General Physics 2 (3rd Quarter)

PREPARED BY
ENGR. JACKIELOU D. DECENA, MS ECE
 Electric Charge and Static Electricity

Electric Charge – a physical property of an

object that causes to be attracted toward
repelled from another charged object.
Electromagnetic Force – force generated or
influenced by each charged objects
Static Electricity – the build-up of electric
charge on the surface of an object
 Two types of electric charge:
 Positive
 Negative
 Electron Transfer

Electrons may be transferred from one

material to the other; when this
happens, one material ends up with an
excess of electrons and becomes
negatively charged, while the other
ends up with deficiency of electrons
and becomes positively charged.
 Conductors and Insulators

Conductor – Any substance that has free electrons

and allows charge to move freely through it.
Conducts electricity.
Superconductors – allow the movement of charge
without any loss of energy.
Insulators – do not allow charges to move through
substances. Also called DIELECTRIC.
 Charging by Contact

Electroscope – instrument in physics

demonstrations and student laboratories.

Typically made with foil

leaves hung from a metal
stem and is insulated from
the room air in a glass-
walled container.
 Charging by Contact (cont.)

Electrostatic attraction/repulsion - The attraction

and repulsion of electrostatically charged bodies for
each other, shown when charged with electricity.
 Same sign repel, opposite sign attracts.
 Charging by Induction
Charging by Induction – a
charge is created in a
nearby object, without
direct contact
Induction – the process by
which a body acquires a
charge of opposite sign
without losing any of its
own charges when another
charged body is brought
very close to it.
 Coulomb’s Law

The mathematical formula to calculate the

electrostatic force vector between two charge
particles.
Named after the French physicist CHARLES
COULOMB (1736-1806)

 
, Newton
 COULOMB’S LAW
 
, Newton
Where
 
Q1 & Q2  Charges, C (Coulomb),

r  distance between two charges, m

k  Coulombs Constant,

Permittivity - the ability of a substance to store

electrical energy in an electric field.
 Example
• A 65nC charge is placed exactly 5m away from
a charge equal to -100nC.
 What is the force on the first charge(65nC) due to
the presence of the second charge (-100nC)?
 What is the force on the second charge
(-100nC) due to the presence of the first
charge(65nC)?
 Problem # 1
• A 6µC charge is placed at the origin and a -4µC
charge is placed 2 m to the right. A third
charge equal to -8µC is place in the x-axis 3m
to the left of the first charge.
 What is the force on the first charge due to the
other two charges?
 What is the force on the second charge due to the
other two charges?
 Exercise (5mins)
• From Problem #1, What is the force on the
third charge due to the other two charges?
 Problem #2
• An 8µC charge is place at the origin and a -5µC
charge is placed 2m to the right. A third charge
equal to -12µC on the y-axis 3m above the first
charge.
What is the net force on second charge due to the
other two charges?
 Assignment(bond paper,8.5inx11in)
From Prob #2
What is the net force on
a. first
b. third
charge due to the other two charges?

2. Four charges with equal magnitude of 12µC (but alternating

signs) are placed on the edges of a square with sides equal to 5
0cm. The arrangement of the charges are alternating but the
charge at the upper right corner of the square is a positive
charge.
Question: what is the net force on the charge located at the
lower left corner of the square due to the three other charges.
 Electric Field

A region around a charged particle or object within

which a force would be exerted on other charged
particles or objects.
The electric field(E) at point due to the point
charge is a vector equal to the Coulomb force per
unit charge that a positive point charge would
experience at the position.
 
 
, (N/C) , (N/C)
Electric Field Lines – series of lines drawn from a
point charge representing the magnitude and
direction of force exerted by the charge
 Properties of Electric Field Lines

Field lines must begin on positive charges and

terminate on a negative charges, or at infinity in the
hypothetical case of isolated charges.
The number of field lines leaving a positive charge or
entering a negative charge is proportional to the
magnitude of the charge.
The strength of the field is proportional to the
closeness of the field lines – more precisely, it is
proportional to the number of lines per unit area
perpendicular to the lines.
 Properties of Electric Field Lines (cont’)

The direction of the electric field is tangent to the

field line at any point on space.
Field lines can never cross. This means that the field
is unique at any point.
 ELECTRIC FLUX

Is the flow of electric field through a given area.

 
Cos θ,
 Gauss’s Law

The total electric flux out of a closed surface is equal

to the charge enclosed divided by the permittivity.

 
𝑄𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐿𝑂𝑆𝐸𝐷
𝜙=𝐸∮ 𝑑𝑆=
𝜀0
 Application of Gauss’s Law

Gauss‘s law is a powerful tool for the calculation of

electric fields when they originate from charge
distributions of sufficient symmetry to apply it.
Gauss’s Surface Pattern
 Charge density (σ)

Charge density is a measure of electric charge per

unit volume of space, in one, two or three
dimensions.(how much electric charge accumulated
in a given area)
 The respective SI units are C⋅m−1, C⋅m−2 or C⋅m−3

Charge Density formula:

 

Where Q=electric charge

A = area
Electric Potential in a Uniform Electric Field

 The change in Voltage (∆V) is related to energy,

whereas electric field (E) is most closely related to
force.
Potential difference of voltage at point A() and
voltage at point B () is also called the resulting
voltage (simply voltage)
=Ed  d=distance between A & B
Application of Electric Field and Equipotential Lines

