Course Code ES(1CL501)

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

Unit 4: Social Issues and the Environment

The Businesspersons

THINK OF ONLY
THEIR SELF-INTEREST

Cause large environmental issues

Main Topics of Unit 4

▪ Environmental ethics - issues and possible solutions

▪ Urban problems related to energy
▪ Water conservation, rainwater harvesting
▪ Domestic bio-composting
▪ Rehabilitation problems and concerns
▪ Introduction of national and international environmental legislations
and treaties
What is Ethics?
 Ethics – Definition

The word ‘Ethic’ is derived from

the Greek word:
‘Ethos.’
Means a person’s character as described by his /
her actions.
Ethics

• Our ethics is our way of doing things and is a direct result of our
natural environment.

• It is a matter of dis-appreciation that under the influence of

industrialization & civilization, our ethics became more self-
modified than environmentally adopted.

• Thus, we are no longer adapted to our natural environment, but

rather to our self-made environment.
What is Environmental Ethics?
Environmental Ethics
Environmental Ethics

▪ Ethics: the study of good and bad, right and wrong.

▪ Ethical standard: criteria that help to differentiate right from wrong

▪ Environmental Ethics: the study of ethical questions regarding

human interaction with the environment.
 Environment ethics – Definition and Meaning

▪ Definition: Environmental ethics is a branch of applied philosophy that

studies the conceptual foundations of environmental values as well as more
concrete issues surrounding societal attitudes, actions, and policies to protect
and sustain biodiversity and ecological systems.
OR
Environmental ethics is the study of moral issues concerning the
environment and moral perspectives, beliefs, and attitudes concerning those
issues

Environmental ethics has given a new dimension to save the environment.

Environmental Ethics -
Issues and Possible Solutions
Approach to Environmental Ethics
▪ Ecocentrism:- Nature centered
✔ Nature and ecology at the centre.
✔ Bio-rights- right to live just because to exist.
✔ Self-restraint in human behaviour.

▪ Anthropocentrism:- Human Centered

✔ Human are at the centre.
✔ Human can manage issue of the environment.
✔ Save the nature for the use of future human needs.
✔ By taxes, regulations and law.
CONTD…

▪ Technocentrism:- Technology Centered

✔ Technology solve the problems.
✔ Solve problems while increasing life standard.

▪ Biocentrism:- Life Centered Morality

✔ Preserving individual organism and species.
✔ As valuable in their own right.
✔ Human have a responsibility to protect and care for the natural
world and its inhabitants.
Example:

▪An industrial area is polluting a nearby river?

Solution:
✔ Must act quickly to protect aquatic environment.
✔ Regular monitoring of factory discharging waste-water.
✔ Fines for factories releasing high level of pollutants.
✔ Improved filtration process in factories.
Environmental Ethics (Actions Required)

• Conservation of natural resources

• Forestation
• Conservation of biodiversity
• Pollution control
• Population control
• Say no to plastic
• Promoting the development and use of environment friendly
technologies.
• Utilizing more organic agriculture.
Social Responsibility

▪ Social responsibility is an ethical theory, in which individuals are

accountable for:
✔ Fulfilling
their civic duty
✔ Their action for benefit of the whole of society.
✔ Maintaining balance of economic growth and the welfare of the
society and the environment.
Needs of Social Responsibility

▪ Resource conservation patterns and the need for equitable

utilization.
▪ Equity-disparity
▪ Urban-rural equity issues
▪ Preserving resources for future generation
▪ The rights of animals
▪ Pollution
▪ Increase in solid waste
Social Responsibility
Urban Problems Related to Energy
Urban problems related to energy

Energy demanding activities

▪ In developing countries, urban growth is very fast and pollution is
uncontrollable and unplanned growth.

▪ When compared to rural people, urban people consumes a lot of

energy and materials and generates a lot of waste.

