Java Interview Questions for Freshers

So let’s get started with the first set of basic core Java technical interview questions
which is primarly useful for freshers.

1. What are the differences between C++ and Java?

• Concept.

C++ is not platform-independent; the principle behind C++ programming is “write once,
compile anywhere.”

In contrast, because the byte code generated by the Java compiler is platform-
independent, it can run on any machine, Java programs are written once and run
everywhere.

Also Read: Learn C++ Programming

• Languages Compatibility.

C++ is a programming language that is based on the C programming language. Most

other high-level languages are compatible with C++.

Most of the languages of Java are incompatible. Java is comparable to those of C and
C++.

• Interaction with the library.

It can access the native system libraries directly in C++. As a result, it’s better for
programming at the system level.

Java’s native libraries do not provide direct call support. You can use Java Native
Interface or access the libraries.

• Characteristics.
C++ distinguishes itself by having features that are similar to procedural and object-
oriented languages. The characteristic that sets Java apart is automatic garbage
collection. Java doesn’t support destructors at the moment.

• The semantics of the type.

Primitive and object types in C++ have the same kind of semantics. The primitive
and object and classes of Java, on the other hand, are not consistent.

• In the context of Compiler and Interpreter.

Java refers to a compiled and interpreted language. In contrast, C++ is only a compiled
language.

In Java, the source code is the compiled output is a platform-independent byte code.

In C++, the source program is compiled into an object code that is further executed to
produce an output.

2. List the features of the Java Programming language?

A few of the significant features of Java Programming Language are:

Easy: Java is a language that is considered easy to learn. One fundamental concept of
OOP Java has a catch to understand.

Secured Feature: Java has a secured feature that helps develop a virus-free and
tamper-free system for the users.

OOP: OOP stands for Object-Oriented Programming language. OOP signifies that, in
Java, everything is considered an object.

Independent Platform: Java is not compiled into a platform-specific machine; instead, it

is compiled into platform-independent bytecode. This code is interpreted by the Virtual
Machine on which the platform runs.

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3. What do you get in the Java download file? How do they differ from one
another?

We get two major things along with the Java Download file.

JDK - Java Development Kit

JRE - Java Runtime Environment

JDK JRE

Abbreviation for Java Runtime

Abbreviation for JavaDevelopment Kit
Environment

JRE is a set of software and

JDK is a dedicated kit for solely software development library designed for executing
Java Programs

Unlike JVM, JRE is also Platform

Unlike JVM, JDK is Platform Dependent
Dependent

JRE Package is one that only

JDK package is a set of tools for debugging and
supports files and libraries for a
Developing
runtime environment
 JRE Package does not get an
JDK package will be provided with an installer file installer but has only a runtime
environment

4. What is a ClassLoader?

A classloader in Java is a subsystem of Java Virtual Machine, dedicated to loading

class files when a program is executed; ClassLoader is the first to load the executable
file.

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5. What are the Memory Allocations available in JavaJava?

Java has five significant types of memory allocations.

• Class Memory

• Heap Memory

• Stack Memory

• Program Counter-Memory

• Native Method Stack Memory

6. What are the differences between Heap and Stack Memory in Java?

Stack memory in data structures is the amount of memory allocated to each individual
programme. It is a fixed memory space. Heap memory, in contrast, is the portion that
was not assigned to the Java code but will be available for use by the Java code when it
is required, which is generally during the program's runtime.

7. Will the program run if we write static public void main?

Yes, the program will successfully execute if written so. Because, in Java, there is no
specific rule for the order of specifiers

8. What is the default value stored in Local Variables?

Neither the Local Variables nor any primitives and Object references have any default
value stored in them.

9. Explain the expected output of the following code segment?

public class Simplilearn

public static void main (String args[])

System.out.println(100 + 100 +“Simplilearn");

System.out.println(“E-Learning Company" + 100 + 100);

The answers for the two print statements are as follows.

• 200Simplilearn

• E-Learning Company100100

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10. What is an Association?

An Association can be defined as a relationship that has no ownership over another.
For example, a person can be associated with multiple banks, and a bank can be
related to various people, but no one can own the other.

11. What do you mean by aggregation?

The term aggregation refers to the relationship between two classes best described as
a “whole/part” and “has-a” relationship. This kind is the most specialized version of an
association relationship. It contains the reference to another class and is said to have
ownership of that class.

12. Define Copy Constructor in Java

A Copy Constructor in Java is a constructor that initializes an object through another

object of the same class.

13. What is a Marker Interface?

An empty interface in Java is referred to as a Marker interface. Serializable and

Cloneable are some famous examples of Marker Interface.

14. What is Object Cloning?

An ability to recreate an object entirely similar to an existing object is known as Object

Cloning in Java. Java provides a clone() method to clone a current object offering the
same functionality as the original object.

15. Can Java be said to be the complete object-oriented programming

language

No, Java cannot be treated as a complete object-oriented programming language.

16. What is an object-oriented paradigm?

A Paradigm that is based on the concepts of “Objects.” It contains data and code. Data
that is in the form of fields, and regulation, that is in the form of procedures. The exciting
feature of this paradigm is that the object’s procedures can access and often modify the
data fields themselves.
17. Define Wrapper Classes in Java.

In Java, when you declare primitive datatypes, then Wrapper classes are responsible
for converting them into objects(Reference types).

18. What is a singleton class in Java? And How to implement a singleton

class?

A class that can possess only one object at a time is called a singleton class. To
implement a singleton class given steps are to be followed:

1. Make sure that the class has only one object

2. Give global access to that object

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19. Define package in Java.

The package is a collective bundle of classes and interfaces and the necessary libraries
and JAR files. The use of packages helps in code reusability.

20. Can you implement pointers in a Java Program?

Java Virtual Machine takes care of memory management implicitly. Java's primary
motto was to keep programming simple. So, accessing memory directly through
pointers is not a recommended action. Hence, pointers are eliminated in Java.

21. Differentiate between instance and local variables.

For instance, variables are declared inside a class, and the scope of variables in
javascript is limited to only a specific object.

A local variable can be anywhere inside a method or a specific block of code. Also, the
scope is limited to the code segment where the variable is declared.

