READING AND WRITING SKILLS

Patterns of
Development in
Writing
Prepared by: Mr. Juffer-son Antonio
 Good day, everyone!
After going through this module, you are
expected to:
1. describe a written text as
connected discourse;
2. identify the patterns of
development in writing;
3. distinguish between and among
the patterns of development in
writing across disciplines.
 Reading and Writing: A
Strong Connection

• Reading and writing are closely linked;

reading improves writing, and writing
enhances understanding of what we
read.
• Reading widely helps learners grasp
different text structures and language,
which can be applied in writing.
 Reading and Writing: A
Strong Connection
• Writing requires knowledge gained from
reading, as it involves sharing information.
• Both reading and writing are cognitive
skills that strengthen each other and are
vital for academic and life success.
• Effective texts need logical organization
(pattern of development) to help readers
understand the ideas clearly.
 READING
Defined according to two (2) types
(Lapp and Flood, 1978)

1. A DECODING process (breaking down of written

codes)
2.A COMPREHENSION process
 READING involve
different PROCESSES
WORD RECOGNITION
COMPREHENSION
FLUENCY

MOTIVATION
 The reading process
involves:
Phonemes: The smallest units of sound
(e.g., /k/ in "cat").
Graphemes: Written symbols that
represent phonemes (e.g., "ph" for /f/).
Morphemes: The smallest units of
meaning (e.g., "unhappiness" = "un-",
"happy", "-ness").
 The reading process
involves:
Syntax: The arrangement of words in
sentences for structure.
Semantics: The study of word meanings.
Fluency: Reading smoothly and
accurately.
Comprehension: Understanding the
meaning of the text as a whole.
 a sample sentence that
incorporates all the concepts:
"When you read the word 'unhappily,' you
break it down into phonemes (/ʌ/, /n/, /h/, /æ/,
/p/, /ɪ/, /l/, /i/), recognize the graphemes ('un-'
and '-ly'), understand the morphemes ('un-'
meaning 'not' and '-ly' meaning 'in a manner'),
follow the syntax of the sentence, grasp the
semantics of the word as 'not happy,' read it
fluently without hesitation, and fully
comprehend its meaning in the context."
 WHY DO WE READ?
• To develop a broad
background
• To anticipate and predict
• To create motivation and
interest
• To build a good
vocabulary
• For pleasure and
enjoyment
 Benefits of Reading

• Exposes readers to accurate spelling and

correct forms of writing.
• Shows readers how to write more complex
sentences.
• Invites readers to be more experimental in
their own writing.
• Allows readers to hear the thoughts of
others.
 WRITING
A method of representing language in visual or tactile
form.
A system of graphic symbols that can be used to
convey meaning.
 WHY DO WE WRITE?

• TO EXPRESS
• TO DESCRIBE
• TO EXPLORE AND LEARN
• TO ENTERTAIN
• TO INFORM
• TO EXPLAIN
• TO PERSUADE
• TO SOLVE PROBLEMS
 Benefits of Writing

• Allows writers to voice their thoughts.

• Provides writers with a vehicle to use their
imagination.
• Gives writers a chance to engage in a
conversation with other writers.
• Aids writers in reading critically of other works.
• Motivates writers to engage with the texts they
are reading.
 READING AND WRITING SKILLS

READING IS LIKE
BREATHING IN,
WRITING IS LIKE
BREATHING OUT.
PAM ALLYN
 INTRODUCTION

#1: #2:
In writing, you naturally use
Paragraphs or essays different patterns to express
can be developed your ideas. For example,
using variety of process analysis explains how
patterns that are to do something, description
identified after logical details a topic, cause and
arrangement of ideas. EXPLANATION effect shows reasons, and
This arrangement is narration tells a story.
known as pattern of Learning these patterns is
development in easy once you recognize the
writing. This refers to signal words that indicate
the particular each pattern. As a writer, it's
strategy that writers important to choose the best
use to develop ideas. strategy to develop your ideas
clearly.
 PATTERNS OF
DEVELOPMENT
#1-#5: #6-#10:

• CAUSE AND
EFFECT
• NARRATION • PROCESS
• DESCRIPTION THESE ARE ANALYSIS
• DEFINITION THE FF: • DIVISION AND
• EXEMPLIFICATION CLASSIFICATION
• COMPARISON • PROBLEM-
AND CONTRAST SOLUTION
• PERSUASION
 NARRATION

Narration is the art of storytelling,

where the purpose is to tell a story. It
can be factual, based on real events,
or fictional, created from the writer's
imagination. Narration describes how,
where, and when an event happens,
making it a key pattern for
developing ideas in writing.
 NARRATION: EXAMPLE
“Where I want to start telling is the
day, I left Pencey Prep. Pencey Prep
is this school that is in Agerstown,
Pennsylvania. You probably heard of
it. You have probably seen the ads,
anyway. They advertise in about a
thousand magazines, always showing
some hotshot guy on a horse jumping
over a fence.” (The Catcher in the
Rye by J.D. Salinger)
 NARRATION

