SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS.

II.
meant by Cartesian
1. Explain
system?
given instant oftime. the frame
coor
off
dina,
Ans. Atany
with respect toto which the position of
is described in terms
the objcc
of position refcreno.
coor
(,y, z) isscalled "Cartesian coordinate
vector. Give examples.
dinate
systen"s
Define a
2.
|Mar-'241
Ans. Vector is a quantity which can be described
both magnitude and direction.
Examples:
Force, velocity, displacement, acceleration, ete
3. Define ascalar. Give examples. JQY. --2019; Mar-'23
Ans. Scalar is a property which can be described only
by magnitude.
Examples :
Distanc mass, temperature, speed and energy.
4. Write ashort note on the scalar product between
two vectors.
Ans. (i) The scalar product (or dot product) oftwovectors
is defined as the product of the magnitudes ot
both the vectors and the cosine of the angle
between them.
(ii) Thus if there are fwo vectors A and B having
an angle 0 between them, then their scalar
product is defined as AB =ABBcos .. Here.
Aand B
are magnitudes of A
and B.
 5. Write a short note on vector produçt between 10. What is the difference between velpoitv and
two vectors.
average velocity?
! Ans.() The vector product or cross product of two
Ans. Velocity Average Velocity
vectors is defined as another vector having
a magnitude equal to ,the product of the Velocity is equal to Average velocity
rate of change of is the ratio of the
magnitudes of two vectors and the sine of displacement vector
position vector with
the angle between them. respect totime. to the corresponding
i) The direction of the product vector is time interal.
perpendicular to the plane containing the
two vectors, in accordance with the right Ar dr Ar
v= lim Vavg =
hand screw rule or right hand thumb rule. dt At

(ii)) Thus, if A and B are two vectors, then their 11. Define a radian.
Ans. One radian is the angle subtended at the center
vector product is written as A x Bwhich is
of a circle by an arc that is equal in length to the
a vector Cdefined by radius of the circle.
C= A x B = (AB sin 9) n. 12. Define angular displacement and angular velocity.
6. How do you deduce that two vectors are Ans. (i) Angular displacement: The angle described
(or
perpendicular? by the particle about the axis of rotation
center O) in a given time is called angular
Ans. If two vectors A and B are perpendicular to displacement. Its unit is radian.
each other then their scalar product A·B = 0, (i) Angular velocity: The rate of change of angular
because cos 90°=0. Then the vectors A and B displacement is called angular velocity. Its unit is
are said to be mutually orthogonal. rad s-!.
13. What is non uniform circular motion?
7. Define displacement and distance.
Displacement is the difference between the Ans. (i) When an object is moving on a circular pathis
Ans. (i)
object in a with change in speed and direction, it
final and initial positions of the called non-uniform circular motion.
given interval of time. It is avector quantity. (ii) For example, when the bob attached to a
string moves in verticalcircle, the speed of
(ii) Distance is the actual path length travelled the bob is not the same at all time.
object in the given interval of time
by an 14. Write down the Kinematic equations for
during the motion. It is a positive scalar angular motion.
quantity. Ans. Kinematic equationsfor Angular motion
8. Define velocity and speed. 0 = 0, t at
Ans. Velocity : 1
-at
Velocity is equal to rate of change of position
vector
vector with respect to time. Velocity is a o= 0, + 28
quantity.
Speed : =
(0, +o)
It is a
It is the distance travelled in unit time. 2
scalar quantity. where = angular displacement
Mar-'24| @= angular velocity
9. Define acceleration. O,= initial angular velocity
Ans. It is the rate of change of velocity with time. It's a =angular acceleration.
SI unit is m s . t = time.
 15. Write down the
expression for angle made by (i))To explain further, the head of the first vect.or
resultant acceleration and radius vector in Ais connected to the tail ofthe second ector
the non uniform circular motion. B. Let 0 be the angle between A and ia
Ans. (i) The resultant acceleration is obtained by Then R is the resultant vector
vector sum of centripetal and tangential the tail of the first vector A to the head. .
connectihg
acceleration.
() The magnitude of this resultant acceleration the second vector B. The magnitude ot R
(resultant) is given geometrically by the length
isgiven by a, = of R (OQ) and the direction of the resultany
vector is the angle between R and A
(i) This resultant acceleration makes an angle 0
with the radius vector. (iv) Thus we write, R = A + B
This angle is given by tan = 0Q OP + PQ
a) Magnitude of resultant vector
III. LoNG ANSWER QUESTIONS
() The magnitude and angle of the
1. Explain in detail the triangle law of addition. resultant vector are determined ax
[OR]Explain triangular law of addition method follows. Consider the triangle AB\.
which is obtained by extending the
side OA to ON. ABN is a right angled
Ans. (i) Triangular Law of addition method
triangle.
Let us consider two vectors A and B as
shown in the figure. R
B sin t
Head B