22. Explain Java String Pool.

A collection of strings in Java's Heap memory is referred to as Java String Pool. In case
you try to create a new string object, JVM first checks for the presence of the object in
the pool. If available, the same object reference is shared with the variable, else a new
object is created.

23. What is an Exception?

An Exception handling in Java is considered an unexpected event that can disrupt the
program's normal flow. These events can be fixed through the process of Exception
Handling.

24. What is the final keyword in Java?

The term final is a predefined word in Java that is used while declaring values to
variables. When a value is declared using the final keyword, then the variable's value
remains constant throughout the program's execution.

25. What happens when the main() isn't declared as static?

When the main method is not declared as static, then the program may be compiled
correctly but ends up with a severe ambiguity and throws a run time error that reads
"NoSuchMethodError."

26. Why is Java a platform independent language?

One of the most well-known and widely used programming languages is Java. It is a
programming language that is independent of platforms. Java doesn't demand that the
complete programme be rewritten for every possible platform. The Java Virtual Machine
and Java Bytecode are used to support platform independence. Any JVM operating
system can run this platform-neutral byte code. The application is run after JVM
translates the byte code into machine code. Because Java programmes can operate on
numerous systems without having to be individually rewritten for each platform, the
language is referred to as "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA).

27. Why is the main method static in Java?

Java's main() function is static by default, allowing the compiler to call it either before or
after creating a class object. The main () function is where the compiler begins
programme execution in every Java programme. Thus, the main () method needs to be
called by the compiler. If the main () method is permitted to be non-static, the JVM must
instantiate its class when calling the function.
28. What part of memory - Stack or Heap - is cleaned in the garbage
collection process?

On Heap memory, garbage collection is employed to release the memory used by

objects with no references. Every object created in the Heap space has access to the
entire application and may be referred to from anywhere.

29. What is the difference between the program and the process?

A programme is a non-active entity that includes the collection of codes necessary to

carry out a specific operation. When a programme is run, an active instance of the
programme called a process is launched. A process is begun by a programme once it
has been run. The process carries out the program's specified instructions.

30. What are the differences between constructor and method of a class in
Java?

Initializing the state of the object is done by constructors. A function Object () { [native
code] }, like methods, contains a group of statements (or instructions) that are carried
out when an object is created. A method is a group of statements that work together to
complete a certain task and return the outcome to the caller. A method has the option of
working without returning anything.

31. Which among String or String Buffer should be preferred when there are a
lot of updates required to be done in the data?

Because StringBuilder is quicker than StringBuffer, it is advised to utilize it wherever

possible. However, StringBuffer objects are the best choice if thread safety is required.

32. What happens if the static modifier is not included in the main method
signature in Java?

The main function is called by the JVM even before the objects are created, thus even if
the code correctly compiles, there will still be an error at runtime.

33. Can we make the main() thread a daemon thread?

This technique designates whether the active thread is a user thread or a daemon
thread. For instance, tU.setDaemon(true) would convert a user thread named tU into a
daemon thread. On the other side, executing tD.setDaemon(false) would convert a
Daemon thread, tD, into a user thread.

34. What happens if there are multiple main methods inside one class in
Java?

There is no limit to the number of major approaches you can use. Overloading is the
ability to have main methods with different signatures than main (String []), and the JVM
will disregard those main methods.

35. How does an exception propagate in the code?

In the event that an exception is not caught, it is initially thrown from the top of the stack
and then moves down the call stack to the preceding method. The runtime system looks
for a way to handle an exception that a method throws. The ordered list of methods that
were called to get to the method where the error occurred is the collection of potential
"somethings" that can be used to manage the exception. The call stack is the list of
methods, and exception propagation is the search technique.

36. How do exceptions affect the program if it doesn't handle them?

If you don't deal with an exception once it occurs, the programme will end abruptly and
the code after the line where the exception occurred won't run.

37. Is it mandatory for a catch block to be followed after a try block?

Each attempt block does not necessarily have to be followed by a catch block. Either a
catch block or a final block ought to come after it. Additionally, any exceptions that are
expected to be thrown should be mentioned in the method's throws clause.

38. Can you call a constructor of a class inside another constructor?

Yes, a class may include any number of constructors, and each function Object ()
{[native code] } may call the others using the this() function Object() { [native code] } call
function [please do not mix the this() function Object() { [native code] } call function with
this keyword]. The constructor's first line should be either this () or this(args).
Overloading of constructors is what this is called.

39. Contiguous memory locations are usually used for storing actual values in
an array but not in ArrayList. Explain.
Primitive data types like int, float, and others are typically present in an array. In such
circumstances, the array immediately saves these elements at contiguous memory
regions. While an ArrayList does not contain primitive data types. Instead of the actual
object, an ArrayList includes the references to the objects' many locations in memory.
The objects are not kept in consecutive memory regions because of this.

40. Why does the java array index start with 0?

The distance from the array's beginning is just an offset. There is no distance because
the first element is at the beginning of the array. Consequently, the offset is 0.

41. Why is the remove method faster in the linked list than in an array?

Because there is no background scaling of an array, insertion, addition, and removal

operations are quicker with a LinkedList. Only references in adjacent items need to
update when a new item is added in the middle of the list.

42. How many overloaded add() and addAll() methods are available in the List
interface? Describe the need and uses.

List is an interface in the Java Collections Framework. The add() and addAll()
methods are the main methods at the List interface. The add() method is used to add
an element to the list, while the addAll() method is used to add a collection of elements
to the list.

The List interface contains two overloaded versions of the add() method:

The first add() method accepts a single argument of type E, the element to be added to
the list.

The second add() method accepts a variable number of arguments of type E, which are
the elements to be added to the list.

The List interface also contains two overloaded versions of the addAll() method:

The first addAll() method accepts a single argument of type Collection<? Extends E>,
which is the collection of elements to be added to the list.

The second addAll() method accepts a variable number of arguments of type E, which
are the elements to be added to the list.
43. How does the size of ArrayList grow dynamically? And also state how it is
implemented internally?

A resizable array implementation in Java is called ArrayList. Dynamically expanding

array lists make it possible to add new elements at any time. The underlying data
structure of the ArrayList is an array of the Object class. The ArrayList class in Java has
three constructors. There are available readObject and writeObject methods specific to
it. The Object Array in an ArrayList is temporary. There are implemented and
Serialization-capable versions of RandomAccess, Cloneable, and java.io (that are
Marker Interface in Java).

