Binary Systems and Stellar Parameters

Reading assignment:
THURSDAY 10/1: Chapters 8.1(quite long)

Homework Assignment #2
Due by TUESDAY 10/6
 <latexit sha1_base64="+popy68gH/jsxZ85WEODVioFrgU=">AAACFHicbVBNS8MwGE79nPOr6tFLcAjiYbYy0IswFMHjBOcGaylpmm5haVKSVBhl/8GLf8WLBwXx6sGb/8Z060E3Hwh58jzvm+R9wpRRpR3n21pYXFpeWa2sVdc3Nre27Z3deyUyiUkbCyZkN0SKMMpJW1PNSDeVBCUhI51weFX4nQciFRX8To9S4ieoz2lMMdJGCuzj6yD3ZALTgdCCj+EFHECPZ8WO4Qn0mLkqQuaY4sCuOXVnAjhP3JLUQIlWYH95kcBZQrjGDCnVc51U+zmSmmJGxlUvUyRFeIj6pGcoRwlRfj6ZaQwPjRLBWEizuIYT9XdHjhKlRkloKhOkB2rWK8T/vF6m43M/pzzNNOF4+lCcMagFLAKCEZUEazYyBGFJzV8hHiCJsDYxVk0I7uzI86RzWncbdde9bdSal2UeFbAPDsARcMEZaIIb0AJtgMEjeAav4M16sl6sd+tjWrpglT174A+szx/79Jwf</latexit>

Ephoton = h⌫ = hc/ = pc ⇣ 1 ⌘
1
<latexit sha1_base64="L/mQFHv+L5w95oLHEQmoSPvnxRM=">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</latexit>

Ephoton = E = Ehigh Elow = 13.6eV

n2high n2low

hc
<latexit sha1_base64="RPBhR6sdVyA5A5VBGutEkhqWoYQ=">AAACGXicbVDLSgMxFM34rPU16tJNsAgupMyIohuhKILLCvYBnaFk0kwbmseQZIQyzG+48VfcuFDEpa78G9N2Ftp6IHA451xu7okSRrXxvG9nYXFpeWW1tFZe39jc2nZ3dptapgqTBpZMqnaENGFUkIahhpF2ogjiESOtaHg99lsPRGkqxb0ZJSTkqC9oTDEyVuq6XsBsuIe6WaA4JPwYRTqHlzCIFcLZAOfZzdRKBtJIkeddt+JVvQngPPELUgEF6l33M+hJnHIiDGZI647vJSbMkDIUM5KXg1STBOEh6pOOpQJxosNsclkOD63Sg7FU9gkDJ+rviQxxrUc8skmOzEDPemPxP6+TmvgizKhIUkMEni6KUwaNhOOaYI8qgg0bWYKwovavEA+Q7cTYMsu2BH/25HnSPKn6Z1Xv7rRSuyrqKIF9cACOgA/OQQ3cgjpoAAwewTN4BW/Ok/PivDsf0+iCU8zsgT9wvn4A/tqg8Q==</latexit>

em,abs =
Ephoton

Absorption
Emission
2
 Binary Systems and Stellar Parameters
So far, we learned how to measure distance, luminosity, temperature (more to come), and
radius. How to we measure the mass of a star?
Half of the stars are in multiple systems, orbiting their common centre of mass.
BINARY STAR SYSTEMS are classified based on observational characteristics.

1. Optical double: not binaries, but two stars lying along the same line of sight - not
gravitationally bound
2. Visual binary: both stars in the binary can be resolved and if the orbital period is not too long,
the motion of each member can be monitored
3. Astrometric binary: of one member is much brighter, it may outshine the other. The existence
of the unseen member is deduced by observing the oscillatory motion of the visible
component
 Binary Systems and Stellar Parameters
So far, we learned how to measure distance, luminosity, temperature (more to come), and
radius. How to we measure the mass of a star?
Half of the stars are in multiple systems, orbiting their common centre of mass.
BINARY STAR SYSTEMS are classified based on observational characteristics.

1. Optical double: not binaries, but two stars lying along the same line of sight - not
gravitationally bound
2. Visual binary: both stars in the binary can be resolved and if the orbital period is not too long,
the motion of each member can be monitored
3. Astrometric binary: of one member is much brighter, it may outshine the other. The existence
of the unseen member is deduced by observing the oscillatory motion of the visible
component
4. Eclipsing binary: when the orbital plane is roughly along the line of sight, one star may
periodically pass in front of the other, blocking some of the light resulting in regular variations
in the light received.
V magnitude

Time
 Binary Systems and Stellar Parameters
So far, we learned how to measure distance, luminosity, temperature (more to come), and
radius. How to we measure the mass of a star?
Half of the stars are in multiple systems, orbiting their common centre of mass.
BINARY STAR SYSTEMS are classified based on observational characteristics.

1. Optical double: not binaries, but two stars lying along the same line of sight - not
gravitationally bound
2. Visual binary: both stars in the binary can be resolved and if the orbital period is not too long,
the motion of each member can be monitored
3. Astrometric binary: of one member is much brighter, it may outshine the other. The existence
of the unseen member is deduced by observing the oscillatory motion of the visible
component
4. Eclipsing binary: when the orbital plane is roughly along the line of sight, one star may
periodically pass in front of the other, blocking some of the light resulting in regular variations
in the light received.
5. Spectrum binary: system with two super-imposed, independent, discernible spectra. If the
star has a non zero radial velocity, the Doppler effect causes the spectral lines of the star to
be shifted —> periodic shifts of every lines of each star and when the lines of one star are
blue-shifted, the lines of the other star are red-shifted.
6. Spectroscopic binary: periodic shift in the spectral lines (1 star)
 Binary Systems and Stellar Parameters
So far, we learned how to measure distance, luminosity, temperature (more to come), and
radius. How to we measure the mass of a star?
Half of the stars are in multiple systems, orbiting their common centre of mass.
BINARY STAR SYSTEMS are classified based on observational characteristics.

