PRACTICAL RESEARCH

GRADE 11
What is REVIEW
OF RELATED
LITERATURE
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
 Literature review - a process of
studying what has already been
written on a particular topic.
 The process involves identifying,
locating, and analyzing documents
that contain information related to a
researcher's research topic.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 One of its major purposes is to determine what
has already been done or studied about your
topic.
 This knowledge does not only prevent you from
unintentionally duplicating another
person's research, it also gives you a wider
understanding of your topic and which will help
you identify what has been done and what
needs to be done about your topic.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

 Reviewing the literature is used to

determine the direction of the
research and thus should be
avoided at the early stages of the
research process.
FUNCTIONS OF LITERATURE REVIEW
 The literature review demonstrates the underlying
assumptions (propositions) behind the research
questions that are central to the research proposal.
 The literature review provides a way for the novice
researcher to convince the proposal reviewers that
he or she is knowledgeable about the related
research and the "intellectual traditions" that
support the proposed study.
FUNCTIONS OF LITERATURE REVIEW
 The literature review provides the researcher with an
opportunity to identify any gaps that may exist in the
body of literature and to provide a rationale for how the
proposed study may contribute to the existing body of
knowledge.
 The literature review helps the researcher to refine the
research questions and embed them in guiding
hypotheses that provide possible directions the
researcher may follow.
TIPS ON HOW TO SELECT MATERIALS
FOR LITERATURE REVIEW:
1.The material should be relevant or related to the
topic or problem that you are studying.
2.The material should be recent as much as
possible. However, old materials that are pioneer
in the topic may sometimes be included.
3.Gather materials from varied sources such as
previous studies, journals, books, monographs,
and even magazines.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 Parenthetical citation
The name of the author and the year
of publication of the material cited is
included in the paragraph
The name of the author and the year of
publication may be written at the
beginning or at the end of a sentence.
DIFFERENT STYLES OF CITING INFORMATION IN
A LITERATURE REVIEW

 APA style is commonly used within the

social sciences discipline
 This means that the last name of the author
and the date of publication of the work must
appear in the text (e.g., Avilla, 2009), and the
complete bibliographic information should
appear on the "Reference List" page.
DIFFERENT STYLES OF CITING INFORMATION IN
A LITERATURE REVIEW

Note: In APA citation style, the page

number is used only if you are
directly quoting the material, or
making reference to an entire book,
article or other work.
 APA CITATION STYLE
• Work by a Single Author: The last name of the author and
the year of publication are placed in the text. When the name
of the author is part of the narrative, only the date is placed in
the parentheses. When both information are in the
parenthesis, the year is separated from the surname with
a comma.
Examples:
Santos (2014) asserted that education alleviates poverty.
...education alleviates poverty (Santos, 2014).
 APA CITATION STYLE
• Work by Two Authors: Name both authors in
the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time
you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the
authors' names within the text and use the
ampersand in the parentheses.
Examples:
Santos and Reyes (2014) explained that... ... as
has been shown (Santos & Reyes, 2014)
 APA CITATION STYLE
• Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors in the signal
phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the source. Use the
word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the
ampersand in the parentheses.
Examples:
David, Garcia, and Isabelo (2014) (David, Garcia, & Isabelo,
2014)
In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name
followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses. (David et
al., 2014
 APA CITATION STYLE
• Six or More Authors: Use the first
author's name followed by "et al." in the
signal phrase or in parentheses.
Examples:
David et al. (2014) argued….
(David et al., 2014)
 APA CITATION STYLE
• Unknown Author: If the work does not have an author, cite the source
by its title in the signal phrase of use the first word does not in the
parentheses. Titles of books and reports are italicized or underlined, titles
of articles, chapters, and Web pages are in quotation marks.
Example:
A similar study was done of students learning to format research
papers ("Using APA," 2001).
Note: In the rare case the "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as
the author's name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name
"Anonymous" as the author.
 APA CITATION STYLE
• Organization as an Author: If the author is an
organization or a government agency, mention the
organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical
citation the first time you cite the source.
Examples:
First citation: According to the National Institute of
Chemistry (2013).... (National Institute of Chemistry,
2013)
Second citation: (NIC, 2013)
 MLA CITATION STYLE
• Commonly used within the liberal arts and humanities
disciplines.
• The MLA format follows the author-page method of in-
text citation. Instead of the author's surname and year
of publication, this style uses the author's last name
and the page number(s) from which the quotation or
paraphrase in the citation was lifted, and the
complete bibliographic information appears on the
"Works Cited" page.
 MLA CITATION STYLE
• The author's name may appear either
in the sentence itself or in parentheses
following the quotation or paraphrase,
but the page number(s) should always
appear in the parentheses, not in the
text of your sentence.
 MLA CITATION STYLE
Examples:

Author's name in text:

Palomar emphasized that (20-21)
Author's name in parentheses:
This is given an emphasis (Palomar 20-21)
 WRITING THE REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
1. Identify the broad problem.
2. Indicate why the topic is being reviewed.
3. Distinguish between research findings and
other sources of information,
4. Indicate why certain studies are important.
5. If citing classic or landmark studies, identify it
as such.
 WRITING THE REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
6. Discuss other literature reviews on your
topic.
7. Avoid long lists of nonspecific references.
8. Cite separately inconsistent or varying
results of previous studies.
9. Cite all relevant references.
 GUIDELINES ON DEVELOPING A
COHERENT ESSAY.
1.If your review is long, provide an overview near the
beginning of the review.
2.State explicitly what will and will not be covered in
the review
3.Specify your point of view.
4. Aim for a clear and cohesive essay that integrates
the key details of the literature and communicates
your point of view.
 GUIDELINES ON DEVELOPING A
COHERENT ESSAY.
5. Use subheadings especially in a long review.
6. Use transitions to help trace your argument.
7. Consider reviewing studies from each discipline
separately.
8. Write a conclusion at the end of the review.
9. Make sure that the flow of the argument is
coherent.
THANK
YOU