22/02/2022, 22:42 1 Data fundamentals in Python_ Faaiz Alshajalee

Python Data Fundamentals

1. Variable Assignment
2. Data Types
3. Data containers in Python
4. Index and Slicing
5. List methods
6. Data Builtin Fucntions in Python
7. String Formatting
8. String methods

Variable Assignment
Regular mathematical operators (+, -, *, / and power) can be performed in code cells.

In [1]: # This is a code cell.

# Type your code in a cell and run it. For example
(10 * 2 + 5 - 4) / 3

Out[1]: 7.0

In [2]: # Power in python:

10**2

Out[2]: 100

The results from the above operations can not be reused in subsequent codes because
they were not assigned any name. To use them elsewhere will require to assign an
operation to a variable. For example

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In [3]: x = (10 * 2 + 5 - 4) / 3
y = x**2 + 2*x - 5

To write an output to the screen, we can type the variable name or use the print()
function .

In [4]: x

Out[4]: 7.0

In [5]: y

Out[5]: 58.0

In [6]: # This will only output the last variable in the cell
x
y

Out[6]: 58.0

In [7]: # This will print the values of x and y

print(x)
print(y)

7.0
58.0

Consider the values of x and y that we printed in the last example. It will be more
intuitive to include some descriptions to the outputs. We can use a string to include
some descriptions in the print function.

In [8]: print("x = ", x)

print("y = ", y)

x = 7.0
y = 58.0

In [9]: x, y, z= 1,2,3

In [10]: x

Out[10]: 1

In [11]: x,y,z

Out[11]: (1, 2, 3)

Data Types
The following common data types are recognised by python:

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In [12]: type("Australia")

Out[12]: str

In [13]: type("4")

Out[13]: str

In [14]: type(4)

Out[14]: int

In [15]: type(3.14567)

Out[15]: float

Converting data types

Now, it is important to note that functions exist to convert from one data type to
another. For example, to convert an integer 5 to string, we can invoke the function
str() and to convert string '5.0' to float, we can use the float() function.

In [16]: my_Float=3.14567
my_Float

Out[16]: 3.14567

In [17]: int(my_Float)

Out[17]: 3

In [18]: str(my_Float)

Out[18]: '3.14567'

In [19]: float(3)

Out[19]: 3.0

Data containers in Python

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List [ ]
In [20]: # Define a list: Mehtod 1:
myList=[1,2,3]
myList

Out[20]: [1, 2, 3]

In [21]: # Define a list: Mehtod 2:

myList=list((1,2,3))
myList

Out[21]: [1, 2, 3]

In [22]: # Homogeneous/ heterogeneous: Y

# Multiple Entries for an element: Y
# Unordered: Y
myList1=[1,3,2,2,"Jh",[5,7,6,9],True]
myList1

Out[22]: [1, 3, 2, 2, 'Jh', [5, 7, 6, 9], True]

In [23]: # Hashability: Y
myList1[4]

Out[23]: 'Jh'

In [24]: myList1[5][3]

Out[24]: 9

In [25]: myList1[0:4]

Out[25]: [1, 3, 2, 2]

In [26]: myList1[1:6:3]

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Out[26]: [3, 'Jh']

In [27]: myList_2d=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]
myList_2d

Out[27]: [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]

In [28]: myList_2d[0]

Out[28]: [1, 2, 3]

In [29]: myList_2d[1][2]

Out[29]: 6

In [30]: # Mutability: Y
myList1=[1,3,2,2,"Jh",[5,7]]
myList1[2]="New-Value"
myList1

Out[30]: [1, 3, 'New-Value', 2, 'Jh', [5, 7]]

In [31]: myList1[0:2]=[99,999,9999]
myList1

Out[31]: [99, 999, 9999, 'New-Value', 2, 'Jh', [5, 7]]

In [32]: myList1[0:2]=[99]
myList1

Out[32]: [99, 9999, 'New-Value', 2, 'Jh', [5, 7]]

Tuple ( )
In [33]: # Define a tuple: Mehtod 1:
myTuple=(1,2,3)
myTuple

Out[33]: (1, 2, 3)

In [34]: # Define a tuple: Mehtod 2:

myTuple=tuple((1,2,3))
myTuple

Out[34]: (1, 2, 3)

In [35]: # Homogeneous/ heterogeneous: Y

# Multiple Entries for an element: Y
# Order/unordered: Y
myTuple1=(1,3,2,2,"Jh",[5,7])
myTuple1

Out[35]: (1, 3, 2, 2, 'Jh', [5, 7])

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In [36]: # Hashability: : y
myTuple1[2]