1. Optical double: not binaries, but two stars lying along the same line of sight - not
gravitationally bound
2. Visual binary: both stars in the binary can be resolved and if the orbital period is not too long,
the motion of each member can be monitored
3. Astrometric binary: of one member is much brighter, it may outshine the other. The existence
of the unseen member is deduced by observing the oscillatory motion of the visible
component
4. Eclipsing binary: when the orbital plane is roughly along the line of sight, one star may
periodically pass in front of the other, blocking some of the light resulting in regular variations
in the light received.
5. Spectrum binary: system with two super-imposed, independent, discernible spectra. If the
star has a non zero radial velocity, the Doppler effect causes the spectral lines of the star to
be shifted —> periodic shifts of every lines of each star and when the lines of one star are
blue-shifted, the lines of the other star are red-shifted.
6. Spectroscopic binary: periodic shift in the spectral lines (1 star)
(Visual binaries + parallax) OR (Visual binaries for which radial velocities are available
over a complete orbit) OR (eclipsing, double-line, spectroscopic binaries) —> MASS
VISUAL BINARIES:
From orbital data —> orientation of the orbits and center of mass can be determined —> ratio of
m1 and m2
From distance —> linear separation of the stars can be determined —> individual masses
VISUAL BINARIES:
From orbital data —> orientation of the orbits and center of mass can be determined —> ratio of
m1 and m2
From distance —> linear separation of the stars can be determined —> individual masses

Consider two stars in orbit about center of mass.

From definition of center of mass, and adopting the center of mass reference system:

m1 r1 + m2r2 µ µ
<latexit sha1_base64="NdiZTCjEeZN1FTfMC1cS3Y98ve8=">AAACJXicbVDNS8MwHE3n15xfVY9egkMQhNEORQ8KQy8ep7gPWEtJs3QLS9qSpMIo/We8+K948eAQwZP/illXQTcfBF7e+z2S3/NjRqWyrE+jtLS8srpWXq9sbG5t75i7e20ZJQKTFo5YJLo+koTRkLQUVYx0Y0EQ9xnp+KObqd95JELSKHxQ45i4HA1CGlCMlJY88zJ1/ADeZ/AKOoFAOOWeDXNNeHYGTyCv/1zrWZa7WtNcByzPrFo1KwdcJHZBqqBA0zMnTj/CCSehwgxJ2bOtWLkpEopiRrKKk0gSIzxCA9LTNEScSDfNt8zgkVb6MIiEPqGCufo7kSIu5Zj7epIjNZTz3lT8z+slKrhwUxrGiSIhnj0UJAyqCE4rg30qCFZsrAnCguq/QjxEuiyli63oEuz5lRdJu16zz2rW3Wm1cV3UUQYH4BAcAxucgwa4BU3QAhg8gRfwBibGs/FqvBsfs9GSUWT2wR8YX9/79qHR</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="y5+2d94/2c584w4Lcz3QepOe/ak=">AAACDHicbVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgxjIjim6EohuXFewDOqVk0kwbmswMSUYoYT7Ajb/ixoUibv0Ad/6NaTsLbT0QOJxzLjf3BAlnSrvut1NYWl5ZXSuulzY2t7Z3yrt7TRWnktAGiXks2wFWlLOINjTTnLYTSbEIOG0Fo5uJ33qgUrE4utfjhHYFHkQsZARrK/XKFeMHIZI9L0NX6MQPJSbGF2lmhJWMLwWSmU25VXcKtEi8nFQgR71X/vL7MUkFjTThWKmO5ya6a7DUjHCalfxU0QSTER7QjqURFlR1zfSYDB1ZpY/CWNoXaTRVf08YLJQai8AmBdZDNe9NxP+8TqrDy65hUZJqGpHZojDlSMdo0gzqM0mJ5mNLMJHM/hWRIbaFaNtfyZbgzZ+8SJqnVe+86t6dVWrXeR1FOIBDOAYPLqAGt1CHBhB4hGd4hTfnyXlx3p2PWbTg5DP78AfO5w/S9Jrd</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="5tUWIuBdUh7UHVHdfPYHhZ/sRfA=">AAACC3icbVDLSgMxFM34rPU16tJNaBFclZmi6EYounFZwT6gM5RMmmlDk8yQZIQSZu/GX3HjQhG3/oA7/8a0nYW2HrhwOOde7r0nShlV2vO+nZXVtfWNzdJWeXtnd2/fPThsqySTmLRwwhLZjZAijArS0lQz0k0lQTxipBONb6Z+54FIRRNxrycpCTkaChpTjLSV+m7FBFEMZb+ewysYxBJhE/AsN9wqJpAcyrzvVr2aNwNcJn5BqqBAs+9+BYMEZ5wIjRlSqud7qQ4NkppiRvJykCmSIjxGQ9KzVCBOVGhmv+TwxCoDGCfSltBwpv6eMIgrNeGR7eRIj9SiNxX/83qZji9DQ0WaaSLwfFGcMagTOA0GDqgkWLOJJQhLam+FeIRsINrGV7Yh+IsvL5N2veaf17y7s2rjuoijBI5BBZwCH1yABrgFTdACGDyCZ/AK3pwn58V5dz7mrStOMXME/sD5/AFlDJqo</latexit>

R= =0 r1 = r r2 = r
m1 + m2 m1 m2
VISUAL BINARIES:
From orbital data —> orientation of the orbits and center of mass can be determined —> ratio of
m1 and m2
From distance —> linear separation of the stars can be determined —> individual masses

Consider two stars in orbit about center of mass.