There are certain features that can

be found in most narratives and are
utilized to further present the setting
or the scenario for the reader. Each
feature presents different aspects of
the narration but the sum of the
vision in the mind of the writer.
 Components of
Narration Text
Example of Signal
1. Logical Action Words:
We saw... We knew...
He was standing...
The action in a story is what drives the They waved...
plot forward. It includes everything that He reaches for...

happens to the characters, whether

through their dialogue or what’s Example of Signal
happening in a scene. This movement Words:
Next, then, first,
keeps the story going and shapes the second, eventually,
characters’ development. meanwhile, during,
at the same time,
suddenly, instantly
 Components of
Narration Text

2. Way of Narration
• Refers to how the writer writes the
Example of Way of
story. Narration:
• It includes the pace by which • Clipped Narration
scenes are given out. • Paced Narration
• It has a natural progression of
time to the events of the story.
 Components of
Narration Text
Clipped narration
“He came and talked to us. Then he left the
house and then he drove the car back home.”
Paced narration
“He came and talked to us for a few moments. Example of Way of
He seemed upset, but he managed to get Narration:
through all the bad news. Shaking our hands • Clipped Narration
before he left the house come twilight, he • Paced Narration
seemed to feel better now that he had
delivered the news. He waved from the car as
he pulled out of the driveway, narrowly missing
the mailbox again, and drove off to return
home.”
Components of Narration Text

Terminologies used in Narration

Terminology
Places emphasis on Concrete Terms
the fact that concepts Abstract Terms
are critical to the General Terms
narration. Specific Terms
Writers must choose how
to address terms and
which ones they want to
use to create an
appropriate setting.
Components of Narration Text

Terminologies used in Narration Example:

• Concrete Terms: The sunset painted
the sky with vibrant colors, visible from
Concrete Terms - words that the beach.
• Abstract Terms: The feeling of hope
identify things, places, and events lifted her spirits during the tough times.
that can be measured and • General Terms: Animals in the zoo are
observed. It is the term that has cared for by the staff.
physical manifestation. • Specific Terms: The tiger in the
Abstract Terms - refer to ideas enclosure roared loudly at dusk.
or concepts that are intangible.
General Terms - commonly
used to denote groups.
Specific Terms- refer to an
individual component of the group.
 DESCRIPTION
Description is simply the pattern of development
which goes into the detail about specific objects, persons,
or location, to firmly sets its appearance into the reader's
mind. It also answers the following questions:

1. What does it look like?

2. What are its Characteristics?
Characteristics of Description
1. Has a clear focus and sense of purpose.
2. Uses sensory details and precise words.
3. Presents detail in a logical order.
 Varieties of Description
OBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION
It investigates the factual and scientific characteristics of
what is being described as objectively as possible. (Note: The
writer stays away from the emotional impressions or responses
and instead, describe the scene as it is.)

SUBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION
A sort of description that the author would normally use to
“paint a picture” of how he sees a character or how he wants
the reader to see a character.
It also uses a literary discourse when there is a stereotyped
image that can be attributed to a person, place, or event.
Example of Varieties of Description

Objective Narration Subjective Narration

“The kitchen table is rectangular,
seventy-two inches long and thirty “My mother had hair so dark that it
inches wide. Made of a two-inch- looked like a waterfall of ink. She
thick piece of oak, its top is covered always kept it in a braid that fell
with a waxy oilcloth patterned in to her slim waist, and always tied
dark red and blue squares against a with a plain black band. The braid
white background. In the right
corner, close to the wall, a square of black slung over her shoulder,
blue ceramic tile serves as the the plaits shining like scales.”
protective base for a brown (Note: the writer explains how certain
earthenware teapot.” objects are important, even
(Note: The writer in this piece only scan bordering on the personal and
the scene with his or her naked eyes, emotional meaning behind each
but there is no emotional response piece.)
provoked by the scene)
 DEFINITION Varieties of
Definition
Scientific Definition defines
concepts in the most factual way,
Definition explains which is often used in scientific,
not just what proper, or real-world facts.
Signal Words
something means for Definition:
or is, but also what is defined as...
something does, means... Subjective Definition
what something is to define... It defines objects personally,
used for, what refers to... often based on the author's
something looks experiences and opinions, and is
like, etc.
used to reflect the characters'
perspectives or the setting.
CLASSIFICATION AND EXEMPLIFICATION
Classification divides things into categories
based on specific criteria and organizes ideas,
starting with a main idea followed by supporting
details.
Remember: Classification paragraphs start with
a main idea, using the rest of the paragraph to
explain a series of secondary ideas.