Out[36]: 2

In [37]: myTuple1[5][1]

Out[37]: 7

In [38]: # Mutability: N
#myTuple1[2]="New-Value" # This will results in error
#myTuple1

Set { }
In [39]: # Define a set: Mehtod 1:
mySet={2,3,1}
mySet

Out[39]: {1, 2, 3}

In [40]: # Define a set: Mehtod 2:

mySet=set((2,3,1))
mySet

Out[40]: {1, 2, 3}

In [41]: # Homogeneous/ heterogeneous: Y

# Multiple Entries for an element: N
# Unordered : N,
# Repetetion : N
mySet1={1,3,2,2,"Jh"}
mySet1

Out[41]: {1, 2, 3, 'Jh'}

In [42]: # Example
myset2=set([1, 3, 'New-Value', 2,2, 'Jh'])
myset2

Out[42]: {1, 2, 3, 'Jh', 'New-Value'}

In [43]: # Hashability: : N
#mySet1[2] # This will results in error

In [44]: # Mutability: Y
#mySet1[2]="New-Value"
#mySet1 # This will results in error

The error doesn't mean that sets are immutable. It is still related to the fact that sets are
unhashable. To show that sets are mutable (unless frozen), let's apply the remove &
add methods to achieve the same result we wanted

In [45]: mySet1.add(999)
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mySet1

Out[45]: {1, 2, 3, 999, 'Jh'}

In [46]: # freeze set

# let's define a frozen set
myFrozenSet=frozenset(mySet1)
myFrozenSet

Out[46]: frozenset({1, 2, 3, 999, 'Jh'})

In [47]: #myFrozenSet.remove(3.75) # This will result in error

In [48]: #myFrozenSet.add('kkk') # This will result in error

This simply shows that frozen sets are immutable.

In [49]: # How to unfreez a frozenset!

# Rui: I could not find a function that can unfreez a frozenset. May be it is somewhere
# Yet below way works fine.
Unfrozenset=set(list(myFrozenSet))
Unfrozenset

Out[49]: {1, 2, 3, 999, 'Jh'}

In [50]: Unfrozenset.add("Rui Huang")

Unfrozenset

Out[50]: {1, 2, 3, 999, 'Jh', 'Rui Huang'}

Dictionery {key:value}
In [51]: # Define a dictionery: Mehtod 1:
myDict1={"Jhon":36,"Archer":25,"Charlie":40}
myDict1

Out[51]: {'Jhon': 36, 'Archer': 25, 'Charlie': 40}

In [52]: # Define a dictionery: Mehtod 2:

name=["Jhon","Archer","Charlie"]
age=[30,20,35]
myDict2=dict(zip(name,age))
myDict2

Out[52]: {'Jhon': 30, 'Archer': 20, 'Charlie': 35}

Each of the dictionery attributes can be converted to list if necessary as illustrated below:

In [53]: # Dic_keys
Names=list(myDict2.keys())
Names

Out[53]: ['Jhon', 'Archer', 'Charlie']

In [54]: # Dic_values
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age=list(myDict2.values())
age

Out[54]: [30, 20, 35]

In [55]: # Homogeneous/ heterogeneous: Y

# Multiple Entries for a key: Y
# Unordered : Y
# Values repetetion: Y
myDict3={"Jam":1,"Fam":[5,50], "Dam":(1,2,2), 3:"Sam"}
myDict3

Out[55]: {'Jam': 1, 'Fam': [5, 50], 'Dam': (1, 2, 2), 3: 'Sam'}

In [56]: # Hashablity: : Y
# Dictionary_name['key']=value
myDict3['Jam']

Out[56]: 1

In [57]: myDict3['Fam']

Out[57]: [5, 50]

In [58]: myDict3['Fam'][0]

Out[58]: 5

In [59]: # Mutablity: Y
# 1 changing a value
# Dictionary_name['key'] = new_value
myDict3['Jam']=1000
myDict3

Out[59]: {'Jam': 1000, 'Fam': [5, 50], 'Dam': (1, 2, 2), 3: 'Sam'}

In [60]: myDict3['Fam'][0]=5000
myDict3

Out[60]: {'Jam': 1000, 'Fam': [5000, 50], 'Dam': (1, 2, 2), 3: 'Sam'}

In [61]: # Mutablity: Y
# 2 adding a new value
# Dictionary_name['new_key'] = new_value
myDict3['Arther']="100"
myDict3

Out[61]: {'Jam': 1000, 'Fam': [5000, 50], 'Dam': (1, 2, 2), 3: 'Sam', 'Arther': '100'}