B A
Beos t
Resultant vector and its direetion by
triangle law of addition.
Tail. AN
cose ..AN =B cose and
B
Tail
A
Head
BN
sint .. BN =B sin 9
Head and tailof vectors B
(ü) From AOBN, we have
(ii) Represent the vectors A and B and by the
OB = ON BN
two adjacent sides of a triangle taken in the
same order. R? = (A+ Bcose) +(B sine)?
’R? = A B cose -+ 2AB cos +

R =A+B ’R? = A - B (cos²0 B'sin'

B +sine)cos
2AB
+
R= VA+B +2ABcosA
which is the magnitude of the
A
P

Triangle law of addition

of A and B
resultant
 b) Direction of resultant vectors: (viii) The scalar product of a vector with itself is
termed as self-dot product and is given by
Ifeis the angle between A and B, then
(A)= A, A =AA cos = A". Here angle
A+B=A' + B²+ 2ABcos0
IfR makes an angle a with A, then in The magnitude or norm of the vector
AOBN,
A is
BN BN
(ix) In case of aunit vector n
tan ou
ON. OA+ AN
tan a ==
Bsin n n = | x | x cos 0 = 1. For example,
A+ Bcos)
vectors
BSin (x) In the case of orthogonal unit
’ a= tan-!
A+ BCose,
1, jand k,
2. Discuss the properties of Sealar and Vector : = k=ki =11 cos 90° =0
products. product of
(xi) In terms of components the scalar
Ans. Properties of Scalar Products: [Mar-'23|
A and B can be written as
(). The product quantity A . B is always a
A.B=(A,i +A,j +A,k).(B,i +B, +B&)
’ ’

scalar. It is positive if the angle between

terms
the vectors is acute (i.e. < 90) and negative = AB + A,B, + AB, with all other
if the angle between them is obtuse zero.
(i.e. 90° <e<180°). is given by
The magnitude of vector
(i) The scalar product is commutative,
i.e. A B = BA
A-A=A;+A;+A;
(ii) The vectors obey distributive law i.e. Properties of Vector Products:
’
() The vector product of any two vectors is
A(B+ C) = A.B +A.C always another vector whose direction is
(iv) The angle between the vectors perpendicular to the plane containing these
=cos-|A.B two vectors, i.e., orthogonal to both the
AB vectors A and B even though the vectors
will be
(v) The scalar product of two vectors A and B may or may not be mutually
maximum when cos = 1, i.e. = 0°, i.e. orthogonal.
when the vectors are parallel;
(ii) The vector product of two vectors is not
= AB
max commutative, A x B# B X A But,
will be
(vi) The scalar product of two vectors= 180°
minimum, when cos =-1, i.e. AXB =-[B XA]. Here it is worthwhile
’

min
=-AB when the vectors are to note that AxB=BxA -AB sin 0 i.e.
anti-parallel. in the case of the product vectors A x B
(vii)If two vectors A and B are perpendicular and B x A, the magnitudes are equal but
to each other then their scalar product A .B directions are opposite to cach other.
=0, because cos 90°=0. Then the vectors A (i)) The vector product of two vectors will
and B are said to be mutually orthogonal. have maximum magnitude when sin = 1,
 the jth component the
1.e., 0 = 90° i.c., when the Notethatin
are orthogonal to cach vectors A and D multiplication is different than h
other. components.
and
(Äxi)
(V) The vector product of two max
= ABn (ix) Iftwo vectors A and B form adjacent

will be minimum when sinnon-zero vectors parallelogram, then the

| = 0, in a
x B will give
the area of the magnitude
i.e. 9 0° or 180º.