44. Although inheritance is a popular OOPs concept, it is less advantageous

than composition. Explain.

A class's testability is improved through composition over inheritance. If a class is

comprised of another class, it is simple to create a mock object to simulate the
combined class for testing purposes. This privilege is not given by inheritance. Even
while Composition and Inheritance both let you reuse code, Inheritance has the
drawback of breaking encapsulation. If the function of the subclass depends on the
superclass's action, it suddenly becomes vulnerable. Sub-class functionality may be
broken without any alteration on the part of the super-class when its behaviour changes.

45. What are Composition and Aggregation? State the difference.

Aggregation (HAS-A) and composition are its two forms (Belongs-to). In contrast to
composition, which has a significant correlation, the aggregation has a very modest
association. Aggregation can be thought of as a more confined version of the
composition. Since all compositions are aggregates but not all aggregates are
compositions, aggregate can be thought of as the superset of composition.

46. How is the creation of a String using new() different from that of a literal?

The new () operator always produces a new object in heap memory when creating a
String object. The String pool may return an existing object if we build an object using
the String literal syntax, such as "Baeldung," on the other hand.

47. How is the ‘new' operator different from the ‘newInstance()' operator in
java?

Both the new operator and the newInstance() method are used to create objects in
Java. If we already know the kind of object to create, we can use the new operator;
however, if the type of object to create is supplied to us at runtime, we must use the
newInstance() function.

48. Is exceeding the memory limit possible in a program despite having a

garbage collector?

Yes, even with a garbage collector in place, the programme could still run out of
memory. Garbage collection aids in identifying and removing programme objects that
are no longer needed in order to release the resources they use. When an object in a
programme cannot be reached, trash collection is executed with respect to that object. If
there is not enough memory available to create new objects, a garbage collector is used
to free up memory for things that have been removed from the scope. When the amount
of memory released is insufficient for the creation of new objects, the program's memory
limit is exceeded.

49. Why is synchronization necessary? Explain with the help of a relevant

example.

Multiple threads trying to access the same resources in a multi-threaded software may
frequently result in unexpected and incorrect outcomes. Therefore, it must be ensured
through some form of synchronization that only one thread can access the resource at
any given time. Java offers a method for setting up threads and synchronizing their
operations with the aid of synchronized blocks. The synchronized keyword in Java is
used to identify synchronized blocks. In Java, a synchronized block is one that is tied to
an object. Only one thread can be running at a time inside synchronized blocks since
they are all synchronized on the same object. Until the thread inside the synchronized
block exits the block, all other threads trying to enter the block are blocked.

50. Define System.out.println().

System.out.println() in Java outputs the argument that was supplied to it. On the
monitor, the println() method displays the findings. An objectname is typically used to
call a method.

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51. Can you explain the Java thread lifecycle?

A thread can be in any of the following states in Java. These are the states:

• New: A new thread is always in the new state when it is first formed. The function
hasn't been run yet, thus it hasn't started to execute for a thread in the new state.

• Active: A thread switches from the new state to the active state when it calls the
start() method. The runnable state and the running state are both contained within
the active state.

• Blocked or Waiting: A thread is either in the blocked state or the waiting state when it
is inactive for a while (but not indefinitely).

• Timed waiting: When we use the sleep () method on a particular thread, we are
actually engaging in timed waiting. The thread enters the timed wait state using the
sleep () function. The thread awakens when the allotted time has passed and
resumes execution where it left off.

• Termination: A thread that has been terminated means it is no longer active in the
system. In other words, the thread is inactive and cannot be revived (made active
again after being killed).

52. What could be the tradeoff between the usage of an unordered array
versus the usage of an ordered array?

When opposed to an unordered array, which has a time complexity of O, an ordered

array's search times have a time complexity of O(log n) (n). Due to the need to shift the
elements with higher values to create room for the new member, an ordered array has a
temporal complexity of O(n) during the insertion process. Instead, an unordered array's
insertion operation requires a constant O amount of time (1).

53. Is it possible to import the same class or package twice in Java and what
happens to it during runtime?

The same package or class may be imported more than once. Neither the JVM nor the
compiler raise an objection. Even if you import the same class several times, the JVM
will only internally load it once.

54. In case a package has sub packages, will it suffice to import only the main
package? e.g. Does importing of com.myMainPackage.* also import
com.myMainPackage.mySubPackage.*?
Sub-packages won't be imported when a package is imported. When you import a
package, all of its classes and interfaces—with the exception of those from its sub-
packages—are imported.

55. Will the final block be executed if the code System.exit(0) is written at the
end of the try block?

The system is established as the last line to be run, after which nothing will happen,
therefore both the catch and finally blocks are essentially ignored.

56. Explain the term “Double Brace Initialisation” in Java?

The outer braces of the double-brace initialization construct an anonymous class that is
descended from the provided class and gives an initializer block for that class (the inner
braces).

57. Why is it said that the length() method of String class doesn't return
accurate results?

Since this char [] array is used by the Java String class internally, the length variable
cannot be made public.

58. What are the possible ways of making objects eligible for garbage
collection (GC) in Java?

If a reference variable for an object is removed from the programme while it is running,
the object may be trash collected. They are also referred to as inaccessible objects
occasionally. The new operator returns a reference to an object after dynamically
allocating memory for it.

59. In the below Java Program, how many objects are eligible for garbage
collection?

I don't know about the program, but generally, three objects are eligible for garbage
collection.

The first object is created when the program is started and is no longer needed when
the program ends.
The second object is created when the user inputs their name and is no longer required
when the program ends.

The third object is created when the user inputs their address and is no longer needed
when the program ends.

60. What is the best way to inject dependency? Also, state the reason.

Constructor injection. A class requesting its dependencies through its function Object() {
[native code] } is the most typical instance of dependency injection. Since the client
cannot be constructed without the required dependencies, this guarantees that it is
always in a correct state.

61. How we can set the spring bean scope. And what supported scopes does
it have?

There are four ways to set the scope of a Spring bean: singleton, prototype, request,
and session.

The singleton scope creates a single instance of a bean, which is shared by all objects
that request it.