In [62]: # Can we add a new value to key's values

# Answer: As Michaels suggested, yes we can append a value to kes's values.
myDict3['Fam'].append("Michaels")
myDict3

Out[62]: {'Jam': 1000,

'Fam': [5000, 50, 'Michaels'],

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'Dam': (1, 2, 2),

3: 'Sam',
'Arther': '100'}

Data continer conversion

In [63]: myList = [ 3, 2, 1,'C', 'U', 2, 'N','C','C']
myList

Out[63]: [3, 2, 1, 'C', 'U', 2, 'N', 'C', 'C']

In [64]: myTuple = tuple(myList)

myTuple

Out[64]: (3, 2, 1, 'C', 'U', 2, 'N', 'C', 'C')

In [65]: mySet = set(myList)

mySet

Out[65]: {1, 2, 3, 'C', 'N', 'U'}

In [66]: myDict=dict(zip(myList,myList))
myDict

Out[66]: {3: 3, 2: 2, 1: 1, 'C': 'C', 'U': 'U', 'N': 'N'}

Data containers Unpacking

List [ ]
In [5]: my_list=[1,2,3]
my_list

Out[5]: [1, 2, 3]

In [7]: a,b,c=my_list

In [8]: a

Out[8]: 1

In [9]: a,c

Out[9]: (1, 3)

Tuple ( )
In [31]: my_tuple=[1,2,3]
my_tuple

Out[31]: [1, 2, 3]

In [32]: a,b,c=my_tuple
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In [33]: a

Out[33]: 1

In [34]: a,c

Out[34]: (1, 3)

Dictionery {key:value}
keys
In [35]: dic={"Sam": 1, "Bam": 2, "Fam":3}

In [36]: a,b,c=dic

In [37]: a

Out[37]: 'Sam'

In [17]: a,c

Out[17]: ('Sam', 'Fam')

values
In [19]: a,b,c=dic.values()

In [20]: a

Out[20]: 1

In [21]: a,c

Out[21]: (1, 3)

items
In [22]: a,b,c=dic.items()

In [23]: a

Out[23]: ('Sam', 1)

In [24]: a,c

Out[24]: (('Sam', 1), ('Fam', 3))

String
In [27]: string="good"

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In [28]: a,b,c,d=string

In [29]: a

Out[29]: 'g'

In [30]: a,c

Out[30]: ('g', 'o')

Index and Slicing

Python indexing typically goes from left to right and starts at 0 in unit steps. Right to
left indexing is also allowed and starts at -1 in steps of -1 as illustrated below:

Slicing involves obtaining a subset or subsets of a string at specified locations (indexes).

</font>

In [67]: # Example 1
myString="Australia"

In [68]: # Let's get the first letter in myString

myString[0]

Out[68]: 'A'

In [69]: # to get the last letter (or the first letter from right)
myString[-1]

Out[69]: 'a'

Slicing: name[start:stop:steps].

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In [70]: # Slicing: [Start:End: Steps]

myString[0:5:1]

Out[70]: 'Austr'

In [71]: myString[0:5]

Out[71]: 'Austr'

In [72]: myString[:5]

Out[72]: 'Austr'

In [73]: myString[5:]

Out[73]: 'alia'

In [74]: myString[-1:-10:-1]

Out[74]: 'ailartsuA'

In [75]: # Example 2
myList=[1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
myList

Out[75]: [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

In [76]: myList[0]

Out[76]: 1

In [77]: myList[-1]

Out[77]: 10

In [78]: myList[0:5:3]

Out[78]: [1, 5]

List container methods

Each data container has a number of useful methods that facilitate its use in
programming. The help() function can be used to obtain the list of methods available
for a given data container
Visualization of some Python methods

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Append method
In [79]: myList=[1,2,3]
myList

Out[79]: [1, 2, 3]

In [80]: myList.append(4)
myList

Out[80]: [1, 2, 3, 4]

In [81]: myList=[1,2,3]
myList.append([4,5])
myList

Out[81]: [1, 2, 3, [4, 5]]

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Extend method
In [82]: myList=[1,2,3]
myList.extend([4,5])
myList

Out[82]: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Insert method
In [83]: myList=[1,2,3]
myList.insert(1,10)
myList

Out[83]: [1, 10, 2, 3]

In [84]: myList=[1,2,3]
myList.insert(1,[4, 5])
myList

Out[84]: [1, [4, 5], 2, 3]

Remove method
In [85]: myList=[1,2,2,3,2]
myList.remove(2)
myList

Out[85]: [1, 2, 3, 2]

Pop method
In [86]: myList=[1,2,3]
myList.pop(1)
myList

Out[86]: [1, 3]