From definition of center of mass, and adopting the center of mass reference system:

m1 r1 + m2r2 µ µ
<latexit sha1_base64="NdiZTCjEeZN1FTfMC1cS3Y98ve8=">AAACJXicbVDNS8MwHE3n15xfVY9egkMQhNEORQ8KQy8ep7gPWEtJs3QLS9qSpMIo/We8+K948eAQwZP/illXQTcfBF7e+z2S3/NjRqWyrE+jtLS8srpWXq9sbG5t75i7e20ZJQKTFo5YJLo+koTRkLQUVYx0Y0EQ9xnp+KObqd95JELSKHxQ45i4HA1CGlCMlJY88zJ1/ADeZ/AKOoFAOOWeDXNNeHYGTyCv/1zrWZa7WtNcByzPrFo1KwdcJHZBqqBA0zMnTj/CCSehwgxJ2bOtWLkpEopiRrKKk0gSIzxCA9LTNEScSDfNt8zgkVb6MIiEPqGCufo7kSIu5Zj7epIjNZTz3lT8z+slKrhwUxrGiSIhnj0UJAyqCE4rg30qCFZsrAnCguq/QjxEuiyli63oEuz5lRdJu16zz2rW3Wm1cV3UUQYH4BAcAxucgwa4BU3QAhg8gRfwBibGs/FqvBsfs9GSUWT2wR8YX9/79qHR</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="y5+2d94/2c584w4Lcz3QepOe/ak=">AAACDHicbVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgxjIjim6EohuXFewDOqVk0kwbmswMSUYoYT7Ajb/ixoUibv0Ad/6NaTsLbT0QOJxzLjf3BAlnSrvut1NYWl5ZXSuulzY2t7Z3yrt7TRWnktAGiXks2wFWlLOINjTTnLYTSbEIOG0Fo5uJ33qgUrE4utfjhHYFHkQsZARrK/XKFeMHIZI9L0NX6MQPJSbGF2lmhJWMLwWSmU25VXcKtEi8nFQgR71X/vL7MUkFjTThWKmO5ya6a7DUjHCalfxU0QSTER7QjqURFlR1zfSYDB1ZpY/CWNoXaTRVf08YLJQai8AmBdZDNe9NxP+8TqrDy65hUZJqGpHZojDlSMdo0gzqM0mJ5mNLMJHM/hWRIbaFaNtfyZbgzZ+8SJqnVe+86t6dVWrXeR1FOIBDOAYPLqAGt1CHBhB4hGd4hTfnyXlx3p2PWbTg5DP78AfO5w/S9Jrd</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="5tUWIuBdUh7UHVHdfPYHhZ/sRfA=">AAACC3icbVDLSgMxFM34rPU16tJNaBFclZmi6EYounFZwT6gM5RMmmlDk8yQZIQSZu/GX3HjQhG3/oA7/8a0nYW2HrhwOOde7r0nShlV2vO+nZXVtfWNzdJWeXtnd2/fPThsqySTmLRwwhLZjZAijArS0lQz0k0lQTxipBONb6Z+54FIRRNxrycpCTkaChpTjLSV+m7FBFEMZb+ewysYxBJhE/AsN9wqJpAcyrzvVr2aNwNcJn5BqqBAs+9+BYMEZ5wIjRlSqud7qQ4NkppiRvJykCmSIjxGQ9KzVCBOVGhmv+TwxCoDGCfSltBwpv6eMIgrNeGR7eRIj9SiNxX/83qZji9DQ0WaaSLwfFGcMagTOA0GDqgkWLOJJQhLam+FeIRsINrGV7Yh+IsvL5N2veaf17y7s2rjuoijBI5BBZwCH1yABrgFTdACGDyCZ/AK3pwn58V5dz7mrStOMXME/sD5/AFlDJqo</latexit>

R= =0 r1 = r r2 = r
m1 + m2 m1 m2
Assuming orbital plane perpendicular to the observer’s line of sight, and considering only
the lengths of r1 and r2:
<latexit sha1_base64="mav8B2KSDMTMMPvrGVeChs7lOmI=">AAACHHicbZDLSgMxFIYz9VbrbdSlm2ARXJWZquhGKLpxWcFeoB2GTJppQ5PMkGSEMsyDuPFV3LhQxI0Lwbcx0w6orQdy+POdc0jOH8SMKu04X1ZpaXllda28XtnY3NresXf32ipKJCYtHLFIdgOkCKOCtDTVjHRjSRAPGOkE4+u83rknUtFI3OlJTDyOhoKGFCNtkG+f9EOJcMp9NzOpnsFLOCPSXExyfwjKCTLEt6tOzZkGXBRuIaqgiKZvf/QHEU44ERozpFTPdWLtpUhqihnJKv1EkRjhMRqSnpECcaK8dLpcBo8MGcAwkuYIDaf090SKuFITHphOjvRIzddy+F+tl+jwwkupiBNNBJ49FCYM6gjmTsEBlQRrNjECYUnNXyEeIeOENn5WjAnu/MqLol2vuWc15/a02rgq7CiDA3AIjoELzkED3IAmaAEMHsATeAGv1qP1bL1Z77PWklXM7IM/YX1+A+uBoUI=</latexit>

m1 r2 a2
= = With a1 and a2 semi-major axis of the ellipses
m2 r1 a1
VISUAL BINARIES:
From orbital data —> orientation of the orbits and center of mass can be determined —> ratio of
m1 and m2
From distance —> linear separation of the stars can be determined —> individual masses

Consider two stars in orbit about center of mass.