The prototype scope creates a new instance of a bean for each object that requests it.

The request and session scopes are only available in a web-based context. The request
scope creates a new bean instance for each HTTP request, and the session scope
creates a single instance of a bean shared by all objects in a single HTTP session.

62. What are the different categories of Java Design patterns?

The three categories of Java design patterns are creational, structural, and behavioural
design patterns.

63. What is a Memory Leak? Discuss some common causes of it.

A memory leak is the slow degradation of system performance over time brought on by
the fragmentation of a computer's RAM as a result of shoddy application design or
programming that fails to release memory chunks when they are no longer required.
These memory leaks frequently result from session items in excess, insertion into
Collection objects without deletion, infinite caches, excessive page switching on the
operating system, listener methods that are not called, and bespoke data structures that
are poorly written.

64. Assume a thread has a lock on it, calling the sleep() method on that thread
will release the lock?

No, the thread might release the locks using notify, notifyAll(), and wait() methods.

65. Write a Java Program to print Fibonacci Series using Recursion.

class FibonacciExample2{

static int n1=0,n2=1,n3=0;

static void printFibonacci(int count){

if(count>0){

n3 = n1 + n2;

n1 = n2;

n2 = n3;

System.out.print(" "+n3);

printFibonacci(count-1);

public static void main(String args[]){

int count=10;

System.out.print(n1+" "+n2);//printing 0 and 1

 printFibonacci(count-2);//n-2 because 2 numbers are already printed

66. Write a Java program to check if the two strings are anagrams.

import java.util.Arrays;

public class AnagramString {

static void isAnagram(String str1, String str2) {

String s1 = str1.replaceAll("\\s", "");

String s2 = str2.replaceAll("\\s", "");

boolean status = true;

if (s1.length() != s2.length()) {

status = false;

} else {

char[] ArrayS1 = s1.toLowerCase().toCharArray();

char[] ArrayS2 = s2.toLowerCase().toCharArray();

Arrays.sort(ArrayS1);

Arrays.sort(ArrayS2);

status = Arrays.equals(ArrayS1, ArrayS2);

}
 if (status) {

System.out.println(s1 + " and " + s2 + " are anagrams");

} else {

System.out.println(s1 + " and " + s2 + " are not anagrams");

public static void main(String[] args) {

isAnagram("Keep", "Peek");

isAnagram("Mother In Law", "Hitler Woman");

Output

Keep and Peek are anagrams

MotherInLaw and HitlerWoman are anagrams

67. Write a Java Program to find the factorial of a given number.

4! = 4*3*2*1 = 24

5! = 5*4*3*2*1 = 120

68. Given an array of non-duplicating numbers from 1 to n where one number

is missing, write an efficient java program to find that missing number.

Input: arr[] = {1, 2, 4, 6, 3, 7, 8}, N = 8

 Output: 5

Explanation: The missing number between 1 to 8 is 5

69. Write a Java Program to check if any number is a magic number or not. A
number is said to be a magic number if after doing the sum of digits in each
step and in turn doing the sum of digits of that sum, the ultimate result (when
there is only one digit left) is 1.

// Java program to check if

// a number is Magic number.

class GFG

public static boolean isMagic(int n)

int sum = 0;

// Note that the loop continues

// if n is 0 and sum is non-zero.

// It stops when n becomes 0 and

// sum becomes single digit.

while (n > 0 || sum > 9)

if (n == 0)

{
 n = sum;

sum = 0;

sum += n % 10;

n /= 10;

// Return true if sum becomes 1.

return (sum == 1);

// Driver code

public static void main(String args[])

int n = 1234;

if (isMagic(n))

System.out.println("Magic Number");

else

System.out.println("Not a magic Number");

}
}

class InvalidAgeException extends Exception

public InvalidAgeException (String str)

// calling the constructor of parent Exception

super(str);

70. Write a Java program to create and throw custom exceptions.

// class that uses custom exception InvalidAgeException

public class TestCustomException1

// method to check the age

static void validate (int age) throws InvalidAgeException{

if(age < 18){

// throw an object of user defined exception

throw new InvalidAgeException("age is not valid to vote");

}
 else {

System.out.println("welcome to vote");

// main method

public static void main(String args[])

try

// calling the method

validate(13);

catch (InvalidAgeException ex)

System.out.println("Caught the exception");

// printing the message from InvalidAgeException object

System.out.println("Exception occured: " + ex);

System.out.println("rest of the code...");

 }

71. Write a Java program to rotate arrays 90 degree clockwise by taking

matrices from user input.

public class RotateMatrixClockwise

public static void main(String args[])

//matrix to rotate

int a[][]= {{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}};

System.out.println("Original Matrix: \n");

//loop for rows

for(int i=0;i<3;i++)

//loop for columns

for(int j=0;j<3;j++)

//prints the elements of the original matrix

System.out.print(" "+a[i][j]+"\t");

}
System.out.println("\n");

System.out.println("Rotate Matrix by 90 Degrees Clockwise: \n");

for(int i=0;i<3;i++)

for(int j=2;j>=0;j--)

//prints the elements of the rotated matrix

System.out.print(""+a[j][i]+"\t");

System.out.println("\n");

72. Write a java program to check if any number given as input is the sum of 2
prime numbers.

// C program to check if a prime number

// can be expressed as sum of

// two Prime Numbers

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

#include <stdbool.h>

// Function to check whether a number

// is prime or not

bool isPrime(int n)

if (n <= 1)

return false;

for (int i = 2; i <= sqrt(n); i++)

if (n % i == 0)

return false;

return true;

// Function to check if a prime number

// can be expressed as sum of

// two Prime Numbers

bool isPossible(int N)

{
 // if the number is prime,

// and number-2 is also prime

if (isPrime(N) && isPrime(N - 2))

return true;

else

return false;

// Driver code

int main()

int n = 13;

if (isPossible(n))

printf("%s", "Yes");

else

printf("%s", "No");

return 0;

}
73. Write a Java program for solving the Tower of Hanoi Problem.