▪ This is because urban people have a higher standard of life and their
lifestyle demands more energy inputs.
Examples for energy demanding activities
▪ Residential and commercial lighting.
▪ Transportation means including, motorcycle, car and public
transport for moving from residence to work place.
▪ Industries using a large proportion of energy.
▪ Modern life style using a large number of electrical gadgets
( fan, fridge, washing machine, A/C, water heater, etc.) in daily
life.
▪ Control and prevention of pollution, need more energy dependent
technologies.

▪ Thus due to high population growth and high energy demanding

activities, the urban problems related to energy are much more
magnified as compared to the rural population.
Solution for urban energy problem

1. Urban people may use public transport instead of using

motorcycles and cars.
2. Energy consumption must be minimized in all aspects.
3. Production capacity may be increased.
4. Use of energy efficient technology.
5. Using renewable energy - solar energy and wind energy.
6. Imposing strict laws, penalties and energy audit.
7. Eco-friendly technologies.
URBAN ENERGY CRISIS

▪ Current patterns of energy use raise serious concerns

for three reasons
1. The finite natural reserves of energy
2. Its detrimental effects on the global environment
3. The threat to long term sustainability

Three key issues that are likely to shape the future of

energy in cities are as follows:
3. EQUITY - the appropriate financial mechanism
1. SUSTAINABILITY for research, development and use of finite and
2. EFFICIENCY alternative energy forms and their equitable
distribution for all human kind
IMPORTANT ISSUES IN ENERGY
MANAGEMENT
▪ One of the key issues is the way in which energy is extracted,
distributed and used. There is a particular need for a shift from
current preference of energy derived from finite, fossil based fuels
to one that is cleaner, low carbon, renewable forms of energy.
▪ A number of trends in energy management is driving this need for
change. Principle among them is the multiplier effect of using
green low impact and cleaner energy forms.
▪ Many of the global environmental problems that we are currently
facing such as climate change, biodiversity loss, desertification,
etc need at its core a campaign towards cleaner and greener energy
that will stimulate actions in other fronts in governance, education
and technologies.
The move towards the reduction in use of fossil fuels is to go
hand in hand with the following:-

▪ Exploring alternative energy sources.

▪ Linking energy with global environment issues.
▪ Co-relating environmental management efficiency with energy
efficiency
▪ Changes in lifestyles and increase in community involvement.
Water Conservation
▪ With only 1% of water available for human consumption, doesn’t it
make sense that we should treat our water supply with more respect?
▪ Water is a unique resource: High specific heat- cools down and heat up
slowly. It also has high latent heat of evaporation – takes high energy for
vaporization
▪ Excellent solvent – carrier of nutrients. (O2 and Pathogenic,
Micro- organisms)
▪ Anomalous expansion behavior – expands when cooling.
Water conservation
❖

▪ Water conservation encompasses the policies, strategies and activities to manage fresh water as a
sustainable resource to protect the water environment and to meet current and future human
demand. Climatic Changes, Population, household size and growth and affluence all affect how
much water is used.
▪ It is a practice in which people, companies, and governments attempt to reduce their water
usage.
▪ If water is constantly being cleaned and recycled
through the earth’s water cycle, why do we need
to conserve it?
▪ The answer is that we use up our planet’s
freshwater faster than it can naturally be
❖ Water conservation
⮚ The goals of water conservation efforts include as follows
▪ To ensure availability for future generations, the withdrawal of fresh water
from an ecosystem should not exceed its natural replacement rate.
▪ Energy conservation: Water pumping, delivery and waste water
treatment facilities consume a significant amount of energy. In some
regions of the world over 15% of total electricity consumption is devoted
to water management.
▪ Habitat conservation: Minimizing human water use helps to preserve
fresh water habitats for local wildlife and migrating waterfowl, as well as
reducing the need to build new dams and other water diversion
infrastructures.
❖ Water conservation
❖ Water conservation
⮚ Why water conservation?
▪ Today the earth is in the need of water conservation as the quantity of water is
going down day by day.
▪ Though we say that the Earth is a Blue Planet ,the reality is that only 3% of the
total water available is fit for drinking.
▪ Out of that 3% also , 2.997% is locked up in polar ice caps, and only 0.003 % is
there in form of surface & ground water.
▪ Water is essential to life on earth. We need water to grow food, keep clean,
provide power, control fire, and last but not least, we need it to stay alive!
▪ The rate is still declining and the reason is…?
❖ Water conservation
⮚ Some Simple Ways To Conserve Water:
▪ When washing dishes by hand, don't let the water run while rinsing. Fill one sink with
wash water and the other with rinse water.
▪ Run your clothes washer and dishwasher only when they are full. You can save up to
1,000 gallons a month.
▪ Some refrigerators, air conditioners and ice-makers are cooled with wasted flows of
water. Consider upgrading with air-cooled appliances for significant water savings.
▪ Adjust sprinklers so only your lawn is watered and not the house, sidewalk, or street.
▪ Plant in the fall when conditions are cooler and rainfall is more plentiful.
▪ Use the garbage disposal sparingly. Compost vegetable food waste instead and save
gallons every time.
▪ Water your lawn and garden in the morning or evening when temperatures are cooler
to minimize evaporation.
▪ Wash your fruits and vegetables in a pan of water instead of running water from the
tap.
Water conservation

