CHEM302 Lecture 2

January 10, 2024

Measures of atmospheric composition

Mixing ratio
Number density
Atmospheric column

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 Mixing Ratio C[X]
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unit

Number of molecules of X
CC
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[X]
X =
Total number of molecules of air

Number of moles of X
= mol/mol
Total number of moles of air

Volume of X
= vol/vol
Total volume of air

Weight of X
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kg/kg
Total weight of air
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Question: Can we use the weight of X to the total weight of air as the mixing ratio?

A: Yes

B: No

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 -6 -6 (mol/mol)
ncentration is 365 ppmv concentration
(365x10 mol/mol). is 365 ppmv (365x10 mol/mol).
Mixing Ratios of Gases in
Nitrogen Dry
(N ) Air 0.78
Table 1-1 Mixing ratios of gases in dry air
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Table 1-1 Mixing ratios of gases in dry air
Oxygen (O2) 0.21
Mixing ratio Mixing ratio
Gas Gas
(mol/mol) Argon (Ar) (mol/mol)
0.0093
Nitrogen (N2) 0.78 Nitrogen (N2) (CO2) 421
Carbon dioxide 0.78
365x10 -6

Oxygen (O2) 0.21 Oxygen (O2)

Neon (Ne) 0.21
18x10-6

Argon (Ar) 0.0093 Argon

Ozone (Ar)
(O3) 0.0093
0.01-10x10 -6

Carbon dioxide (CO2) 365x10 -6 Carbon dioxide

Helium (He) (CO2 ) 365x10 -6
-6
5.2x10
Neon (Ne) 18x10 -6 Neon (Ne)
Methane (CH4) 18x10-6
-6
1.7x10
Ozone (O3) 0.01-10x10 -6 Ozone (O )
Krypton (Kr)
3 0.01-10x10
-6 -6
1.1x10
Helium (He) 5.2x10 -6 Helium (He)
Hydrogen (H2) 5.2x10-6
-9
500x10
Methane (CH4) 1.7x10 -6 Methane (CH4(N
Nitrous oxide ) O) 1.7x10 -6
-9
2 320x10
Krypton (Kr) 1.1x10 -6 Krypton (Kr) 1.1x10 -6
4
-9
 Parts-per Notation

10-6 ppm (parts-per-million) μ micro

10-9 ppb (parts-per-billion) n nano
10-12 ppt (parts-per-trillion) p pico
10-15 ppq (parts-per-quadrillion) f femto
10-18 parts-per-quintillion a atto

ppmv (parts-per-million by volume)

ppbv (parts-per-billion by volume)

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Exercise : What is the molecular weight of dry air?

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 Periodic Table

Atomic Weight

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Question: What is the atomic weight of Cl?

A: 17

B: 34

C: 35.453

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Question: What is the molecular weight of N2?

A: 7

B: 14

C: 14.007

D: 28.014

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Exercise: In surface air over the tropical oceans the mixing ratio of water vapor can
be as high as 0.03 mol/mol. What is the molecular weight of this moist air?

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 Number Density nX
unit
Number of molecules of X 3 3
nX =
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m molecules m
Unit volume of air or
3 3
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cm molecules cm

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 Atmospheric Pressure
Pressure P: Force (F) acts on a given area (A) F
P =
A
2
unit Nm = Pa

Atmospheric pressure : The force per unit area exerted on a surface by the weight
of air above that surface in the atmosphere of Earth.

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 Atmospheric Column
Total number of molecules of X above A
Atmospheric column =
Unit area A of Earth

unit
2 2
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m molecules m
or
2 2
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cm molecules cm

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 Ideal Gas Law
P V = N RT
P : pressure [Pa = Nm-2] N : mole [mol] 1
R = 8.31 J mol K 1

V : volume [m3] T : temperature [K] : gas constant

n
P = RT = nkB T
Av
N Av 3
n= : Number density [molecules m ]
V
23 : Avogadro’s number
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Av = 6.022 ⇥ 10

R 23 1
kB = = 1.381 ⇥ 10 [JK ] : Boltzmann constant
Av
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 Boyle’s Gas Law
The volume of a fixed quantity of gas maintained at constant
temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure.
P1 V 1 = P2 V 2

Charles’ Gas Law

The volume of a fixed amount of gas maintained at constant
pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
V1 V2
=
T1 T2

Ideal Gas Law

P V = N RT 15
Exercise : Calculate the number densities of air and CO2 at sea level for
◦
P = 1013 hPa, T = 0 C.

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