From definition of center of mass, and adopting the center of mass reference system:

m1 r1 + m2r2 µ µ
<latexit sha1_base64="NdiZTCjEeZN1FTfMC1cS3Y98ve8=">AAACJXicbVDNS8MwHE3n15xfVY9egkMQhNEORQ8KQy8ep7gPWEtJs3QLS9qSpMIo/We8+K948eAQwZP/illXQTcfBF7e+z2S3/NjRqWyrE+jtLS8srpWXq9sbG5t75i7e20ZJQKTFo5YJLo+koTRkLQUVYx0Y0EQ9xnp+KObqd95JELSKHxQ45i4HA1CGlCMlJY88zJ1/ADeZ/AKOoFAOOWeDXNNeHYGTyCv/1zrWZa7WtNcByzPrFo1KwdcJHZBqqBA0zMnTj/CCSehwgxJ2bOtWLkpEopiRrKKk0gSIzxCA9LTNEScSDfNt8zgkVb6MIiEPqGCufo7kSIu5Zj7epIjNZTz3lT8z+slKrhwUxrGiSIhnj0UJAyqCE4rg30qCFZsrAnCguq/QjxEuiyli63oEuz5lRdJu16zz2rW3Wm1cV3UUQYH4BAcAxucgwa4BU3QAhg8gRfwBibGs/FqvBsfs9GSUWT2wR8YX9/79qHR</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="y5+2d94/2c584w4Lcz3QepOe/ak=">AAACDHicbVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgxjIjim6EohuXFewDOqVk0kwbmswMSUYoYT7Ajb/ixoUibv0Ad/6NaTsLbT0QOJxzLjf3BAlnSrvut1NYWl5ZXSuulzY2t7Z3yrt7TRWnktAGiXks2wFWlLOINjTTnLYTSbEIOG0Fo5uJ33qgUrE4utfjhHYFHkQsZARrK/XKFeMHIZI9L0NX6MQPJSbGF2lmhJWMLwWSmU25VXcKtEi8nFQgR71X/vL7MUkFjTThWKmO5ya6a7DUjHCalfxU0QSTER7QjqURFlR1zfSYDB1ZpY/CWNoXaTRVf08YLJQai8AmBdZDNe9NxP+8TqrDy65hUZJqGpHZojDlSMdo0gzqM0mJ5mNLMJHM/hWRIbaFaNtfyZbgzZ+8SJqnVe+86t6dVWrXeR1FOIBDOAYPLqAGt1CHBhB4hGd4hTfnyXlx3p2PWbTg5DP78AfO5w/S9Jrd</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="5tUWIuBdUh7UHVHdfPYHhZ/sRfA=">AAACC3icbVDLSgMxFM34rPU16tJNaBFclZmi6EYounFZwT6gM5RMmmlDk8yQZIQSZu/GX3HjQhG3/oA7/8a0nYW2HrhwOOde7r0nShlV2vO+nZXVtfWNzdJWeXtnd2/fPThsqySTmLRwwhLZjZAijArS0lQz0k0lQTxipBONb6Z+54FIRRNxrycpCTkaChpTjLSV+m7FBFEMZb+ewysYxBJhE/AsN9wqJpAcyrzvVr2aNwNcJn5BqqBAs+9+BYMEZ5wIjRlSqud7qQ4NkppiRvJykCmSIjxGQ9KzVCBOVGhmv+TwxCoDGCfSltBwpv6eMIgrNeGR7eRIj9SiNxX/83qZji9DQ0WaaSLwfFGcMagTOA0GDqgkWLOJJQhLam+FeIRsINrGV7Yh+IsvL5N2veaf17y7s2rjuoijBI5BBZwCH1yABrgFTdACGDyCZ/AK3pwn58V5dz7mrStOMXME/sD5/AFlDJqo</latexit>

R= =0 r1 = r r2 = r
m1 + m2 m1 m2
Assuming orbital plane perpendicular to the observer’s line of sight, and considering only
the lengths of r1 and r2:
<latexit sha1_base64="mav8B2KSDMTMMPvrGVeChs7lOmI=">AAACHHicbZDLSgMxFIYz9VbrbdSlm2ARXJWZquhGKLpxWcFeoB2GTJppQ5PMkGSEMsyDuPFV3LhQxI0Lwbcx0w6orQdy+POdc0jOH8SMKu04X1ZpaXllda28XtnY3NresXf32ipKJCYtHLFIdgOkCKOCtDTVjHRjSRAPGOkE4+u83rknUtFI3OlJTDyOhoKGFCNtkG+f9EOJcMp9NzOpnsFLOCPSXExyfwjKCTLEt6tOzZkGXBRuIaqgiKZvf/QHEU44ERozpFTPdWLtpUhqihnJKv1EkRjhMRqSnpECcaK8dLpcBo8MGcAwkuYIDaf090SKuFITHphOjvRIzddy+F+tl+jwwkupiBNNBJ49FCYM6gjmTsEBlQRrNjECYUnNXyEeIeOENn5WjAnu/MqLol2vuWc15/a02rgq7CiDA3AIjoELzkED3IAmaAEMHsATeAGv1qP1bL1Z77PWklXM7IM/YX1+A+uBoUI=</latexit>