Exemplification gives examples is a common

academic writing technique that clarifies ideas by
presenting a general statement followed by
specific examples or illustrations.
CLASSIFICATION AND EXEMPLIFICATION
 EXAMPLE: CLASSIFICATION
“A first date can end up being categorized as successful,
a clingy, a boastful or awkward. Successful first dates
include both parties expressing information about what
they like, who they are, and so forth. Usually, these dates
will end in tentative plans for a second one. Clingy dates
end up with one of the parties practically begging for
information about the other. However, the non-clinger is
not interested. On boastful dates, one member of the
duo talks about all his or her skills, talents, and abilities.
The listening end of the pair is never asked about his or
her life. Awkward first dates generally involve lots of
silence or one or both partners not knowing how to act
appropriately. While many dates occur every day, they
can generally fall into one of these categories.”
 EXAMPLE: EXEMPLIFICATION
“Everyone has their strengths, and everyone
has their weaknesses. In the sport of soccer,
for example, everyone on the team can
spend the same amount of time practicing
the same skill or move but this does not
mean each player does not complete the
move as successfully as the other. Similarly,
this is also the case when it comes to authors
and their use of rhetorical strategies, diction,
and the Aristotelian appeals. Some authors
use these writing strategies more
successfully than others.”
 COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
organizes ideas based on how events, places, people,
things, and concepts are like or different from one another
a.separately -involves describing one item first followed
by the second item
b.side-by-side -involves discussing both items based on
each point of comparison.
 CAUSE Two ways in writing
Cause and Effect text
AND
EFFECT Paragraph emphasizing cause
this emphasizes the cause and goes
into detail about it while the effect is
subtly express inn the sentence.
Cause and Effect
this pattern of text
development Paragraph emphasizing effect
explain why o Contrary to other forms of cause
something happens and effect this one emphasizes the
or what results effect and goes into detail about it,
from an event with the cause subtly hinted at the
produces. paragraph.
 Example:
Paragraph emphasizing cause
“Because she had hurled the urn down the
mountain, it is impossible to recover it now. She had
thrown it with all her strength, not even watching it
sail into the air before it disappeared.”
Note: The cause in this paragraph is when the
character threw the urn down in the mountain,
unmindful of where it would go. As a result, the
urn would no longer possible to recover.
 Example:
Paragraph emphasizing effect

“One more delayed payment for house rent and it

would soon be gone. They would be left homeless.
The children will have to stop going to school and
she would have nowhere to go.”

Note: In this paragraph, because of delayed

payment for house rent, the family will have
nowhere to go, and the children will be homeless. It
focuses on the effect of late payment rather than
why the payment was late in the first place.
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION

The problem-solution pattern identifies an issue and

suggests remedies. It can be organized by:

1. Describing the problem first, then the solution.

2.Proposing the solution first, then explaining the
problem.
3.Presenting the problem with several solutions and
choosing the best one.

When the solution comes at the end, it's called a delayed

proposal. For doubtful audiences, explain the problem,
dismiss other solutions, and then present your preferred
solution. Use "problem" and "solution" to guide readers.
 Example:

“Since they could not build from home to

home, they invented the tepee which allowed
them to move their homes from place to
place.

Note: In this paragraph, the problem is that

“they could not build form home to home”,
and the solution for it is “they invented the
tepee which allowed them to move their
homes from place to place.”
Signal Words:
Because
Cause Nonetheless
Since But
And so One reason for the
that One solution is
As a As a result
solution In order to
One way
PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT

PERSUASION Types of Persuasion

Persuasion is a Ethos
literary technique that Logos
uses logic, emotions, Pathos
and credibility to
convince the audience
of an idea or inspire
action.
 Types of Persuasion
ETHOS EXAMPLE
“I am assured by our merchants that a boy or a
This method of girl before twelve years old is no saleable
persuasion appeals commodity, and even when they come to this
to morality and age, they will not yield above three pounds.”
ethics, where
writers or speakers (Modest proposal by Juan Dela Cruz)
gain trust by
showing goodwill, In this excerpt, Juan builds his credibility by
credibility, and a assuring that, prior to creating this proposal, he
strong had discussed the issue with merchants. Juan
understanding of attempts to make clear his point that selling
the subject. infants as food would be profitable and would
help financially impoverished parents.
 Types of Persuasion
LOGOS EXAMPLE
“STUDIES serve for delight, for ornament,
Logos comes of and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in
logic; therefore, privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in
writers use logic, discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment,
reasoning, and and disposition of business.”
(OF Studies by Francis Bacon)
rationality to
convince In the above excerpt, Bacon employs logic to
audiences of describe how we can use studies for various
purposes. He gives logic that in aloofness and
their retirement, reading gives pleasure, and
perspectives. adorns a person’s conversation as an
ornament. Hence, we can know the ability of
a learned man through his judgment.
 In summary:
PATHOS EXAMPLE
This country is more generous than one where a man
Pathos
Opinionappeals in Indiana has to pack up the equipment he’s worked
to the audience's on for twenty years and watch it shipped off to
writing deals
emotions, using China… We are more compassionate than a
with the
feelings like love, government that lets veterans sleep on our streets
writer's
fear, empathy, or and families slide into poverty; that sits on its hands
anger to while a major American city drowns before our
thoughts eyes…”
persuade, rather
about a topic. (Campaign Speech, November 3, 2008, by Barack Obama)
than relying on
logic or This emotional speech plays on people’s sense of
reasoning. guilt, making it a good example of pathos. Although
Obama employs snob appeal fallacy in his argument,
it is a very influential and emotional appeal.
 THANK
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