RAIN WATER
HARVESTING
❖ Rain water harvesting

⮚ What is rain water harvesting?

▪ Rainwater harvesting is a technology used for collecting and storing
rainwater from rooftops, the land surface or rock catchments using simple
techniques such as jars and pots as well as more complex techniques such as
underground check dams.
▪ Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for
reuse on-site, rather than allowing it to run off.

▪ Uses of rain water…?

❖ Rain water harvesting

▪ Rainwater harvesting technologies are simple to install and operate.

▪ Local people can be easily trained to implement such technologies, and
construction materials are also readily available.
▪ Running costs, also, are almost negligible.
▪ Water collected from roof catchments usually is of acceptable quality for
domestic purposes.
⮚ How we can harvest rainwater?
▪ Broadly there are two ways harvesting rainwater.
i. Surface runoff harvesting.
ii. Roof top rainwater harvesting.
❖ Rain water harvesting

i. Surface runoff harvesting: In urban area rainwater flows away as surface runoff. This
runoff could be caught and used for recharging aquifers by adopting appropriate methods.

Rainwater collection through storm water

drain Farm Pond
❖ Rain water harvesting

ii. Roof top rainwater harvesting: It is a system of catching rainwater where it falls. In
rooftop harvesting, the roof becomes the catchments, and the rainwater is collected
from the roof of the house/building. This method is less expensive and very effective.
❖ Rain water harvesting
Components of the roof top rainwater harvesting system:
1. Catchment area
2. Transportation
3. First flush
4. Storage system
5. Delivery system
6. Filtration system
❖ Rain water harvesting
Components of the roof top rainwater harvesting system:
1. Catchment area:
▪ The surface that receives rainfall directly is the catchment of rainwater
harvesting system. It may be terrace, courtyard, or paved or unpaved open
ground.
▪ Catchment area Rainwater can be collected from most forms of roof. Tiled roofs,
or roofs sheeted with corrugated mild steel etc. are preferable, since they are the
easiest to use and give the cleanest water.
▪ Thatched or palm leafed surfaces are also feasible, although they are difficult to
clean and can often taint the run-off.
▪ Asbestos sheeting or lead-painted surfaces should be avoided.
❖ Rain water harvesting
Components of the roof top rainwater harvesting system:
2. Transportation:
▪ Rainwater from rooftop should be carried through down take water pipes or
drains to storage/harvesting system. Water pipes should be UV resistant (ISI
HDPE/PVC pipes) of required capacity.
▪ Gutters and pipes In a roof top system gutters and pipes are used to collect
and transport water to the storage tanks. These pipes and gutters can be made
of PVC or metal, but PVC is widely used.
❖ Rain water harvesting
Components of the roof top rainwater harvesting system:
3. First flush:
▪ First flush is a device used to flush off the water received in first shower. The
first shower of rains needs to be flushed-off to avoid contaminating
storable/rechargeable water by the probable contaminants of the atmosphere
and the catchment roof. It will also help in cleaning of silt and other material
deposited on roof during dry seasons Provisions of first rain separator should
be made at outlet of each drainpipe.
❖ Rain water harvesting
Components of the roof top rainwater harvesting system:
4. Storage system:
▪ All collected rain water are store in tank or barrels used.