m1 r2 a2
= = With a1 and a2 semi-major axis of the ellipses
m2 r1 a1
a1
<latexit sha1_base64="YZKonHYFlurP2mRn9zxbUW/LR5A=">AAAB/3icbZDLSsNAFIYn9VbrLSq4cRMsgquSiKIboejGZQV7gSaEk8mkHTqZhJmJUGIWvoobF4q49TXc+TZO2yy09YeBj/+cwznzBymjUtn2t1FZWl5ZXauu1zY2t7Z3zN29jkwygUkbJywRvQAkYZSTtqKKkV4qCMQBI91gdDOpdx+IkDTh92qcEi+GAacRxaC05ZsHLrB0CL5z5UYCcK6pyMPCN+t2w57KWgSnhDoq1fLNLzdMcBYTrjADKfuOnSovB6EoZqSouZkkKeARDEhfI4eYSC+f3l9Yx9oJrSgR+nFlTd3fEznEUo7jQHfGoIZyvjYx/6v1MxVdejnlaaYIx7NFUcYslViTMKyQCoIVG2sALKi+1cJD0DkoHVlNh+DMf3kROqcN57xh353Vm9dlHFV0iI7QCXLQBWqiW9RCbYTRI3pGr+jNeDJejHfjY9ZaMcqZffRHxucPzT+V9w==</latexit>

a2
<latexit sha1_base64="s8NLbO6+e11NnNAhEtQYcAwoFWI=">AAAB/3icbZDLSsNAFIZPvNZ6iwpu3AwWwVVJiqIboejGZQV7gSaEyWTSDp1cmJkIJWbhq7hxoYhbX8Odb+O0zUJbfxj4+M85nDO/n3ImlWV9G0vLK6tr65WN6ubW9s6uubffkUkmCG2ThCei52NJOYtpWzHFaS8VFEc+p11/dDOpdx+okCyJ79U4pW6EBzELGcFKW5556GCeDrHXuHJCgUmuqciDwjNrVt2aCi2CXUINSrU888sJEpJFNFaEYyn7tpUqN8dCMcJpUXUySVNMRnhA+xpjHFHp5tP7C3SinQCFidAvVmjq/p7IcSTlOPJ1Z4TVUM7XJuZ/tX6mwks3Z3GaKRqT2aIw40glaBIGCpigRPGxBkwE07ciMsQ6B6Ujq+oQ7PkvL0KnUbfP69bdWa15XcZRgSM4hlOw4QKacAstaAOBR3iGV3gznowX4934mLUuGeXMAfyR8fkD0FmV+Q==</latexit>

The angle (in radians) subtended by a1 and a2 are: ↵1 = ↵2 =

d d
VISUAL BINARIES:
From orbital data —> orientation of the orbits and center of mass can be determined —> ratio of
m1 and m2
From distance —> linear separation of the stars can be determined —> individual masses

Consider two stars in orbit about center of mass.

From definition of center of mass, and adopting the center of mass reference system:

m1 r1 + m2r2 µ µ
<latexit sha1_base64="NdiZTCjEeZN1FTfMC1cS3Y98ve8=">AAACJXicbVDNS8MwHE3n15xfVY9egkMQhNEORQ8KQy8ep7gPWEtJs3QLS9qSpMIo/We8+K948eAQwZP/illXQTcfBF7e+z2S3/NjRqWyrE+jtLS8srpWXq9sbG5t75i7e20ZJQKTFo5YJLo+koTRkLQUVYx0Y0EQ9xnp+KObqd95JELSKHxQ45i4HA1CGlCMlJY88zJ1/ADeZ/AKOoFAOOWeDXNNeHYGTyCv/1zrWZa7WtNcByzPrFo1KwdcJHZBqqBA0zMnTj/CCSehwgxJ2bOtWLkpEopiRrKKk0gSIzxCA9LTNEScSDfNt8zgkVb6MIiEPqGCufo7kSIu5Zj7epIjNZTz3lT8z+slKrhwUxrGiSIhnj0UJAyqCE4rg30qCFZsrAnCguq/QjxEuiyli63oEuz5lRdJu16zz2rW3Wm1cV3UUQYH4BAcAxucgwa4BU3QAhg8gRfwBibGs/FqvBsfs9GSUWT2wR8YX9/79qHR</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="y5+2d94/2c584w4Lcz3QepOe/ak=">AAACDHicbVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgxjIjim6EohuXFewDOqVk0kwbmswMSUYoYT7Ajb/ixoUibv0Ad/6NaTsLbT0QOJxzLjf3BAlnSrvut1NYWl5ZXSuulzY2t7Z3yrt7TRWnktAGiXks2wFWlLOINjTTnLYTSbEIOG0Fo5uJ33qgUrE4utfjhHYFHkQsZARrK/XKFeMHIZI9L0NX6MQPJSbGF2lmhJWMLwWSmU25VXcKtEi8nFQgR71X/vL7MUkFjTThWKmO5ya6a7DUjHCalfxU0QSTER7QjqURFlR1zfSYDB1ZpY/CWNoXaTRVf08YLJQai8AmBdZDNe9NxP+8TqrDy65hUZJqGpHZojDlSMdo0gzqM0mJ5mNLMJHM/hWRIbaFaNtfyZbgzZ+8SJqnVe+86t6dVWrXeR1FOIBDOAYPLqAGt1CHBhB4hGd4hTfnyXlx3p2PWbTg5DP78AfO5w/S9Jrd</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="5tUWIuBdUh7UHVHdfPYHhZ/sRfA=">AAACC3icbVDLSgMxFM34rPU16tJNaBFclZmi6EYounFZwT6gM5RMmmlDk8yQZIQSZu/GX3HjQhG3/oA7/8a0nYW2HrhwOOde7r0nShlV2vO+nZXVtfWNzdJWeXtnd2/fPThsqySTmLRwwhLZjZAijArS0lQz0k0lQTxipBONb6Z+54FIRRNxrycpCTkaChpTjLSV+m7FBFEMZb+ewysYxBJhE/AsN9wqJpAcyrzvVr2aNwNcJn5BqqBAs+9+BYMEZ5wIjRlSqud7qQ4NkppiRvJykCmSIjxGQ9KzVCBOVGhmv+TwxCoDGCfSltBwpv6eMIgrNeGR7eRIj9SiNxX/83qZji9DQ0WaaSLwfFGcMagTOA0GDqgkWLOJJQhLam+FeIRsINrGV7Yh+IsvL5N2veaf17y7s2rjuoijBI5BBZwCH1yABrgFTdACGDyCZ/AK3pwn58V5dz7mrStOMXME/sD5/AFlDJqo</latexit>