Clear method
In [87]: myList=[1,2,3]
myList.clear()
myList

Out[87]: []

Sort method
In [88]: myList=[3,1,2]
myList.sort()
myList

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Out[88]: [1, 2, 3]

Reverse method
In [89]: myList=[3,1,2]
myList.reverse()
myList

Out[89]: [2, 1, 3]

In [90]: # sort & reverse: Method 1

myList=[3,1,2]
myList.sort(reverse=True)
myList

Out[90]: [3, 2, 1]

In [91]: # sort & reverse: Method 2

myList=[3,1,2]
myList.sort()
myList.reverse()
myList

Out[91]: [3, 2, 1]

Index method
In [92]: myList=[1,2,3,"HHH"]
myList.index("HHH")

Out[92]: 3

Count method
In [93]: myList=[1,2,2,3]
myList.count(2)

Out[93]: 2

Copy method
In [94]: myList=[1,2,3]
myList_copy=myList
myList_copy.remove(2)
myList_copy

Out[94]: [1, 3]

In [95]: myList

Out[95]: [1, 3]

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You observe that myList has also changed. This because setting myList_copy equal to
myList did not create a new copy but rather referencing the original list. To make a
distinct copy of a list, we need to use the copy method.

In [96]: # Now let's make a copy of myList

myList=[1,2,3]
myList_copy=myList.copy()
myList_copy.remove(2)
myList_copy

Out[96]: [1, 3]

In [97]: myList

Out[97]: [1, 2, 3]

In [ ]:

Data Builtin Fucntions in Python

Help( )
In [98]: help(list)

Help on class list in module builtins:

class list(object)
| list(iterable=(), /)
|
| Built-in mutable sequence.
|
| If no argument is given, the constructor creates a new empty list.
| The argument must be an iterable if specified.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return key in self.
|
| __delitem__(self, key, /)
| Delete self[key].
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(...)
| x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]
|
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| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __iadd__(self, value, /)
| Implement self+=value.
|
| __imul__(self, value, /)
| Implement self*=value.
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __reversed__(self, /)
| Return a reverse iterator over the list.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __setitem__(self, key, value, /)
| Set self[key] to value.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Return the size of the list in memory, in bytes.
|
| append(self, object, /)
| Append object to the end of the list.
|
| clear(self, /)
| Remove all items from list.
|
| copy(self, /)
| Return a shallow copy of the list.
|
| count(self, value, /)
| Return number of occurrences of value.
|
| extend(self, iterable, /)
| Extend list by appending elements from the iterable.
|
| index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
| Return first index of value.
|
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
|
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| insert(self, index, object, /)
| Insert object before index.
|
| pop(self, index=-1, /)
| Remove and return item at index (default last).
|
| Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.
|
| remove(self, value, /)
| Remove first occurrence of value.
|
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| reverse(self, /)
| Reverse *IN PLACE*.
|
| sort(self, /, *, key=None, reverse=False)
| Sort the list in ascending order and return None.
|
| The sort is in-place (i.e. the list itself is modified) and stable (i.e. the
| order of two equal elements is maintained).
|
| If a key function is given, apply it once to each list item and sort them,
| ascending or descending, according to their function values.
|
| The reverse flag can be set to sort in descending order.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __hash__ = None

In [99]: #help(set)

Type( )
In [100… my_num=[1,2,3]
type(my_num)

Out[100… list

In [101… type((1,2,3))

Out[101… tuple

In [102… type({2,3,1})

Out[102… set

In [103… type({"Jhon":36,"Archer":25})

Out[103… dict

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Len( )
This is used to obtain the number of elements in a data container

In [104… myList

Out[104… [1, 2, 3]

In [105… len(myList)

Out[105… 3

In [106… len("Australia")

Out[106… 9

Range( )
Range is an immutable sequence of integers.

It is defined using the function range(start, stop, step). </font>

In [107… # Let's define a range as follows

myRange = range(0, 50, 5)
myRange

Out[107… range(0, 50, 5)

The output does not have much meaning. Let's use the list function to obtain a clearer
output.