1.e., the [äxB].

vector product
min
=0
of two
A
as represented graphically.
IAXB| = |A||B|sin e
paral eloga;
veçtors vanishes, non-zero
if the vectors are either
parallel or antiparallel. B |AxB|
(V) The self-cross product, i.e., product of a
vector with itself is the null yector
AxA AA sin 0° n=0
In physics the null vector 0 is simply Area of parallelogram
denoted as zero.
(vi) The selfvector products of unit (x) Divide a parallelogram into two equa
vectors are
thus zero. triangles the area of a triangle with A anc

caseixi=jxj=kxk=0
Bas sides is
(vii) In. the of orthogonal unit vectors,
i, i,k in accordance with the right hand
B
Screw rule:
2

ixj=k, jxk=iand kxi=j A

i Area of triangle
A number of quantities used in Physics are
defined through vector products. Particularl
physical quantities representing rotational
Also, since the cross product is not effects like torque, angular momentum, are
commutative, defined through vector products.
jxi=-k, kxj=-iandixk=-j 3. Derive the kinematic
equations of motion for
(viii) In terms of components, the vector product constant acceleration.
of two vectors A and B is
[OR.
i Derive equations ofuniformly accelerated motion
AxB= by calculus method.
Ay A,
B, Ans. (i) Consider an object moving in a straight line
B, B,
with uniform or constant acceleration 'a
= i(A,B, -A,B) + j (AB, -A;B)
(ii) Let 'u' be the initial velocity at time
+ k (AB,-A,B) =0 anu
'v' be the final velocity at time t.
 (a) Velocity - time relation:
We can also derive the displacement
() Acceleration, a or dv =a dt s in terms of initial velocity u and final
dt
(i) By integrating both velocity v.
sides, we get, From the equation we can write,
ja=Jad- afa-alk 0
at = V- u

V-u = at Substituting equation (1), we get,

1
V=u t at
(b) Displacement - time relation:
ds
() Velocity, v = dt or ds =vdt 4 Derive the equations of motion for aparticle
and since v= (u t at), we get, (a) falling vertically (b) projected vertically.
ds = (u + at) dt Ans. Case (a): Abody falling from a height (h)
Assume that initially at time t=0, the (i) Consider an object of mass 'm' falling from
particle started from the origin. a height 'h.
Further assuming that acceleration is (i) Assume that there is no air resistance and
time-independent, we have acceleration due to gravity is constant near
the surface of the Earth.
ja-Judi +jatà (on)
0 0 0 (ii) If the object is thrown with an initial velocity
1 u along the Y-axis, then its final velocity
S=ut+at
2 ...(1) and displacement at any time r is v and y
respectively. Further acceleration a is equal to g.
() Velocity - displacement relation (iv) Therefore equations of motion are,
(i) Acceleration a= dv dv ds d
v=utgt;y= ut + ,gt
dt ds dt ds

[since ds / dt = vl where s is 2=+2gy

displacement traversed. (V) Suppose initial velocity u -0, then

This is rewritten as a 1d(') V gt; y= ;g;v=2gy

2 ds
(vi) Time taken by the object to reach the
or ds=d(v)
2
ground(T), If t= Tand y =h, then
(ii) Integrating the above equation, using h=
the fact when the velocity changes from
uto v,displacement changes from 0to 2h
T=
S, We get,