R= =0 r1 = r r2 = r
m1 + m2 m1 m2
Assuming orbital plane perpendicular to the observer’s line of sight, and considering only
the lengths of r1 and r2:
<latexit sha1_base64="mav8B2KSDMTMMPvrGVeChs7lOmI=">AAACHHicbZDLSgMxFIYz9VbrbdSlm2ARXJWZquhGKLpxWcFeoB2GTJppQ5PMkGSEMsyDuPFV3LhQxI0Lwbcx0w6orQdy+POdc0jOH8SMKu04X1ZpaXllda28XtnY3NresXf32ipKJCYtHLFIdgOkCKOCtDTVjHRjSRAPGOkE4+u83rknUtFI3OlJTDyOhoKGFCNtkG+f9EOJcMp9NzOpnsFLOCPSXExyfwjKCTLEt6tOzZkGXBRuIaqgiKZvf/QHEU44ERozpFTPdWLtpUhqihnJKv1EkRjhMRqSnpECcaK8dLpcBo8MGcAwkuYIDaf090SKuFITHphOjvRIzddy+F+tl+jwwkupiBNNBJ49FCYM6gjmTsEBlQRrNjECYUnNXyEeIeOENn5WjAnu/MqLol2vuWc15/a02rgq7CiDA3AIjoELzkED3IAmaAEMHsATeAGv1qP1bL1Z77PWklXM7IM/YX1+A+uBoUI=</latexit>

m1 r2 a2
= = With a1 and a2 semi-major axis of the ellipses
m2 r1 a1
a1
<latexit sha1_base64="YZKonHYFlurP2mRn9zxbUW/LR5A=">AAAB/3icbZDLSsNAFIYn9VbrLSq4cRMsgquSiKIboejGZQV7gSaEk8mkHTqZhJmJUGIWvoobF4q49TXc+TZO2yy09YeBj/+cwznzBymjUtn2t1FZWl5ZXauu1zY2t7Z3zN29jkwygUkbJywRvQAkYZSTtqKKkV4qCMQBI91gdDOpdx+IkDTh92qcEi+GAacRxaC05ZsHLrB0CL5z5UYCcK6pyMPCN+t2w57KWgSnhDoq1fLNLzdMcBYTrjADKfuOnSovB6EoZqSouZkkKeARDEhfI4eYSC+f3l9Yx9oJrSgR+nFlTd3fEznEUo7jQHfGoIZyvjYx/6v1MxVdejnlaaYIx7NFUcYslViTMKyQCoIVG2sALKi+1cJD0DkoHVlNh+DMf3kROqcN57xh353Vm9dlHFV0iI7QCXLQBWqiW9RCbYTRI3pGr+jNeDJejHfjY9ZaMcqZffRHxucPzT+V9w==</latexit>

a2
<latexit sha1_base64="s8NLbO6+e11NnNAhEtQYcAwoFWI=">AAAB/3icbZDLSsNAFIZPvNZ6iwpu3AwWwVVJiqIboejGZQV7gSaEyWTSDp1cmJkIJWbhq7hxoYhbX8Odb+O0zUJbfxj4+M85nDO/n3ImlWV9G0vLK6tr65WN6ubW9s6uubffkUkmCG2ThCei52NJOYtpWzHFaS8VFEc+p11/dDOpdx+okCyJ79U4pW6EBzELGcFKW5556GCeDrHXuHJCgUmuqciDwjNrVt2aCi2CXUINSrU888sJEpJFNFaEYyn7tpUqN8dCMcJpUXUySVNMRnhA+xpjHFHp5tP7C3SinQCFidAvVmjq/p7IcSTlOPJ1Z4TVUM7XJuZ/tX6mwks3Z3GaKRqT2aIw40glaBIGCpigRPGxBkwE07ciMsQ6B6Ujq+oQ7PkvL0KnUbfP69bdWa15XcZRgSM4hlOw4QKacAstaAOBR3iGV3gznowX4934mLUuGeXMAfyR8fkD0FmV+Q==</latexit>