In [108… # let's convert the previous output to a list

myRange = list(range(0, 5, 1))
myRange

Out[108… [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

In [26]: range(10)

Out[26]: range(0, 10)

Slice( )
slice(start, stop, step)

In [56]: a = ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"]

print(a[:5])
print(a[slice(5)])

print("\n"*2)
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print(a[2:5])
print(a[slice(2, 5)])

['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E']

['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E']

['C', 'D', 'E']

['C', 'D', 'E']

Sum( )
In [14]: # sum(iterable, start)
a = [1, 10, 9, 30]

print(sum(a))
print(sum(a, 40))

50
90

Min( )
min(item, item , item, or iterator)

In [1]: print(min(1, 10, -50, 20, 30))

myNumbers = (1, 20, -50, -100, 100)

print(min(myNumbers))

print(min("X", "Z", "Osama"))

-50
-100
Osama

Max( )
max(item, item , item, or iterator)

In [47]: print(max(1, 10, -50, 20, 30))

myNumbers = (1, 20, -50, -100, 100)

print(max(myNumbers))

print(max("X", "Z", "Osama"))

30
100
Z

Map( )
[1] Map Take A Function + Iterator: map (Function, Iterator). </font>

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[2] Map Called Map Because It Map The Function On Every Element

[3] The Function Can Be Pre-Defined Function or Lambda Function

In [81]: # Use Map With Predefined Function

def formatText(text):
return text.strip().capitalize()

In [83]: myTexts = [" OSama ", "AHMED", " sAYed "]

myFormatedData = list(map(formatText, myTexts))

myFormatedData

Out[83]: ['Osama', 'Ahmed', 'Sayed']

In [69]: for name in list(map(formatText, myTexts)):

print(name)

Osama
Ahmed
Sayed

In [80]: # Use Map With Lambda Function

myTexts = [" OSama ", "AHMED", " sAYed "]

for name in list(map((lambda text: text.strip().capitalize()), myTexts)):

print(name)

Osama
Ahmed
Sayed

Filter( )
[1] Filter Take A Function + Iterator filter (Function, Iterator). </font>

[2] Filter Run A Function On Every Element

[3] The Function Can Be Pre-Defined Function or Lambda Function

[4] The Function Need To Return Boolean Value

[5] Filter Out All Elements For Which The Function Return True

In [87]: # Example 1

def checkNumber(num):

return num > 10

myNumbers = [0, 0, 1, 19, 10, 20, 100, 5, 0]

myResult = filter(checkNumber, myNumbers)

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list(myResult)

Out[87]: [19, 20, 100]

In [93]: # Example 2

def checkName(name):
return name.startswith("O")

myTexts = ["Osama", "Omer", "Ahmed", "Sayed", "Othman"]

myReturnedData = filter(checkName, myTexts)
list(myReturnedData)

Out[93]: ['Osama', 'Omer', 'Othman']

In [91]: "Omer".startswith("O")

Out[91]: True

In [92]: "Ahmed".startswith("O")

Out[92]: False

In [ ]: # Lambda & Filter

# Example 3:
num=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
even_num= list(filter(lambda x: x%2==0,num))
even_num

In [4]: # Example 4: Filter and Lambda

myNames = ["Osama", "Omer", "Omar", "Ahmed", "Sayed", "Othman", "Ameer"]

for p in filter(lambda name: name.startswith("A"), myNames):

print(p)

Ahmed
Ameer

Reduce( )
[1] Reduce Take A Function + Iterator filter (Function, Iterator). </font>

[2] Reduce Run A Function On FIrst and Second Element And Give Result

[3] Then Run Function On Result And Third Element

[4] Then Run Function On Rsult And Fourth Element And So On

[5] Till One ELement is Left And This is The Result of The Reduce

[6] The Function Can Be Pre-Defined Function or Lambda Function

In [95]: ((((1 + 8) + 2) + 9) + 100)

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Out[95]: 120

In [96]: from functools import reduce

def sumAll(num1, num2):

return num1 + num2

numbers = [1, 8, 2, 9, 100]

reduce(sumAll, numbers)

Out[96]: 120

In [98]: reduce(lambda num1, num2: num1 + num2, numbers)

Out[98]: 120

Enumerate( )
enumerate(iterable, start=0)

In [103… mySkills = ["Html", "Css", "Js", "PHP"]

mySkillsWithCounter = enumerate(mySkills)

for skill in mySkillsWithCounter:

print(skill)

(0, 'Html')
(1, 'Css')
(2, 'Js')
(3, 'PHP')

In [104… mySkills = ["Html", "Css", "Js", "PHP"]

mySkillsWithCounter = enumerate(mySkills,10)

for skill in mySkillsWithCounter:

print(skill)

(10, 'Html')
(11, 'Css')
(12, 'Js')
(13, 'PHP')

In [113… mySkills = ["Html", "Css", "Js", "PHP"]

mySkillsWithCounter = enumerate(mySkills)

for counter, skill in mySkillsWithCounter:

print(f"{counter} - {skill}")

0 - Html
1 - Css
2 - Js
3 - PHP

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Sorted( )
sorted(iterable)