fá=[dv)
0 2a
(vi) The Speed of the object when it reaches the
ground,
1
2a (-u) ground =2gh
..= t 2as ..(2) ground =2gh
 projectile:
Case (b): Abody thrownvertically upward. Thepath ofthe x-direction:
(a), Motion along
() Consider an object of mass m' thrown The horizontal distance
vertically upward with an initial velocity u.
(ii) Assume that there is no air
resistance and
()
the projectile at a pointP
t canbe written as,
trafavteerleg
ati
acceleration due to gravity is constant near
surface of the Earth.
(iii) The final velocity and displacement at any (ii) Here, s, =X, , = ucOs!, and..
time is v and yrespectively. Further Therefore,
N=u Cos./
aCceleration a is cqual to-g
(iv) Therefore equations of motion are,
u cos
g
(b) Motion along y-direction:
The downward distance
()
travelled
the projectile at a point P after atim.
5. Derive the equation of tcan be written as,
motion, range and
maximum height reached by the particle a
thrown at an oblique angle with respect to
the horizontal direction. (ii) Here, s, =y, u, = u sin., and a
1
Ans. (i) Consider an object thrown with initial Therefore, y=usin®
velocity u at an angle with the horizontal.
Then, u=u,i+u,i (ii) Substituting equation (1), we get.
Where u,=ucos is the horizontal component y= usin u cos 2
and u,- usin® the vertical component of ucos
velocity.
(i) Since acceleration due to gravity acts vertically y=xtanb- 8 cos0
downwards, velocity along the horizontal (iv) Thus, the path travelled by the
x-direction u, doesn't change throught the projectile is an inverted parabola.
motion. Whereas velocity along the y-direction Maximum Height: (hmaN
u, is changed. (i) The maximum vertical distance travellk:
by the projectile during its journey is cals
A Uy = ucos 0; u, = 0 maximum height.
(i) For the vertical part of the motion.
uy =u cos

USn=An
Nmax v,=u, +2a,s
(ii) Here, v, = 0, s, = h"max = u SInt anc
a,=-g Therefore.
4y=-u sira 0=u sin0-2gh,nax
Graphical representation of angular projeetion u'sin'9
max

2g
 Tine of tight: (T) 6. Derive the expression for centripetal acceleration.
The time of light(T)is the total time taken by (OR) Derive anexpression for the centripetal
the projectile to hit the groundatler thrown. acceleration of abody moving in a circular
() The downward distance travelled by the path of radius 'r' with uniform speed.
projectile at a time t can be written as, Ans. () Consider the position vectors and velocity
vectors shift through the some angle in a
small interval of time At as shown in figure
(i) Here substituting the values S, - 0, / =T,,
sine, and a, =-gwe get,
Ar

0= sin®T,-78; V

2u sin
Therefore, |T, =
(ii) In uniform circular motion,
Horizontal range :(R)
() The horizontal range (R) is the maximum r- and v=;
horizontal distance distance between the (ii) From figure, the geometrical relationship
point of projection and the point where the between the magnitude of position and
projectile hits the ground. velocity vectors is given by,
(i) The horizontal distance travelled by the Ar Av
projectile at a time t can be written as, -=0

(iv) Here the negative sign implies that Av

s,=ut2 points radially inward, towards the center
(ii) Here, S, =R, u, = ucose ,a, =0and =T, of the circle.
R=u cos T,
2u sine) 2u sin cos0
R=u cos (v) Dividing both sides by A,we get,
Av
2u sin 0
a =
At
-

u sin 20 (vi) Applying the limit At ’0,We get,

(iv) Therefore, R=
dv

.'sin 20 = 2sine . cos]

dt -)
d
(V) For maximum range, sin20 = 1 (vi) Since a, = and v = we can write,
dt dt '
29 =
2 y
a= V= 0r
R|
0=
4
where a. is the centripetal acceleration.
The maximum range is, R= a=-0rl
8
7.
Derive the expression for total acceleration in
the non-unifarm circular motion.

Ans. (i) If the speed of the object in circular motion

1S not constant, then we have non-uniform
circular motion.

(ii) For example, when the bob attached to a

string moves in vertical circle, the speed of
the bob is not the same at all time.

(iii) Whenever the speed is not same in

circular motion, the particle will have both
centripetal and tangential acceleration as
shown in the Figure.
a,

a
ac

Resutant acceleration (a,) in non

uniform circular motion

(iv) The resultant acceleration is obtained by

vector sum of centripetal and tangential
acceleration.
2, the
(V) Since centripetal acceleration is
magnitude of this resultant acceleration is

given by ag =
makes an angle
(vi) This resultant acceleration Figure.
e with the radius vector as shown in

This angle is given by tan