The angle (in radians) subtended by a1 and a2 are: ↵1 = ↵2 =

d d
<latexit sha1_base64="B6P1lWJJNX/tTeJ3HI8X9w7IgcQ=">AAACFHicbZBNS8MwGMfT+TbnW9Wjl+AQBGG0Q9GLMPTicYJ7gbWUNEu3sCQtSSqM0g/hxa/ixYMiXj1489uYbRV084GEH///85A8/zBhVGnH+bJKS8srq2vl9crG5tb2jr2711ZxKjFp4ZjFshsiRRgVpKWpZqSbSIJ4yEgnHF1P/M49kYrG4k6PE+JzNBA0ohhpIwX2iRdJhDMeuLm56jm8hDPFQywZIqP8kJsHdtWpOdOCi+AWUAVFNQP70+vHOOVEaMyQUj3XSbSfIakpZiSveKkiCcIjNCA9gwJxovxsulQOj4zSh1EszREaTtXfExniSo15aDo50kM1703E/7xeqqMLP6MiSTURePZQlDKoYzhJCPapJFizsQGEJTV/hXiITCba5FgxIbjzKy9Cu15zz2rO7Wm1cVXEUQYH4BAcAxecgwa4AU3QAhg8gCfwAl6tR+vZerPeZ60lq5jZB3/K+vgGmSOeig==</latexit>

m1 ↵2 With angles here can also be in arcsec.

= Mass ratio can be determined even if
m2 ↵1 the distance d is not known
From revised Kepler’s 3rd law:
From revised Kepler’s 3rd law:

Known d, the distance, (m1+m2)is combined with (m1/m2)

to determine each mass separately:
From revised Kepler’s 3rd law:

Known d, the distance, (m1+m2)is combined with (m1/m2)

to determine each mass separately:

This is complicated by:

1. The proper motion of the center of mass, which moves at a constant velocity
2. The system may not be perpendicular to the line of sight
Let “i” be the angle of inclination between the plane of
an orbit and the plane of the sky. The observer will now
measure:
Let “i” be the angle of inclination between the plane of
an orbit and the plane of the sky. The observer will now
measure:
Let “i” be the angle of inclination between the plane of
an orbit and the plane of the sky. The observer will now
measure:

Since:
Let “i” be the angle of inclination between the plane of
an orbit and the plane of the sky. The observer will now
measure:

Since:

NOTE: we need to
know the inclination “i”
NOTE: Because of the inclination, the observed ellipse will have a different eccentricity. The
center of mass will not be located at one of the foci of the projection. The geometry of the true
ellipse may be determined by comparing the observed stellar positions with mathematical
projections of various ellipses onto the plane of the sky.

If the distance is not known of the visual binary system, but detailed radial velocities are, the
projection of the velocity vectors onto the line of sight, combined with info about the stars’
positions and the orientation of their orbits, provide a way for determining the semi-major axis
of the ellipses. Consequently, the stellar masses of the individual members can be determined.
ECLIPSING, SPECTROSCOPIC BINARIES:
Consider a spectroscopic binary star system for which the spectra of both stars are seen
(double-line, spectroscopic binary).

v1 = velocity of star m1 at some instant

v2 = velocity of star m2 at some instant
Observed radial velocities cannot exceed: max(v1r)=v1 sin(i), max(v2r)=v2 sin(i)
[if i=0 —> v1r=v2r=0]
ECLIPSING, SPECTROSCOPIC BINARIES:
Consider a spectroscopic binary star system for which the spectra of both stars are seen
(double-line, spectroscopic binary).

v1 = velocity of star m1 at some instant

v2 = velocity of star m2 at some instant
Observed radial velocities cannot exceed: max(v1r)=v1 sin(i), max(v2r)=v2 sin(i)
[if i=0 —> v1r=v2r=0]

For circular orbits: v1=constant, v2=constant

Changing the inclination does not

change the shape of the velocity
curves (sinusoidal), it only changes
the amplitudes by a factor of sin(i).
ECLIPSING, SPECTROSCOPIC BINARIES:
Consider a spectroscopic binary star system for which the spectra of both stars are seen
(double-line, spectroscopic binary).

v1 = velocity of star m1 at some instant

v2 = velocity of star m2 at some instant
Observed radial velocities cannot exceed: max(v1r)=v1 sin(i), max(v2r)=v2 sin(i)
[if i=0 —> v1r=v2r=0]

For circular orbits: v1=constant, v2=constant

Changing the inclination does not

change the shape of the velocity
curves (sinusoidal), it only changes
the amplitudes by a factor of sin(i).

For non-circular orbits (e>0):

The observed velocity curves are

skewed; but in reality, many
spectroscopic binaries have nearly
circular orbits (due to tidal
interactions between the two stars)
Assuming e<<<1:
Assuming e<<<1:
Assuming e<<<1:
Assuming e<<<1:

Using it into Kepler’s equation:

Assuming e<<<1:

Using it into Kepler’s equation:

i.e., the sums of the masses can be obtained only

if v1r and v2r are measurable (i.e., double-line)
IF single-line spectroscopic binary, i.e., only v1r is observable then
IF single-line spectroscopic binary, i.e., only v1r is observable then
IF single-line spectroscopic binary, i.e., only v1r is observable then

Useful for statistical studies or if an estimate of

the mass of at least one component is already
known by some indirect mean.
IF single-line spectroscopic binary, i.e., only v1r is observable then

Useful for statistical studies or if an estimate of

Mass function (all
the mass of at least one component is already
observable quantities)
known by some indirect mean.

If either m1 or sin(i) is unknown, then the mass function sets a lower limit on m2
IF single-line spectroscopic binary, i.e., only v1r is observable then

Useful for statistical studies or if an estimate of

Mass function (all
the mass of at least one component is already
observable quantities)
known by some indirect mean.

If either m1 or sin(i) is unknown, then the mass function sets a lower limit on m2

Without i, it is impossible to get exact values of m1 and m2. Since stars can be grouped
according to their effective temperatures and luminosities (HR diagram), and assuming the
existence of a relationship between these quantities and mass, then a statistical estimate of
mass for each class may be found using an appropriate averaged value of sin3(i).
IF single-line spectroscopic binary, i.e., only v1r is observable then

Useful for statistical studies or if an estimate of

Mass function (all
the mass of at least one component is already
observable quantities)
known by some indirect mean.