// Java recursive program to solve tower of hanoi puzzle

class GFG

// Java recursive function to solve tower of hanoi puzzle

static void towerOfHanoi(int n, char from_rod, char to_rod, char aux_rod)

if (n == 1)

System.out.println("Move disk 1 from rod " + from_rod + " to

rod " +to_rod);

return;

towerOfHanoi(n-1, from_rod, aux_rod, to_rod);

System.out.println("Move disk " + n + " from rod " + from_rod + " to rod
" +to_rod);

towerOfHanoi(n-1, aux_rod, to_rod, from_rod);

// Driver method

public static void main(String args[])

{
 int n = 4; // Number of disks

towerOfHanoi(n, \'A\', \'C\', \'B\'); // A, B and C are names of rods

74. Implement Binary Search in Java using recursion.

// Java Program to Illustrate Recursive Binary Search

// Importing required classes

import java.util.*;

// Main class

class GFG {

// Method 1

// Recursive binary search

// Returns index of x if it is present

// in arr[l..r], else return -1

int binarySearch(int arr[], int l, int r, int x)

// Restrict the boundary of right index

// and the left index to prevent

// overflow of indices
 if (r >= l && l <= arr.length - 1) {

int mid = l + (r - l) / 2;

// If the element is present

// at the middle itself

if (arr[mid] == x)

return mid;

// If element is smaller than mid, then it can

// only be present in left subarray

if (arr[mid] > x)

return binarySearch(arr, l, mid - 1, x);

// Else the element can only be present

// in right subarray

return binarySearch(arr, mid + 1, r, x);

// We reach here when element is not present in

// array

return -1;

// Method 2
// Main driver method

public static void main(String args[])

// Creating object of above class

GFG ob = new GFG();

// Custom input array

int arr[] = { 2, 3, 4, 10, 40 };

// Length of array

int n = arr.length;

// Custom element to be checked

// whether present or not

int x = 10;

// Calling above method

int result = ob.binarySearch(arr, 0, n - 1, x);

// Element present

if (result == -1)

// Print statement

System.out.println("Element not present");

 // Element not present

else

// Print statement

System.out.println("Element found at index "

+ result);

75. Is delete, next, main, exit or null keyword in java?

No, these keywords do not exist in Java. Delete, Next, Exit are the operations
performed in the Java program, Main is the predefined method, and Null is the default
String type.

With this we are done with the first section that is Basic Java Interview Question, Now,
lets move on to our next section of Intermediate Java Interview Questions.

Java Interview Coding Questions For Intermediate

Now, let's have a look at some of the most asked Java technical interview questions for
intermediate experienced professionals.

76. What is JDK? Mention the variants of JDK?

JDK is an abbreviation for Java Development Kit. It is a combined Package of JRE and
Developer tools used for designing Java Applications and Applets. Oracle has the
following variants.

• JDK Standard Edition

• JDK Enterprise Edition

• JDK Micro Edition

77. What is the difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM?

JVM has a Just in Time (JIT) compiler tool that converts all the Java source code into
the low-level compatible machine language. Therefore, it runs faster than the regular
application.

JRE has class libraries and other JVM supporting files. But it doesn’t have any tool for
java development such as compiler or debugger.

JDK has tools that are required to write Java Programs and uses JRE to execute them.
It has a compiler, Java application launcher, and an applet viewer.

78. What is a JIT compiler?

JIT compiler refers to Just in Time compiler. It is the simplest way of executing the
computer code that takes in compilation during the execution of a program rather than
before performance. It commonly uses bytecode translation to machine code. It is then
executed directly.

79. What are Brief Access Specifiers and Types of Access Specifiers?

Access Specifiers are predefined keywords used to help JVM understand the scope of a
variable, method, and class. We have four access specifiers.

• Public Access Specifier

• Private Access Specifier

• Protected Access Specifier

• Default Access Specifier

80. How many types of constructors are used in Java?

There are two types of constructors in Java.

Parameterized Constructors: Parameterized constructor accepts the parameters with

which users can initialize the instance variables. Users can initialize the class variables
dynamically at the time of instantiating the class.
Default constructors: This type doesn’t accept any parameters; rather, it instantiates the
class variables with their default values. It is used mainly for object creation.

81. Can a constructor return a value?

Yes, A constructor can return a value. It replaces the class's current instance implicitly;
you cannot make a constructor return a value explicitly.

82. Explain ‘this’ keyword in Java.

The term "this" is a particular keyword designated as a reference keyword. The "this"
keyword is used to refer to the current class properties like method, instance, variable,
and constructors.

83. Explain ‘super’ keyword in Java.

The term "super" is a particular keyword designated as a reference keyword. The

"super" keyword refers to the immediate parent class object.

84. Explain Method Overloading in Java.

The process of creating multiple method signatures using one method name is called
Method Overloading in Java. Two ways to achieve method overloading are:

1. Varying the number of arguments

2. Changing the return type of the Method

85. Can we overload a static method?

No, Java does not support the Overloading of a static method. The process would throw
an error reading "static method cannot be referenced."

86. Define Late Binding.

Binding is a process of unifying the method call with the method's code segment. Late
binding happens when the method's code segment is unknown until it is called during
the runtime.
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87. Define Dynamic Method Dispatch.

The Dynamic method dispatch is a process where the method call is executed during
the runtime. A reference variable is used to call the super-class. This process is also
known as Run-Time Polymorphism.

88. Why is the delete function faster in the linked list than an array?

Delete Function is faster in linked lists in Java as the user needs to make a minor
update to the pointer value so that the node can point to the next successor in the list

89. Give a briefing on the life cycle of a thread.

The life cycle of a thread includes five stages, as mentioned below.

1. New Born State

2. Runnable State

3. Running State

4. Blocked State

5. Dead State

90. Explain the difference between >> and >>> operators.

Although they look similar, there is a massive difference between both.

• >> operator does the job of right shifting the sign bits

• >>> operator is used in shifting out the zero-filled bits

91. Brief the life cycle of an applet.

The life cycle of an applet involves the following.

1. Initialization

2. Start

3. Stop

4. Destroy

5. Paint

92. Why are generics used in Java Programming?

Compile-time type safety is provided by using generics. Compile-time type safety allows
users to catch unnecessary invalid types at compile time. Generic methods and classes
help programmers specify a single method declaration, a set of related methods, or
related types with an available class declaration.

93. Explain the Externalizable interface.

The Externalizable interface helps with control over the process of serialization. An
"externalisable" interface incorporates readExternal and writeExternal methods.