▪ Storage tank is the structure where the water is stored.
▪ This can be varied according to the:
▪ Shape: Cylindrical, Rectangular, Hexangular, Square.
▪ Material of construction: Rein forced cement concrete (RCC), Ferro
cement, Masonry, Plastic or metal sheets.
▪ Position of tank: Above ground, Partly underground, fully underground.
❖ Rain water harvesting
Components of the roof top rainwater harvesting system:
5. Delivery system:
▪ It is a system to delivered of water for uses.
▪ This include devices such as hand pumps, motorized pumps or taps to
take out water from tank and deliver for many purpose.
▪ Water is deliver by pips.
▪ The pumping device depends on the position of the tank and the use of
water.
❖ Rain water harvesting
Components of the roof top rainwater harvesting system:
6. Filtration system:
▪ Filters are used for treatment of water to effectively remove turbidity, color
and microorganisms.
▪ They are used to filter out the debris that comes with the roof top water and
prevent them being added to the storage tank.
▪ After first flushing of rainfall, water should pass through filters.
▪ There are different types of filters in practice, but basic function is to purify
water.
❖ Rain water harvesting
Components of the roof top rainwater
harvesting system:
6. Filtration system:
▪ Commonly used filters are:
▪ Sand gravel filter:
Constructed by brick masonry and filleted
by pebbles, gravel, and sand. Each layer
should be separated by wire mesh.
❖ Rain water harvesting
Components of the roof top rainwater
harvesting system:
6. Filtration system:
▪ Commonly used filters are:
▪ Charcoal filter:
It can be made in-situ or in a drum.
Pebbles, gravel, sand and charcoal as
shown in the figure should fill the drum or
chamber. Each layer should be separated
by wire mesh. Thin layer of charcoal is
used to absorb odor if any.
❖ Rain water harvesting
Components of the roof top rainwater
harvesting system:
6. Filtration system:
▪ Commonly used filters are:
▪ PVC pipe filter:
This filter can be made by PVC pipe of 1 to
1.20 m length; Diameter of pipe depends on
the area of roof. Six inches dia. pipe is enough
for a 1500 Sq. Ft. roof and 8 inches dia. pipe
should be used for roofs more then 1500 Sq.
Ft. Pipe is divided into three compartments by
wire mesh.
❖ Rain water harvesting
⮚ Advantages of rain water harvesting:
▪ Relatively cheap materials can be used for construction of containers and
collecting surfaces.
▪ Construction methods are relatively straightforward.
▪ Low maintenance costs and requirements.
▪ Environment friendly.
▪ Increase the ground water level and quality.
▪ Mitigates the effects of drought.
▪ Reduces the runoff.
▪ Reduces the soil erosion.
▪ Helps in reducing water and electricity bills.
▪ Provides a supply of safe water close to homes, schools or clinics,
encourages increased consumption, reduces the time women and children
spend collecting water, reduces back strain or injuries from carrying heavy
water containers
❖ Rain water harvesting
⮚ Disadvantages of rain water harvesting:
▪ Supplies can be contaminated by bird/animal droppings on catchment surfaces
and guttering structures unless they are cleaned/flushed before use.
▪ Poorly constructed water jars/containers can suffer from algal growth and
invasion by insects, lizards and rodents. They can act as a breeding ground for
disease vectors if they are not properly maintained.
▪ Regular maintenance should be needed.
▪ Unpredictable rain fall.