If either m1 or sin(i) is unknown, then the mass function sets a lower limit on m2

Without i, it is impossible to get exact values of m1 and m2. Since stars can be grouped
according to their effective temperatures and luminosities (HR diagram), and assuming the
existence of a relationship between these quantities and mass, then a statistical estimate of
mass for each class may be found using an appropriate averaged value of sin3(i).
IF single-line spectroscopic binary, i.e., only v1r is observable then

Useful for statistical studies or if an estimate of

Mass function (all
the mass of at least one component is already
observable quantities)
known by some indirect mean.

If either m1 or sin(i) is unknown, then the mass function sets a lower limit on m2

Without i, it is impossible to get exact values of m1 and m2. Since stars can be grouped
according to their effective temperatures and luminosities (HR diagram), and assuming the
existence of a relationship between these quantities and mass, then a statistical estimate of
mass for each class may be found using an appropriate averaged value of sin3(i).

But accounting for systematic/selection effects as

i>0 for a spectroscopic binary: 3
<latexit sha1_base64="qd1BHdYBK8A3jjDLucD7sFIeudk=">AAAB/3icbVDLSgMxFM34rPU1KrhxEyyCqzrTKroQKbpxWcE+oDOWTJppQzPJkGTEMnbhr7hxoYhbf8Odf2PazkJbD1w4nHMv994TxIwq7Tjf1tz8wuLScm4lv7q2vrFpb23XlUgkJjUsmJDNACnCKCc1TTUjzVgSFAWMNIL+1chv3BOpqOC3ehATP0JdTkOKkTZS29499xTld+WUDi88FMdSPMDSUbltF5yiMwacJW5GCiBDtW1/eR2Bk4hwjRlSquU6sfZTJDXFjAzzXqJIjHAfdUnLUI4iovx0fP8QHhilA0MhTXENx+rviRRFSg2iwHRGSPfUtDcS//NaiQ7P/JTyONGE48miMGFQCzgKA3aoJFizgSEIS2puhbiHJMLaRJY3IbjTL8+SeqnonhSdm+NC5TKLIwf2wD44BC44BRVwDaqgBjB4BM/gFbxZT9aL9W59TFrnrGxmB/yB9fkDwmSVRw==</latexit>

< sin i >⇡ 2/3

 Mass-Luminosity relation

<latexit sha1_base64="woAR8Re6mI3RdDtvsH32DW3hzzE=">AAACBXicbVC7SgNBFJ2NrxhfUUstBoNgFXZF0UYI2lgoRDAPSNYwO5lNhszMLjN3hbDEwsZfsbFQxNZ/sPNvnDwKTTxw4XDOvdx7TxALbsB1v53M3PzC4lJ2Obeyura+kd/cqpoo0ZRVaCQiXQ+IYYIrVgEOgtVjzYgMBKsFvYuhX7tn2vBI3UI/Zr4kHcVDTglYqZXfTZta4it8hmmkDBAFD9d3aTNgQAaDVr7gFt0R8CzxJqSAJii38l/NdkQTyRRQQYxpeG4Mfko0cCrYINdMDIsJ7ZEOa1iqiGTGT0dfDPC+Vdo4jLQtBXik/p5IiTSmLwPbKQl0zbQ3FP/zGgmEp37KVZwAU3S8KEwEhggPI8FtrhkF0beEUM3trZh2iSYUbHA5G4I3/fIsqR4WveOie3NUKJ1P4siiHbSHDpCHTlAJXaIyqiCKHtEzekVvzpPz4rw7H+PWjDOZ2UZ/4Hz+ADJVmGY=</latexit>

L = constant M 2 (3.5, 4) for main sequence stars

<latexit sha1_base64="Xs4oxnRzof1Yac9uOlNqbNhteXw=">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</latexit>

(this law is violated by white dwarfs, giants, etc… )

ECLIPSING BINARIES to determine radii and ratios of temperatures: if the smaller star is
completely eclipsed by the larger one, a nearly constant minimum will occur
ECLIPSING BINARIES to determine radii and ratios of temperatures: if the smaller star is
completely eclipsed by the larger one, a nearly constant minimum will occur

The dip in the light curve is deeper when the hotter star is behind its companion, from the
Stefan-Boltzmann law and from the fact that the same total cross-sectional area is eclipsed.

[erg s-1 cm-2]

When both stars are visible:
When both stars are visible:

If the smaller star is also the hotter, when the hotter star is entirely eclipsed:
When both stars are visible:

If the smaller star is also the hotter, when the hotter star is entirely eclipsed:

When the cooler star is behind:

Area of larger star that is

eclipsed by the smaller star
i.e., from the measurements of the light curve of the system,
one can determine the ratio of temperatures of the two stars
i.e., from the measurements of the light curve of the system,
one can determine the ratio of temperatures of the two stars

From it, we can measure R once Teff and L

are measured from independent techniques.
 i.e., from the measurements of the light curve of the system,
one can determine the ratio of temperatures of the two stars

From it, we can measure R once Teff and L

are measured from independent techniques.

MEASURABLES: L, Tsurface, R, M
spectral features —> chemical composition at the stellar surface

==> theory of stellar structure and stellar evolution

Binary Systems and Stellar Parameters

Reading assignment:
THURSDAY 10/1: Chapters 8.1(quite long)

Homework Assignment #2
Due by TUESDAY 10/6