94. What is the Daemon Thread?

The Daemon thread can be defined as a thread with the least priority. This Daemon
thread is designed to run in the background during the Garbage Collection in Java.

The setDaemon() method creates a Daemon thread in Java.

95. Explain the term enumeration in Java.

Enumeration or enum is an interface in Java. Enum allows the sequential access of the
elements stored in a collection in Java.

96. Why is Java is Dynamic?

Java is designed to adapt to an evolving environment. Java programs include a large

amount of runtime information that is used to resolve access to objects in real-time.

97. Can you run a code before executing the main method?
Yes, we can execute any code, even before the main method. We will be using a static
block of code when creating the objects at the class's load time. Any statements within
this static block of code will get executed at once while loading the class, even before
creating objects in the main method.

98. How many times is the finalize method called?

The finalize method is called the Garbage collector. For every object, the Garbage
Collector calls the finalize() method just for one time.

Java Interview Questions for Experienced

Now, lets move on to our last section of Advanced Core Java Interview Questions which
is primarly useful for experienced and working professionals.

99. Can "this" and "super" keywords be used together?

No, "this" and "super" keywords should be used in the first statement in the class
constructor. The following code gives you a brief idea.

public class baseClass {

baseClass() {

super();

this();

System.out.println(" baseClass object is created");

public static void main(String []args){

baseClass bclass = new baseClass();

}
}

100. What is a JSP page?

JSP is an abbreviation for Java Servlet Page. The JSP page consists of two types of
text.

• Static Data

• JSP elements

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101. What is JDBC?

JDBC is an abbreviation for Java Database Connector.

JDBC is an abstraction layer used to establish connectivity between an existing

database and a Java application

102. Explain the various directives in JSP.

Directives are instructions processed by JSP Engine. After the JSP page is compiled
into a Servlet, Directives set page-level instructions, insert external files, and define
customized tag libraries. Directives are defined using the symbols below:
start with "< %@" and then end with "% >"

The various types of directives are shown below:

• Include directive

It includes a file and combines the content of the whole file with the currently active
pages.

• Page directive

Page Directive defines specific attributes in the JSP page, like the buffer and error
page.

• Taglib

Taglib declares a custom tag library, which is used on the page.

103. What are the observer and observable classes?

Objects that inherit the "Observable class" take care of a list of "observers."

When an Observable object gets upgraded, it calls the update() method of each of its
observers.

After that, it notifies all the observers that there is a change of state.

The Observer interface gets implemented by objects that observe Observable objects.

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104. What is Session Management in Java?

A session is essentially defined as the random conversation's dynamic state between

the client and the server. The virtual communication channel includes a string of
responses and requests from both sides. The popular way of implementing session
management is establishing a session ID in the client's communicative discourse and
the server.
105. Briefly explain the term Spring Framework.

Spring is essentially defined as an application framework in Java and inversion of

control containers for Java. The spring framework creates enterprise applications in
Java. Especially useful to keep in mind that the spring framework's central features are
essentially conducive to any Java application.

106. How to handle exceptions in Spring MVC Framework?

Spring MVC has two approaches for handling the exceptions:

• Exception handler method: In this kind of exception handling, the user will get the
@ExceptionHandler annotation type used to annotate a method to handle
exceptions.

• XML Configuration: The user can use the SimpleMappingExceptionResolver bean in

Spring’s application file and map the exception.

107. What is JCA in Java?

Java Cryptography Architecture gives a platform and provides architecture and

application programming interfaces that enable decryption and encryption.

Developers use Java Cryptography Architecture to combine the application with the
security applications. Java Cryptography Architecture helps in implementing third party
security rules and regulations.

Java Cryptography Architecture uses the hash table, encryption message digest, etc. to
implement the security.

108. Explain JPA in Java.

The Java Persistence API enables us to create the persistence layer for desktop and
web applications. Java Persistence deals in the following:

1. Java Persistence API

2. Query Language

3. Java Persistence Criteria API

4. Object Mapping Metadata

109. Explain the different authentications in Java Servlets.

Authentication options are available in Servlets: There are four different options for
authentication in servlet:

• Basic Authentication:

Usernames and passwords are given by the client to authenticate the user.

• Form-based authentication:

In this, the login form is made by the programmer by using HTML.

• Digest Authentication:

It is similar to basic authentication, but the passwords are encrypted using the Hash
formula. Hash Formula makes digest more secure.

• Client certificate Authentication:

It requires that each client accessing the resource has a certificate that it sends to
authenticate itself. Client Authentication requires the SSL protocol.

110. Explain FailFast iterator and FailSafe iterator along with examples for
each.

FailFast iterators and FailSafe iterators are used in Java Collections.

FailFast iterators do not allow changes or modifications to the Java Collections, which
means they fail when the latest element is added to the collection or an existing element
gets removed from the collection. The FailFast iterators tend to fail and throw an
exception called ConcurrentModificationException.

Ex: ArrayList, HashMap

Whereas, on the other hand, FailSafe iterators allow changes or modifications to be

done on the Java Collections. It is possible, as the FailSafe iterators usually operate on
the cloned copy of the collection. Hence, they do not throw any specific exception.

Ex: CopyOnWriteArrayList
111. How do we reverse a string?

The string can be reversed by using the following program.

package simplilearnJava;

public class StringReverse {

public static void main(String args[]) {

String str = "Simplilearn";

String reverse = new StringBuffer(str).reverse().toString();

System.out.printf("Actual Word: %s, Word after reversing %s", str, reverse);

public static String reverse(String source) {

if (source == null || source.isEmpty()) {

return source;

String reverse = "";

for (int i = source.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {

reverse = reverse + source.charAt(i);

return reverse;

}
Expected Output:

Actual Word: Simplilearn, Word after reversing nraelilpmiS

112. Write a program to find the square root of a number.

The Square root of a number can be found by using the following program.

package simplilearnJava;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class SRoot {

public static void main(String args[]) {

try (Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in)) {

System.out.println("Input a number to find square root: ");

double square = sc.nextDouble();

double squareRoot = Math.sqrt(square);

System.out.printf("The square root is: %f ", squareRoot);

Expected Output:

Input a number to find square root:

25
The square root is: 5

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113. Write a program that detects the duplicate characters in a string.