⮚ Importance of rain water harvesting and future:

▪ Rain water harvesting plays an important role in agriculture.
▪ Useful for urban areas.
▪ It is important to save the water for the future.
DOMESTIC
BIO-COMPOSTING
❖ DOMESTIC BIO-COMPOSTING

⮚ The process of “composting” is the

decomposition of plant remains and other
once-living materials into an end product
known as compost. Final compost is a dark,
crumbly substance with an earthy odor.
⮚ In nature, nothing is considered as a waste,
everything is food for something else.
⮚ Compost is an inexpensive soil amendment.
❖ Domestic bio-composting
⮚ Why Compost?
▪ Supplies nutrients and organic matter.
▪ Improves soil structure and water holding
capacity.
▪ According to the EPA, home composting can
divert 700 lb. of waste per household per year
from municipal waste. This includes both
yard waste (nearly 17% of municipal solid
waste is yard waste) and food scraps (approx.
6.7% of solid waste is from food scraps).
❖ Domestic bio-composting

Overall concept………..
▪ Think of composting as the process of growing microbes;
they need air, water, and food!
❖ Domestic bio-composting
⮚ Create Your Own Compost Pile
▪ Locate a compost site.
▪ Determine compost structure.
▪ Prepare and maintain the compost pile.
✔Materials for composting
✔Proper carbon-to-nitrogen ratio C/N (“brown” to “green” ratio)
✔Particle size
✔Aeration (involves turning and mixing)
✔Moisture
▪ Troubleshooting your compost pile.
Domestic bio-composting
Domestic bio-composting
❖ Domestic bio-composting
⮚ Mixing the materials in the right ratio (i.e. carbon to nitrogen ratio)
✔Remember, we’re growing microbes.
• Microbes need carbon for energy and nitrogen for protein.
✔All materials contain both carbon and nitrogen, but in different amounts.
• Most compostable material has more C than N.
✔Based on the ratio of carbon to nitrogen, the rate at which the microbes
grow is different.
✔The ideal ratio is 20-30 parts carbon (brown) to 1 part nitrogen (green) for
the most rapid growth.
❖ Domestic bio-composting
⮚ What can you do with compost?
✔Soil amendment: Add 1-2” to soil surface and incorporate 6-8” deep
• Improve the moisture holding capacity of sandy soils (slightly lower
rate of addition)
• Add to heavy clay soils to improve drainage and aeration (slightly
higher rate of addition)
• Increases the ability of the soil to hold and release essential nutrients.
• Promotes activity of earthworms and soil microorganisms.
• Improves seed emergence and water infiltration due to reduction in
soil crusting.
❖ Domestic bio-composting
⮚ What can you do with compost?
✔Mulch: Use and maintain 2-4” around base of plant:
• Weed suppression
• Modified soil temperature
o Less fluctuation in winter and cooler in summer
• Reduced water evaporation
• Reduced soil erosion
Resettlement and Rehabilitation
 What is resettlement and rehabilitation

Resettlement means movement of large group of people from one region to another.

• It can be in form of forced migration imposed by state policy or international

authority and most frequently on the basis of ethnicity or religion.

• Banishment or exile is similar process, but it is forcibly applied to individuals and

groups.

Rehabilitation means restoration of someone to be usefully placed in society, or

• conversion of wasteland into land suitable for use of habitation or cultivation, or
• act of restoring something or someone to a satisfactory state, or
• state of being restored to its former good condition.
 Case Study of India
▪ The India Social Institute estimated that there were currently 21.3 million people
displaced because of development projects.

▪ Out of this, 16.4 million were displaced by dam construction.

▪ The Indian Institute of Public Administration estimates that the averagely

44,182.73 peoples gets displaced by the construction of large dam.

▪ Construction of Sardar Sarovar Dam Project would irrigate 1.8 million hectors of
drought-prone areas in Gujarat and 75,000 hectares in Rajasthan.

▪ It will provide domestic water to 2.4 million people.

