Apologies for the confusion!

Let's break down every single subtopic from the syllabus, with detailed explanations for all chapters. I will ensure
that every subtopic is included for a complete last-minute revision.

Unit I: Electrostatics (26 Periods)

Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields

Electric Charges: A property of matter that causes it to experience a force in an electric and magnetic field. There are two types: positive
and negative. Like charges repel, and unlike charges attract.
Conservation of Charge: Charge cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one body to another.
Coulomb’s Law: Describes the force between two point charges. The force is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Force Between Multiple Charges: The net force on a charge due to multiple other charges is calculated by applying the superposition
principle (vector sum of individual forces).
Superposition Principle: The net force or field due to multiple sources is the vector sum of the forces or fields due to each source separately.
Electric Field: The space around a charged body where it exerts a force on other charges. It is defined as the force per unit charge at any
point.
Electric Field Due to a Point Charge: The electric field produced by a point charge is radially outward for positive charges and radially inward
for negative charges.
Electric Field Lines: Imaginary lines used to represent the direction of the electric field. They originate from positive charges and end at
negative charges.
Electric Dipole: A pair of equal and opposite charges separated by a small distance. It creates an electric field that is different from a single
charge.
Torque on a Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field: When placed in a uniform electric field, a dipole experiences a torque that tends to align it
with the field.
Electric Flux: The product of the electric field and the area through which it passes. It is a measure of the number of field lines passing
through a surface.
Gauss’s Law: States that the electric flux through a closed surface is proportional to the enclosed charge. This law helps in calculating fields
 for symmetric charge distributions.
Applications of Gauss’s Law
:
Infinitely Long Straight Wire: To find the electric field due to an infinitely long wire using symmetry.
Uniformly Charged Infinite Plane Sheet: To find the electric field near such a sheet.
Spherical Shell: To calculate the field inside and outside a spherical shell of charge.

Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Electric Potential: The work done per unit charge in bringing a test charge from infinity to a point in the electric field.
Potential Difference: The difference in electric potential between two points.
Electric Potential Due to Point Charge: The potential at a point in the electric field of a point charge is given by V=14πε0 QrV= \frac{1}{4\pi
\varepsilon_0} \cdot \frac{Q}{r}.
Electric Potential Due to Dipole: The potential due to an electric dipole varies depending on the orientation and distance from the dipole.
Equipotential Surfaces: Surfaces where the potential is constant. No work is done in moving a charge along an equipotential surface.
Electrical Potential Energy of a System of Two-Point Charges: The potential energy is calculated based on the interaction of the charges,
considering their distance apart.
Electric Dipole in an Electrostatic Field: The potential energy of a dipole in an external electric field depends on the angle between the dipole
moment and the electric field.
Conductors and Insulators: Conductors allow free movement of charge, while insulators resist this movement. In conductors, charges reside
on the surface, while in insulators, charges do not move freely.
Dielectrics and Electric Polarization: Dielectric materials get polarized when placed in an electric field. This polarization reduces the
effective field inside the material.
Capacitors and Capacitance: A capacitor is a device used to store charge. The capacitance is defined as the ratio of charge stored to the
potential difference across the plates.
Combination of Capacitors
: Capacitors can be combined in series or parallel to achieve desired capacitance.
Series: 1Ceq=∑1Ci\frac{1}{C_{\text{eq}}} = \sum \frac{1}{C_i}.
Parallel: Ceq=∑CiC_{\text{eq}} = \sum C_i.
 Capacitance of Parallel Plate Capacitor: The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is given by C=ε0AdC = \frac{\varepsilon_0 A}{d},
where AA is the area of the plates and dd is the distance between them.
Energy Stored in a Capacitor: The energy stored in a capacitor is given by U=12CV2U = \frac{1}{2} C V^2.

Unit II: Current Electricity (18 Periods)

Chapter 3: Current Electricity

Electric Current: The rate of flow of charge. It is measured in amperes (A).
Flow of Electric Charges in a Conductor: In metallic conductors, current is carried by free electrons that move in response to an electric field.
Drift Velocity and Mobility: Drift velocity is the average velocity of electrons under the influence of an electric field. Mobility relates the drift
velocity to the applied electric field.
Ohm’s Law: States that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it and inversely proportional to its
resistance, V=IRV = IR.
V-I Characteristics
: Describes how current varies with voltage for different materials.
Linear: Ohmic conductors obey Ohm's law.
Non-Linear: Diodes and other devices do not follow Ohm’s law.