In [1]: data=[4,2,15,8]
sorted(data)

Out[1]: [2, 4, 8, 15]

In [3]: sorted(data, reverse=True)

Out[3]: [15, 8, 4, 2]

In [ ]: # Lambda & Sorted

# Example 2: sorting data in dictionery based on a column
people=[{"name":"Jan", "age":39},
{"name":"Fan", "age":25},
{"name":"Dan", "age":34},
{"name":"Kan", "age":27}]

sorted(people, key=lambda x: x["age"])

Reversed( )
reversed(iterable)

In [111… myString = "Elzero"

list(reversed(myString))

Out[111… ['o', 'r', 'e', 'z', 'l', 'E']

In [112… mySkills = ["Html", "Css", "Js", "PHP"]

list(reversed(mySkills))

Out[112… ['PHP', 'Js', 'Css', 'Html']

Round( )
Nearest digit

In [27]: # round(number, numofdigits)

print(round(99.451))
print(round(99.501))
print(round(99.554, 2))
print(round(99.554, 3))
print(round(99.555, 2))

99
100
99.55
99.554
99.56

Abs( )
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In [37]: print(abs(100))
print(abs(-100))
print(abs(10.19))
print(abs(-10.19))

100
100
10.19
10.19

pow( )
Power

In [41]: # pow(base, exp, mod) => Power

print(pow(2, 5)) # 2**5 = 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2
print(pow(2, 5, 10)) # 2**5 = (2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2) % 10
pow(2, 5) /10

32
2
Out[41]: 3.2

print( )
In [31]: # separetor
print("Hello Osama How Are You")
print("Hello", "Osama", "How", "Are", "You")

print("-"*50)

print("Hello @ Osama @ How @ Are @ You")

print("Hello", "Osama", "How", "Are", "You", sep=" @ ") # sep: separetor

Hello Osama How Are You

Hello Osama How Are You
--------------------------------------------------
Hello @ Osama @ How @ Are @ You
Hello @ Osama @ How @ Are @ You

In [34]: # End
print("First Line", end=" ")
print("Second Line")
print("Third Line")

First Line Second Line

Third Line

In [36]: print("First Line", end=" %%%&&&&&&&& ")

print("Second Line")
print("Third Line")

First Line %%%&&&&&&&& Second Line

Third Line

In [33]: print("First Line", end="\n")

print("Second Line") #By default all the print function ends with "\n"
print("Third Line")

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First Line
Second Line
Third Line

All( )
In [2]: # All Elements Is True
x = [1, 2, 3, 4]
all(x)

Out[2]: True

In [4]: #Theres At Least One Element Is False

x = [1, 2, 3, 0]
all(x)[]

Out[4]: False

In [5]: x = [1, 2, 3, []]

all(x)

Out[5]: False

In [6]: x = [1, 2, 3, 4, []]

if all(x):

print("All Elements Is True")

else:

print("Theres At Least One Element Is False")

Theres At Least One Element Is False

Any( )
In [8]: x = [3, 0, []]
any(x)

Out[8]: True

In [9]: x = [0, 0, []]

any(x)

Out[9]: False

In [7]: x = [0, 0, []]

if any(x):

print("There's At Least One Element is True")

else:

print("Theres No Any True Elements")

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Theres No Any True Elements

Bin( )
Binery

In [10]: bin(100)

Out[10]: '0b1100100'

ID( )
Memory ID

In [11]: a = 1
b = 2

print(id(a))
print(id(b))

140729271985952
140729271985984

Built-in ( )

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String Formatting
Method 1: f-formatting
{} : place holder

In [109… # Example 1
name = "Shola"
age = 35
position = "secretary"

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New_string=f"The current {position} of ABC is a {age} year old guy named {name}"
New_string

Out[109… 'The current secretary of ABC is a 35 year old guy named Shola'

In [110… print(f"The current {position} of ABC is a {age} year old guy named {name}")

The current secretary of ABC is a 35 year old guy named Shola

Method 2: %-formatting
%: place holder

In [111… # Example 1
name = "Shola"
age = 35
position = "secretary"

New_string="The current %s of ABC is a %d year old guy named %s" %(position, age, name)
# s: string, d:digit, f:float

New_string

Out[111… 'The current secretary of ABC is a 35 year old guy named Shola'

In [112… # Example 2
diameter = 3 # cm

New_string="The perimeter of a circle whose diameter is %.2f cm is %.3f cm" %(diameter,

# %.2f : 2 deciemel places

New_string

Out[112… 'The perimeter of a circle whose diameter is 3.00 cm is 9.429 cm'