▪ However, project cause the resettlement and rehabilitation of almost 3,20,000

peoples.
 Rehabilitation problems and concerns

The displaced people often face several problems related to resettlement and
rehabilitation. Some of them are:

• Basic infrastructure and basic needs are not provided in the new area by the
concerned authority.
• Very often, temporary camps become permanent shelters.
• The compensation paid to the victims is often inadequate; sometimes, they
don’t get it at all.
• In case of any displacement of tribal groups, they do not get any
compensation since their lands are not legalized.
• Sometimes, agents and the corrupt officials deprive the poor of the full
compensation.
Introduction of national and international
environmental legislations and treaties
▪ Various acts have been enforced by the Government of India
to protect our natural resources and environment. These acts
are formulated by apex body i.e. Central Government Board
and implemented by State Government Boards.
 The Environment (Protection) Act

▪ The environment (protection) act 1986 was passed to protect the environment,
as there was a growing concern over the deteriorating state of the environment.
▪ This act not only has important constitutional implications but also an
international background.

1. The spirit of proclamation adopted by the United Nations Conference on

Human Environment (1972) was implemented through this act.
2. As impacts grew considerably environmental protection became a national
priority in 1970’s.
3. The presence of excessive concentrations of harmful chemicals in
the atmosphere & aquatic ecosystems leads to the disruption of food chains &
loss of species.
 The Environment (Protection) Act

Objectives:
A. Defining clearly the concept of environmental conservation.

B. Identifying the universally recognized areas which have threatened

life support system.

A. Enumerating the conservation objectives.

A. Including the frame work for evolving the National strategy by

different countries in to operational plan.
 The Environment (Protection) Act
Other Acts: Measures:
1. The Rio-summit –Environmental 1. Uneconomical methods of
protection involves all. waste disposal like land-filling or
Right to life – A holistic view. incineration must be reduced to minimum.
2. Plans for appropriate disposal of non-
2. Earth summit – An eco
utilizable hazardous waste from chemical
emergency.
industries must be implemented & strictly
3. US holds key to Rio meet
monitored.
success.
3. Every community should organize
4. Rift likely over forest extensive programs on education &
conservation. demonstration on the reduction of waste, &
5. Earth walk project. the proper disposal of non-utilizable
hazardous waste material.
4. The goal of every society should be to reach
a low waste or no waste society.
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act

• The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 states sources of air
pollution as – Industry, vehicles, power plants etc. (releasing, particulate matter,
lead, NO & other organic compounds, and toxic substances).

• The particulate matter & gases that are released by industry & by cars, buses & two
wheelers is measured by using air - sampling equipment.

• The Act is created ‘to take appropriate steps for preservation of natural resources of
earth which among other things include the level of air pollution.
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act

Objectives:
1. To provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution.

1. To provide for the establishment of central and State Boards with a view to
implement the Act.

1. To confer the boards the power to implement the provisions of the Act & assign to
the boards functions relating to pollution.
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
Measures:
1. Use cars only when absolutely necessary, walk or cycle as much as possible instead of
using fossil fuel - powered vehicles.
2. Use public transport as far as possible, as more people can travel in a single large vehicle
rather than using multiple small vehicles.
3. Share a vehicle space with relatives & friends, carpools minimize the use of fossil fuels.
4. Do not use air fresheners, other aerosols & sprays which contain CFCs that delete the O3
layer.
5. Do not smoke in public place.
6. Coughing can spread bacteria and viruses.
7. Use a handkerchief to prevent droplet infection which is air borne and it endangers the
health of other people.
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act

1. The government formulated this act in 1974 to prevent the pollution of water
by industrial, agricultural and household wastewater that can contaminate the
other sources.
Waste wasters with high levels of pollutants that enter wetlands, rivers, lakes,
wells as it is serious health hazards.

2. Excessive organic matter, sediments & infecting organisms from hospital

wastes can also pollute our water.