Electrical Energy and Power: Energy consumed by a resistor is E=I2RtE = I^2 Rt, and power is P=VIP = VI.
Resistivity and Conductivity: Resistivity is the inherent property of a material that resists the flow of current. Conductivity is the inverse of
resistivity.
Temperature Dependence of Resistance: Resistance increases with temperature for most materials, especially metals, because of
increased vibrations in the lattice.
Internal Resistance of a Cell: The resistance within a cell affects the voltage supplied to an external circuit.
Potential Difference and EMF of a Cell: Potential difference is the energy per charge available for use in the circuit, while EMF (electromotive
force) is the total energy per charge produced by the source.
Combination of Cells in Series and Parallel: Cells can be combined to increase the total EMF (series) or to increase the available current
 (parallel).
Kirchhoff’s Rules
:
KCL (Current Law): The total current entering a junction is equal to the total current leaving it.
KVL (Voltage Law): The sum of all potential differences around a closed loop is zero.

Wheatstone Bridge: A circuit used to precisely measure unknown resistances by balancing two legs of a bridge.

Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism (25 Periods)

Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism

Magnetic Field: A field that exerts a force on moving charges and magnetic dipoles. It is produced by moving charges (current).
Oersted’s Experiment: Demonstrated that electric current produces a magnetic field.
Biot-Savart Law: Describes the magnetic field produced by a small segment of current-carrying wire. It is used to calculate the magnetic
field at a point due to a current-carrying wire.
Ampere’s Law: States that the magnetic field around a closed loop is proportional to the total current passing through the loop.
Force on a Moving Charge in Magnetic Field: A moving charge experiences a force perpendicular to both its velocity and the magnetic field.
Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field: A current-carrying conductor experiences a force when placed in a magnetic
field. The magnitude is given by F=ILBsin θF= I L B \sin \theta.
Torque on a Current Loop in a Magnetic Field: A current loop placed in a magnetic field experiences a torque that tries to align the loop with
the field.
Moving Coil Galvanometer: A device to measure small currents. It consists of a coil suspended in a magnetic field, and the current causes
the coil to rotate.

Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter

 Magnetic Dipole Moment: The property of a magnet or current loop that characterizes its ability to interact with an external magnetic field.
Bar Magnet as an Equivalent Solenoid: A bar magnet can be modeled as a solenoid with a current loop at the ends, creating a magnetic
field.
Magnetic Field Intensity Due to a Magnetic Dipole: The magnetic field created by a dipole is strongest along the axis of the dipole and
weaker perpendicular to it.
Magnetization and Magnetic Properties of Materials
: Materials respond differently to magnetic fields.
Paramagnetic: Weakly attracted to magnetic fields.
Diamagnetic: Weakly repelled by magnetic fields.
Ferromagnetic: Strongly attracted to magnetic fields and can be permanently magnetized.

Effect of Temperature on Magnetic Properties: Ferromagnetic materials lose their magnetism above a certain temperature called the Curie
temperature.

Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents (24 Periods)

Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday’s Laws of Induction: The induced electromotive force (EMF) is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
Lenz’s Law: States that the direction of the induced current will oppose the change in magnetic flux that caused it.
Self-Induction: The induction of an EMF in a coil due to its own changing magnetic field.
Mutual Induction: The induction of EMF in one coil due to the changing magnetic field of another coil.

Chapter 7: Alternating Current

AC (Alternating Current): A current that periodically reverses direction. It is described by its peak value, RMS value, frequency, and phase.
Peak and RMS Value: RMS (Root Mean Square) value is a measure of the effective value of AC, equivalent to DC for power calculations.
 Impedance: Total opposition to current in an AC circuit, combining resistance and reactance.
LCR Circuit: A circuit consisting of an inductor (L), capacitor (C), and resistor (R), where resonance occurs when the inductive and capacitive
reactances cancel out.
AC Generator: Converts mechanical energy to electrical energy by rotating a coil in a magnetic field.
Transformer: A device used to change the voltage of alternating current, based on electromagnetic induction.

Here is the combined and condensed version of the last two responses, formatted to fit into a compact space:

Unit V: Electromagnetic Waves (04 Periods)

Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves

Displacement Current: A term introduced by Maxwell to extend Ampere's Law to include time-varying electric fields. It is proportional to the
rate of change of electric field.
Electromagnetic Waves: Waves that propagate through space consisting of electric and magnetic fields oscillating perpendicular to each
other and to the direction of wave propagation. They travel at the speed of light in a vacuum.
Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves: Transverse waves with oscillating electric and magnetic fields, capable of traveling through
vacuum or material media.
Electromagnetic Spectrum: Range of waves including radio waves (communication), microwaves (radar), infrared (thermal imaging), visible
light, ultraviolet (sunburn), X-rays (medical imaging), and gamma rays (cancer treatment).
Uses of Electromagnetic Waves: Applications in communication, medicine, and daily life.