Method 3: format function

In [113… New_string="The current {:s} of ABC is a {:d} year old guy named {:s}".format(position,
# s: string, d:digit, f:float
New_string

Out[113… 'The current secretary of ABC is a 35 year old guy named Shola'

In [114… New_string="The current {:s} of ABC is a {:f} year old guy named {:s}".format(position,
New_string

Out[114… 'The current secretary of ABC is a 35.000000 year old guy named Shola'

In [115… # Rearrange items

New_string="The current {2} of CURTIN-EAGE is a {1} year old guy named {0}".format(posi
New_string

Out[115… 'The current Shola of CURTIN-EAGE is a 35 year old guy named secretary'

In [116… New_string="The current {2:s} of CURTIN-EAGE is a {1:f} year old guy named {0:s}".forma

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New_string

Out[116… 'The current Shola of CURTIN-EAGE is a 35.000000 year old guy named secretary'

In [117… number = 10.14159

nwe_number = float(format(number, ".3f"))
nwe_number

Out[117… 10.142

In [ ]:

Truncate string
In [118… myLongString='The current secretary of ABC is a 35 year old guy named Shola'
"Short string is %s" %myLongString

Out[118… 'Short string is The current secretary of ABC is a 35 year old guy named Shola'

In [119… "Short string is %.15s" %myLongString

Out[119… 'Short string is The current sec'

In [120… "Short string is {}" .format(myLongString)

Out[120… 'Short string is The current secretary of ABC is a 35 year old guy named Shola'

In [121… "Short string is {:.12s}" .format(myLongString)

Out[121… 'Short string is The current '

String methods

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.split( ) method
The result is a list of the individual words making up newString

In [122… # Examole 1
# Splitting a string
string = "hello world : how are you guys"
string.split(" ") # using space as my separator

Out[122… ['hello', 'world', ':', 'how', 'are', 'you', 'guys']

In [123… input_file = 'account_ledger.txt'

file_name=input_file.split('.')
file_name

Out[123… ['account_ledger', 'txt']

In [124… # Examole 2
# Splitting a file name
input_file = 'account_ledger.txt'
file_name=input_file.split('.')[0] # using . as my separator
file_name

Out[124… 'account_ledger'

In [125… file_extension=input_file.split('.')[1]
file_extension

Out[125… 'txt'

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.split( ), max method

In [126… # Examole 3
# Max split
string = "hello world : how are you guys"
string.split(" ", 3)

Out[126… ['hello', 'world', ':', 'how are you guys']

.rightsplit( ), max method

In [127… # Right $ Max split
string = "hello world : how are you guys"
string.rsplit(" ", 2)

Out[127… ['hello world : how are', 'you', 'guys']

Concatenating strings: operation

In [128… # let's combine both splitting and concatenating change the format of a file from .txt
input_file = 'account_ledger.txt'
output_file = input_file.split('.')[0] + '.csv'
output_file

Out[128… 'account_ledger.csv'

.replace( ) method
In [129… # replacing an item in a string - variable_name.replace('old_item', 'new_item')
string = "hello world helow world"
string.replace("world", "global")

Out[129… 'hello global helow global'

In [130… string

Out[130… 'hello world helow world'

Despite replacing "people" with "academics", string remains unchanged. Why?...Well,

strings are immutable ordinarily. So, even though the change is valid, it doesn't affect
the original string. To impose the change on the original string, we would have to
reassign the change made to a new string as illiustrated below

In [131… new_string = string.replace("world", "global")

new_string

Out[131… 'hello global helow global'

In [132… new_string2 = string.replace("world", "global",1)

new_string2

'hello global helow world'

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Out[132…

.join( ) method
In [133… # Element in a list to string
myList = ["hello", "world", ":", "how", "are", "you", "gsys"]
" ".join(myList)

Out[133… 'hello world : how are you gsys'

In [134… "-".join(myList)

Out[134… 'hello-world-:-how-are-you-gsys'

.strip( ) method
In [135… # Example 1
" Hello world ".strip()

Out[135… 'Hello world'

In [136… # Example 2
"####Hello world###".strip("#")

Out[136… 'Hello world'

In [137… # Example 3
"@#@#Hello world@#@#".strip("@#")

Out[137… 'Hello world'

.rightstrip( ) method
In [138… " Hello world ".rstrip()

Out[138… ' Hello world'

.leftstrip( ) method
In [139… " Hello world ".lstrip()

Out[139… 'Hello world '

.title( ) method
In [140… "hellow world".title()

Out[140… 'Hellow World'

In [141… "hellow 4d world".title()

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Out[141… 'Hellow 4D World'