The program that finds the duplicate elements in a string is written below:

package simplilearnJava;

import java.util.HashMap;

import java.util.Map;

import java.util.Set;

public class FindDuplicate {

public static void main(String args[]) {

printDuplicateCharacters("Simplilearn");

public static void printDuplicateCharacters(String word) {

char[] characters = word.toCharArray();

Map<Character, Integer> charMap = new HashMap<Character, Integer>();

for (Character ch : characters) {

if (charMap.containsKey(ch)) {

charMap.put(ch, charMap.get(ch) + 1);

} else {

charMap.put(ch, 1);

Set<Map.Entry<Character, Integer>> entrySet = charMap.entrySet();

System.out.printf("List of duplicate characters in String '%s' %n", word);

for (Map.Entry<Character, Integer> entry : entrySet) {

if (entry.getValue() > 1) {

System.out.printf("%s: %d %n", entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());

Expected output:

List of duplicate characters in String 'Simplilearn.'

i: 2

l: 2

114. Write a Program to remove duplicates in an ArrayList.

The following program can be implemented to remove duplicate elements in an

ArrayList
package simplilearnJava;

import java.util.ArrayList;

import java.util.LinkedHashSet;

import java.util.List;

import java.util.Set;

public class ArrayDuplicate {

public static void main(String args[]) {

List<Integer> num = new ArrayList<Integer>();

num.add(1);

num.add(2);

num.add(3);

num.add(4);

num.add(5);

num.add(6);

num.add(3);

num.add(4);

num.add(5);

num.add(6);

System.out.println("Your list of elements in ArrayList : " + num);

Set<Integer> primesWithoutDuplicates = new LinkedHashSet<Integer>(num);

num.clear();

num.addAll(primesWithoutDuplicates);

System.out.println("list of original numbers without duplication: " + num);

Expected Output:

Your list of elements in ArrayList : [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 3, 4, 5, 6]

list of original numbers without duplication: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

115. Find the word count in a string using HashMap Collection.

The following program can be used for word count.

package simplilearnJava;

import java.util.HashMap;

public class WordCount {

public static void main(String[] args) {

String str = "Hello World, Welcome to Simplilearn";

String[] split = str.split(" ");

HashMap<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<String, Integer>();

for (int i = 0; i < split.length; i++) {

if (map.containsKey(split[i])) {
int count = map.get(split[i]);

map.put(split[i], count + 1);

} else {

map.put(split[i], 1);

System.out.println(map);

Expected Output:

{Hello=1, Simplilearn=1, Welcome=1, to=1, World,=1}

116. Write a program to find the Second Highest number in an ArrayList

The following program can be used to find the second biggest number in an array list.

package simplilearnJava;

public class NextHighest {

public static void main(String[] args)

int array[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24, 31, 32};

int high = 0;
int nextHigh = 0;

System.out.println("The given array is:");

for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++)

System.out.print(array[i] + "\t");

for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++)

if (array[i] > high)

nextHigh = high;

high = array[i];

else if (array[i] > nextHigh)

nextHigh = array[i];

System.out.println("Second Highest is:" + nextHigh);

System.out.println("Highest Number is: " +high);

 }

Expected Output:

The given array is:

1 2 3 4 11 12 13 14 21 22 23 24 31 32

Second Highest is:31

The highest number is: 32

117. What is the difference between System.out, System.err, and System.in?

System.out and System.err represent the monitor by default and thus can be used to
send data or results to the monitor. System.out is used to display normal messages and
results. System.eerr is used to display error messages. System.in represents
InputStream object which by default represents standard input device, i.e., keyboard.

118. Could you provide some implementation of a Dictionary having a large

number of words?

The simplest implementation that can be given is that of a List wherein one can place
ordered words and perform a Binary search. The other implementation with a better
search performance is HashMap where the key is used as the first character of the word
and the value as a LinkedList.

Up another level, there are HashMaps like:

hashmap {

a (key) -> hashmap (key-aa , value (hashmap(key-aaa,value)

b (key) -> hashmap (key-ba , value (hashmap(key-baa,value)

z (key) -> hashmap (key-za , value (hashmap(key-zaa,value)

}

Up to n levels where n is the average size of the word in the dictionary.

119. How would you tackle it if you might have to encounter pattern programs
in Java?

Solution - Top 25 Most Frequently asked Pattern Programs in Java

With this, we have come to the end of this Java Interview Questions article. Moving
ahead, we will look into the next crucial steps that you could pursue, to master Java.

120. What do you understand by an instance variable and a local variable?

Generally, instance variables are declared in a class but outside methods whereas a
local variable is declared within the blocks of code.

//Local Variable

import Java.io.*;

class Main {

public static void main(String[] args)

int var = 145;

System.out.println("Local Variable: " + var);

//Instance variable

import Java.io.*;
class Main {

public int value = 12;

public static void main(String[] args)

Main va = new Main();

System.out.println("My value is: " + va.value);

121. Can the main method be overloaded?

Yes, the main method can be overloaded as many times as we want. Nevertheless,
JVM prefers to call the main method with the help of its predefined calling method.

Example:

class Main {

public static void main(String args[]) {

System.out.println(" Main Method");

public static void main(int[] args){

System.out.println("Overloaded Integer array Main Method");

public static void main(char[] args){

 System.out.println("Overloaded Character array Main Method");

public static int main(double[] args){

System.out.println("Overloaded Double array Main Method");

public static void main(float args){

System.out.println("Overloaded float Main Method");

122. Comment on method overloading and overriding by citing relevant

examples.

Method overloading occurs during the compile time, whereas method overriding occurs
during the run time. Static binding is used during overloading, whereas dynamic binding
is used during methods overriding.

//Function overloading

#function1

void addPodium(int a, int b)

System.out.println(a + b);

#function2
float addPodium(float a, float b, float c)

System.out.println(a + b + c);

//Function overriding

class Parent {

void show()

System.out.println("I am Parent");

class Child extends Parent {

void show()

System.out.println("I am Child");

class Main {

public static void main(String[] args)

{
 Parent obja = new Parent();

obja.show();

Parent objb = new Child();

objb.show();

123. A single try block and multiple catch blocks can co-exist in a Java
Program. Explain.

One or more catch blocks can follow a try block. Each catch block must have a unique
exception handler. So, if you want to perform multiple tasks in response to various
exceptions, use the Java multi-catch block.