Unit VI: Optics (30 Periods)

Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Reflection of Light: Bouncing of light from a reflective surface, with the angle of incidence equal to the angle of reflection.
Spherical Mirrors: Curved mirrors like concave and convex used for focusing or spreading light.
Mirror Formula: Relates object distance, image distance, and focal length: 1f=1v+1u\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} + \frac{1}{u}.
Refraction of Light: Bending of light passing between media, governed by Snell’s Law.
Total Internal Reflection: Occurs when light moves from denser to rarer medium, angle of incidence exceeds critical angle. Basis for optical
fibers.
Optical Fibers: Thin strands of glass/plastic used in communication and medical instruments, relying on total internal reflection.
Thin Lens Formula: Relates object distance, image distance, and focal length of a lens: 1f=1v+1u\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} + \frac{1}{u}.
Lens Maker’s Formula: Relates focal length of lens to refractive index and radii of curvature.
Magnification: Ratio of image size to object size, positive/negative based on lens/mirror type.
Power of a Lens: Reciprocal of focal length (in meters), measured in diopters (D).
Combination of Lenses in Contact: Effective focal length is the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of individual focal lengths.
Refraction of Light Through a Prism: Light bends as it passes through a prism, producing a pattern of colors based on angles of incidence
and refractive index.

Optical Instruments
Microscope: Magnifies small objects using lenses.
Astronomical Telescopes: Used for observing distant objects in space. Reflecting telescopes use mirrors, refracting ones use lenses.
Magnifying power is determined by focal lengths.

Chapter 10: Wave Optics

Wave Front and Huygen’s Principle: A wave front is a surface of constant phase. Huygen’s principle states each point on a wave front acts
as a secondary source of wavelets.
Reflection and Refraction Using Wave Fronts: Laws of reflection and refraction are derived using Huygen’s principle.
Interference: When waves meet, they interfere constructively or destructively, forming bright or dark fringes.
 Young’s Double Slit Experiment: Demonstrates interference of light. Fringe width expression is provided, and sustained interference requires
coherent sources.
Diffraction Due to a Single Slit: Light passing through a narrow opening produces a pattern of fringes, with central maxima being the
brightest.

Unit VII: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter (08 Periods)

Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Photoelectric Effect: Emission of electrons from a metal upon exposure to light, dependent on frequency, not intensity.
Hertz and Lenard’s Observations: Light must exceed a certain frequency to release electrons.
Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Relates photon energy to the kinetic energy of emitted electrons.
Particle Nature of Light: Light behaves both as a wave and a particle, with photons having specific energy.
Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect: Demonstrates particle nature of light by showing emission of electrons upon exposure to light
of specific frequencies.
Matter Waves: Particles like electrons exhibit wave characteristics, essential to quantum mechanics.
de-Broglie Relation: Relates the wavelength of a particle to its momentum: λ=hp\lambda = \frac{h}{p}.

Unit VIII: Atoms and Nuclei (15 Periods)

Chapter 12: Atoms

Alpha-Particle Scattering Experiment: Led to the discovery of the atomic nucleus. Most alpha particles passed through gold foil, but some
 were deflected.
Rutherford’s Model of the Atom: Atom consists of a tiny, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons in orbit.
Bohr’s Model of Hydrogen Atom: Electrons occupy specific orbits around the nucleus, each with fixed energy levels.
Radius, Velocity, and Energy of Electron in nth Orbit: Electron energy is quantized, occupying only certain orbits.
Hydrogen Line Spectra: Emission/absorption spectra of hydrogen, corresponding to electron transitions between energy levels.

Chapter 13: Nuclei

Composition and Size of Nucleus: Nucleus consists of protons and neutrons, with a size on the order of 10−1510^{-15} m.
Nuclear Force: Short-range force that binds protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Mass-Energy Relation: Describes how mass can be converted into energy: E=mc2E = mc^2.
Mass Defect and Binding Energy: Mass defect is the difference between nucleus mass and the sum of its parts. Binding energy is the
energy needed to separate the nucleus.
Nuclear Fission: Splitting of heavy nuclei, releasing energy.
Nuclear Fusion: Joining of light nuclei, releasing energy.

Unit IX: Electronic Devices (10 Periods)

Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices, and Simple Circuits

Energy Bands in Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators: In conductors, electrons move freely; in semiconductors, they move under
certain conditions; in insulators, electrons are tightly bound.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors
:
Intrinsic: Pure semiconductors like silicon, where the number of free electrons equals the number of holes.
Extrinsic: Doped semiconductors to enhance conductivity. N-type has excess electrons, while P-type has excess holes.
 P-N Junction: Boundary between P-type and N-type semiconductors. Basis for diodes, allowing current to flow in only one direction.
Semiconductor Diode: A device that allows current in one direction (forward bias) and blocks it in the reverse (reverse bias).
I-V Characteristics of a Diode: In forward bias, current increases exponentially with voltage, while in reverse bias, current is negligible except
for leakage.

This condensed version is now more compact, covering all key topics while ensuring clarity for your revision. Let me know if you need any
further adjustments!