An important application of electric fields and equipotential

lines involves the heart. The heart relies on electrical signals
to maintain its rhythm. The movement of electrical signals
causes the chambers of the heart to contract and relax.
When a person has a heart attack, the movement of these
electrical signals may be disturbed. An artificial pacemaker
and a defibrillator can be used to initiate the rhythm of
electrical signals. The equipotential lines around the heart,
the thoracic region, and the axis of the heart are useful ways
of monitoring the structure and functions of the heart. An
electrocardiogram (ECG) measures the small electric
signals being generated during the activity of the heart.
1. Suppose you have a 12.0 V motorcycle battery that
can move 5000 C of charge, and a 12.0 V car
battery that can move 60,000 C of charge. How
much energy does each deliver? (Assume that the
numerical value of each charge is accurate to three
significant figures.)
2. When a 12.0 V car battery runs a single 30.0 W
headlight, how many electrons pass through it each
second?
Calculate the final speed of a free electron accelerated
from rest through a potential difference of 100 V.
(Assume that this numerical value is accurate to three
significant figures.)
Dry air will support a maximum electric field strength
of about 3.0 × 106 V/m. Above that value, the field
creates enough ionization in the air to make the air a
conductor. This allows a discharge or spark that
reduces the field. What, then, is the maximum voltage
between two parallel conducting plates separated by
2.5 cm of dry air?
An electron gun has parallel plates separated by 4.00
cm and gives electrons 25.0 keV of energy. (a)What
is the electric field strength between the plates?
(b)What force would this field exert on a piece of
plastic with a 0.500 μC charge that gets between the
plates?
 Capacitors and Dielectrics

A capacitor is a device used to store electric charge

 Capacitors and Dielectrics

Capacitance (C) is the amount of charge stored per

volt
C = Q /V , Farad

The unit of capacitance is the farad (F), named for

Michael Faraday (1791–1867), an English scientist who
contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and
electrochemistry. Since capacitance is charge per unit
voltage, we see that a farad is a coulomb per volt, or
1 F = 1 C /1 V.
 CAPACITANCE OF A PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR

 
What is the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor
with metal plates, each of area 1.00 m2, separated by
1.00 mm?
What charge is stored in this capacitor if a voltage of
3.00 × 103 V is applied to it?
What is the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor
with metal plates, each of area 1.00 m2, separated by
1.00 mm?
What charge is stored in this capacitor if a voltage of
3.00 × 103 V is applied to it?
 A parallel plate capacitor with a dielectric between
its plates has a capacitance given by 

 where K is the dielectric constant of the material.

Find the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor

having plates of area 5.00 m2 that are separated by
0.100 mm of Teflon.
 Capacitors in Series and Parallel

There are two simple and common types of

connections, called series and parallel, for which we
can easily calculate the total capacitance.

Capacitors in Parallel
Find the total capacitance for three capacitors
connected in series, given their individual
capacitances are 1.000, 5.000, and 8.000 µF.
Find the total capacitance of the combination of
capacitors in parallel. Assume the capacitances to be
(C1 = 1.000 µF, C2 = 3.000 µF, and C3 = 8.000 µF),
and round your answer to three decimal places.
 `

Find the total capacitance of the combination of

capacitors in the figure:
 Electric current (I)

Electric current is defined to be the rate at which

charge flows. 
I=ΔQ/Δt, unit is Ampere (A)
1. (a) What is the current involved when a truck battery
sets in motion 720 C of charge in 4.00 s while starting an
engine? (b) How long does it take 1.00 C of charge to
flow through a handheld calculator if a 0.300-mA
current is flowing?
2. If the 0.300-mA current through the calculator
mentioned in Example 1 is carried by electrons, how
many electrons per second pass through it?
 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Simple Circuits

This law states that the flow of current through most

substance is directly proportional to the voltage
applied to it.

I∝V
Resistance - the electric property that opposes current.

I∝1/R
Voltage - also called electromotive force, is a
quantitative expression of the potential difference in
charge between two points in an electrical field. 

I=V/R
 Simple Circuit

Figure 1. A
simple electric
circuit in which
a closed path

What is the resistance of an automobile headlight

through which 2.50 A flows when 12.0 V is applied to
it?
Figure 2. The voltage drop across a resistor in a
simple circuit equals the voltage output of the
battery.
Voltmeter- an instrument for measuring electric
potential in volts.
Ammeter - An ammeter (from Ampere Meter) is a
measuring instrument used to measure the current
in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in
amperes (A), hence the name. Instruments used to
measure smaller currents, in the milliampere or
microampere range, are designated as milliammeters
or microammeters.
Ohmmeter - is an electrical instrument that
measures electrical resistance, the opposition to an
electric current. 
Volt ohmmeter -  The multi-
meter is a compact electronic
device (usually hand-held) that
measures AC and DC voltage,
amperes (current) and ohms
(resistance). The device goes by
several commonly used names
such as volt-ohm-
meter (VOM), multi-tester,
multi-meter and others
 Kirchhoff’s Laws

Gustav Kirchhoff’s Current Law is one

of the fundamental laws used for circuit
analysis. His current law states that for a
parallel path the total current entering a
circuits junction is exactly equal to the
total current leaving the same
junction. This is because it has no other
place to go as no charge is lost.
Gustav Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law is the second of
his fundamental laws we can use for circuit analysis.
His voltage law states that for a closed loop series
path the algebraic sum of all the voltages
around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to
zero. This is because a circuit loop is a closed
conducting path so no energy is lost.