.istitle( ) method
In [142… "hellow world".istitle()

Out[142… False

.capitalize( ) method
In [143… "hellow world".capitalize()

Out[143… 'Hellow world'

.upper( ) method
In [144… "hellow world".upper()

Out[144… 'HELLOW WORLD'

.isupper( ) method
In [145… "hellow world".isupper()

Out[145… False

.lower( ) method
In [146… "HELLOW WORLD".lower()

Out[146… 'hellow world'

.lower( ) method
In [147… "HELLOW WORLD".islower()

Out[147… False

"hellow world".islower()

.isalpha( ) method
In [148… "hellowworld".isalpha()

Out[148… True

In [149… "hellowworld3".isalpha()

Out[149… False

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.isnumeric( ) method
In [150… "123".isnumeric()

Out[150… True

.isalnum( ) method
In [151… "123".isalnum()

Out[151… True

In [152… "hellowworld123".isalnum()

Out[152… True

.isspace() method
In [153… " ".isspace()

Out[153… True

.isidentifier() method
: is variable?

In [154… "hellow_world".isidentifier()

Out[154… True

In [155… "hellow--world".isidentifier()

Out[155… False

.zerofill( ) method
In [156… a, b, c="1","10","100"
print (a)
print (b)
print (c)

1
10
100

In [157… print (a.zfill(3))

print (b.zfill(3))
print (c.zfill(3))

001
010
100

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.center( ) method
In [158… "Python".center(0)

Out[158… 'Python'

In [159… "Python".center(10)

Out[159… ' Python '

In [160… "Python".center(10," ")

Out[160… ' Python '

In [161… "Python".center(10,"#")

Out[161… '##Python##'

.count( ) method
In [162… "hellow world hellow world Hellow World".count("world")

Out[162… 2

In [163… # count("string", start, end)

"hellow world hellow world Hellow World".count("world",0,14)

Out[163… 1

.swapcase( ) method
In [164… "Python".swapcase()

Out[164… 'pYTHON'

.startswith( ) method
is starts with?

In [165… "Python".startswith("P")

Out[165… True

In [166… "Python".startswith("y")

Out[166… False

In [167… # ("substring", start, end)

"Python".startswith("th",2,5)

Out[167… True

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.endswith( ) method
is ends with?

In [168… "Python".endswith("P")

Out[168… False

In [169… "Python".endswith("n")

Out[169… True

In [170… "Python".endswith("t",0,3)

Out[170… True

.index( ) method
In [171… # index(SubString, start, end)
"hellow world".index("w")

Out[171… 5

In [172… "hellow world".index("ow")

Out[172… 4

In [173… # "hellow world".index("w",0,5) # this results in error

.find( ) method
In [174… "hellow world".find("w",0,6)

Out[174… 5

In [175… "hellow world".find("w",0,5) # results in -1 instead of error

Out[175… -1

.just( ) method
Justify

.right just( ) method

In [176… "Python".rjust(10)

Out[176… ' Python'

In [177… "Python".rjust(10,"#")

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Out[177… '####Python'

.left just( ) method

In [178… "Python".ljust(10,"#")

Out[178… 'Python####'

.splitlines( ) method
In [179… a=""" First line
Second line
Third line"""
a

Out[179… ' First line\nSecond line\nThird line'

In [180… a.splitlines()

Out[180… [' First line', 'Second line', 'Third line']

In [181… b=' First line\nSecond line\nThird line'

b.splitlines()

Out[181… [' First line', 'Second line', 'Third line']

.expandtabs( ) method
In [182… b=' First line\tSecond line\tThird line'
b.expandtabs(30)

Out[182… ' First line Second line Third line'

More
Object multiplication
In [44]: x="Hello "*3
x

Out[44]: 'Hello Hello Hello '

In [45]: x=[1,2,3]*3
x

Out[45]: [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]

In [41]: x=[[1,2,3]]*3
x

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Out[41]: [[1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3]]

In [42]: x=(1,2,3)*3
x

Out[42]: (1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3)

Swap values
In [50]: width,higth=100,500
width,higth

Out[50]: (100, 500)

In [51]: width,higth=higth,width
width,higth

Out[51]: (500, 100)

In [52]: width,higth,z=higth,width,5
width,higth,z

Out[52]: (100, 500, 5)

4 Merge Dictionaries: {**d1, **d2}

In [53]: d1={"name":"Jah", "age":33}
d2={"name":"Nah", "sallery":5000}
d={**d1,**d2}
d

Out[53]: {'name': 'Nah', 'age': 33, 'sallery': 5000}

In [ ]:

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