3. Citizens need to develop a watchdog force to inform authorities to take

appropriate actions towards different types of water pollution.
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act

Objectives: Measures:
▪ To provide for prevention, control • Inform the PCB of any offender who
and abatement of water pollution is pollution H2O & ensure that appropriate
and the maintenance or restoration action is taken.
of the wholesomeness of water.
• Do not dump wastes into a household or
▪ Designed to assess pollution levels
industrial drain which can directly drain enter
and punish polluters.
any body such as stream, lakes, ponds etc.
▪ The central Government and State
Government have set up Pollutant
• Do not use toilets for flushing down waste
control boards to monitor
items as they do not disappear but reappear at
water pollution.
other places and cause water pollution.
 The Wildlife Protection Act
▪ This act, passed in 1972, deals with the declaration of National Parks and wildlife
Sanctuaries and their notification.

▪ It prohibits hunting of all animals specified in Schedules I to IV of the act. These are notified
in order of their danger of extinction. Plants that are protected are included in schedule VI.

▪ The amendment to the wildlife protection act in 2002 is more stringent and prevents the
commercial use of resources by local people. Forest produce has been redefined to ensure
the protection of ecosystems.
 The Wildlife Protection Act
Objectives Some of the Acts
▪ Protection of natural habitat ⮚ Madras Wild Elephant preservation Act,
through limited, controlled 1873.
exploitation of species. ⮚ All India Elephant preservation Act,
▪ Maintenance of the viable number
1879.
of species in protected areas ⮚ The Wild Bride & Animal protection
(national park, Sanctuary, reserve Act, 1912.
etc). ⮚ Bengal Rhinoceros protection Act,
1932.
▪ Establishment
⮚ Assam Rhinoceros protection Act,
of Biosphere reserve for plants &
1954.
animal species.
⮚ Indian Board for wildlife (IBWL) 1952.
▪ Protection through legislation.
⮚ Wildlife act, 1972.
⮚ National wildlife Action plan, 1982.
 The Wildlife Protection Act
Measures
I. Say ‘no’ to the use of wildlife products & also try to convince other people not to buy
them.
II. Reduce the use of wood & wood products wherever possible.
III. Avoid misuse of paper because it is made from bamboo & wood, which destroys wildlife
habitat.
IV. Do not harm animals, & dissuade others from inflicting cruelty to animals.
V. Do not disturb birds nests & fledglings.
VI. Create awareness about biodiversity conservation in your own way to family & friends.
VII.If the animal needs medical care & expert attention contact the society for
the prevention of cruelty to Animals (SPCA) or Blue cross.
 The Wildlife Protection Act
Penalties
• A person who breaks any of the conditions of any license or permit granted under this Act shall be
guilty of an offence against this Act.

• The offence is punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years or with a
fine of Rs. 25000 or with both.

• An offence committed in relation to any animal specified in Schedule I or Part II of Schedule II, like
the use of meat of any such animal or animal articles like a trophy, shall be punishable with
imprisonment for a term not less than one year and may extend to six years and fine of Rs. 25000.

• In the case of a second or subsequent offence of the same nature mentioned in this sub-section, the
term of imprisonment may extend to six years and not less than two years with a penalty of Rs.
10000.
Forest Conservation Act
▪ Forest Conservation Act was launched in 1980 and amended in 1988.

▪ The Indian Forest Act of 1927 consolidated earlier forest-related laws predating the 1920s.

▪ The act empowered the government and Forest Department to establish Reserved Forests.

▪ It also regulated the use of resources by local communities.

▪ The act prioritizes environmental stability and ecological balance.

▪ It emphasizes strengthening and expanding the network of Protected Areas.

 Forest Conservation Act

Objectives Measures
▪ Forest dwellers must have access Aquatint yourself with the laws, detailed rules
to subsidized sources of fuel, and orders issued by the government.
fodder, building material etc so
that they do not cut trees. Create awareness about the existence & value
of national parts & sanctuaries.
▪ Modify working plans into
environmentally sound action
Help to create public pressure to change rules,
plans based on scientific research.
laws & procedures when necessary.
A. Protection of standing Forests.
Do not litter in a forest area.
B. Creation of new stock
C. Building up of information
Participate in preservation of greenery, by
base.
planting watering & caring for plants.
THANK YOU…