first introduced into Japan around the end of the 7th century AD and evolved through a series of modifiations until it reached its present form during the 17th. century.
The biwa (lute) arrived in Japan from China and Korea approximately 1300 years ago, with what is still Japans orchestra of the court, Gagaku. There is also evidence that other biwa instruments came from the Indian lute tradition. In the 9th century the Ms (blind monks') biwa began to be used by blind musicians as an accompaniment to chanted religious texts and sutras. At the beginning of the 13th century, Heikebiwa players began telling of tales of the rise and fall of the Taira clan in 12th C Japan. Its performance style has been refined over the years so that it can create scenes and enhance imagery in such a manner as to bring stories to dramatic life before the audience. It has a uniquely expressive sound with the potential to create drama by powerfully plucked sets of notes interspersed with quieter passages. Often, performance traditions use biwa music as interludes inserted between passages of sung narration. The traditional instrument (about three feet long) is commonly made of mulberry (or rosewood, quince) and paulownia woods with silk strings stretched over fixed wooden and bamboo frets.
roperly speaking, this drum is called Sarugaku taiko, and is widely used in Noh, Nagauta and Kagura. This drum entered Japan with Gigaku from the Korean kingdom of Kudara long ago in the Asuka period. Then it was used in Dengaku and Sarugaku and then underwent various changes with the beginning of Noh and became an essential part of the Noh ensemble. In the Edo period, together with the other instruments of the Noh flute and percussion ensemble, it became an important part of Nagauta and other popular music forms. It is only used in some Noh plays, but when it is used, it only is played in the climactic final half of the play to create an exciting effect.