124. Do final, finally and finalize keywords have the same function?

No, final, finally and finalize keywords have different functionalities.

Final is used to restrict classes, variables, or methods, the final keyword.

Finally is used to execute the code written inside the block without handling any
exceptions.

Finalize is used to call the function of the implementation of cleaning the garbage
collection of an object.

125. When can you use the "super" keyword?

Basically, the super keyword is used to refer to the parent class. When there are the
same fields in both parent and child classes, then one can use a super keyword to
access data members of the parent class.

126. What are shallow copy and deep copy in Java?

In the case of a shallow copy, primitive data types are copied, whereas in the case of a
deep copy along with primitive data types the object references are also copied.

127. Using relevant properties highlight the differences between interfaces

and abstract classes.

An abstract class can have a combination of both abstract and non-abstract methods,
whereas an interface has only abstract methods in it.

128. What are the different ways of thread usage?

There are two ways to define and implement a thread in Java. They are by
implementing the runnable interface and extending the thread class.

Extending the Thread class

class InterviewBitThreadExample extends Thread{

public void run(){

System.out.println("Thread runs...");

public static void main(String args[]){

InterviewBitThreadExample ib = new InterviewBitThreadExample();

ib.start();

Implementing the Runnable interface

class InterviewBitThreadExample implements Runnable{

public void run(){

 System.out.println("Thread runs...");

public static void main(String args[]){

Thread ib = new Thread(new InterviewBitThreadExample());

ib.start();

Implementing a thread using the method of Runnable interface is more preferred and
advantageous as Java does not have support for multiple inheritances of classes.

start() method is used for creating a separate call stack for the thread execution. Once
the call stack is created, JVM calls the run() method for executing the thread in that call
stack.

129. What is the difference between the ‘throw' and ‘throws' keyword in Java?

The throw keyword is often used to explicitly throw an exception. It can only throw one
exception at a time whereas throws can be used to declare multiple exceptions.

130. Identify the output of the below Java program and Justify your answer.

class Main {

public static void main(String args[]) {

Scaler s = new Scaler(5);

class InterviewBit{
 InterviewBit(){

System.out.println(" Welcome to InterviewBit ");

class Scaler extends InterviewBit{

Scaler(){

System.out.println(" Welcome to Scaler Academy ");

Scaler(int x){

this();

super();

System.out.println(" Welcome to Scaler Academy 2");

The above code will throw the compilation error. It is because the super() is used to call
the parent class constructor. But there is the condition that super() must be the first
statement in the block. Now in this case, if we replace this() with super() then also it will
throw the compilation error. Because this() also has to be the first statement in the
block. So in conclusion, we can say that we cannot use this() and super() keywords in
the same block.

131. Java works as a “pass by value” or “pass by reference” phenomenon?

Java works as a “pass by value” phenomenon, because “pass by reference” needs the
help of pointers. But there are no pointers in Java.
132. How to not allow serialization of attributes of a class in Java?

One approach to not allow serialization of attributes of a class in Java is by using

writeObject() and readObject() methods in the subclass and throwing a not Serializable
exception.

133. What are the default values assigned to variables and instances in Java?

By default, for a numerical value it is 0, for the boolean value it is false and for objects it
is NULL.

134. What do you mean by data encapsulation?

Data encapsulation is one of the properties of OOPS concepts, where all the data such
as variables and methods are enclosed together as a single unit.

135. Can you tell the difference between equals() method and equality
operator (==) in Java?

Equality operator (==) is used to check the equality condition between two variables.
But the equals() method is used to check the equality condition between two objects.

136. How is an infinite loop declared in Java?

An infinite loop can be declared in Java by breaking the logic in the instruction
block. For example,

for(int i = 1; i > 0; i++)

//statements

The above code forms an infinite loop in Java.

137. Briefly explain the concept of constructor overloading

The concept of constructor overloading refers to having multiple methods in a class with
their name being the same as the class name. The difference lies in the set of
parameters passed to the functions.

138. Explain the use of the final keyword in variable, method and class.

In Java, one can apply the final keyword to a variable, methods, and class. With the
help of the final keyword, the variable turns out to be a constant, the method cannot be
inherited and the class cannot be overridden.

139. Is it possible that the ‘finally' block will not be executed? If yes then list
the case.

Yes, there is a possibility that the ‘finally’ block cannot get executed. Here are some of
the cases where the above situation occurs.

1. During the time of fatal errors such as memory exhaustion, memory access error,
etc.

2. During the time of using System.exit()

140. Difference between static methods, static variables, and static classes in
Java.

A variable, method, or class can be made static by using the static keyword. A static
class cannot be instantiated. When both objects or instances of a class share the same
variables, this is referred to as static variables. Static methods are simply methods that
refer to the class in which they are written.

141. What is the main objective of garbage collection?

The main goal of using garbage collection is to free the heap memory by eliminating
unnecessary objects.

142. Apart from the security aspect, what are the reasons behind making
strings immutable in Java?

Because of security, synchronization, concurrency, caching, and class loading, the

String is immutable in Java. The reason for making string final would be to destroy its
immutability and help stop others from trying to extend it. String objects are cached in
the String pool, making them immutable.

143. Which of the below generates a compile-time error? State the reason.

int[] n1 = new int[0];

boolean[] n2 = new boolean[-200];

double[] n3 = new double[2241423798];

char[] ch = new char[20];

We get a compile-time error in line 3. The error we will get in Line 3 is - the integer
number too large. It is because the array requires size as an integer. And Integer takes
4 Bytes in the memory. And the number (2241423798) is beyond the capacity of the
integer. The maximum array size we can declare is - (2147483647).

Because the array requires the size in integer, none of the lines (1, 2, and 4) will give a
compile-time error. The program will compile fine. But we get the runtime exception in
line 2. The exception is - NegativeArraySizeException.

Here what will happen is - At the time when JVM will allocate the required memory
during runtime then it will find that the size is negative. And the array size can’t be
negative. So the JVM will throw the exception.

144. How would you differentiate between a String, StringBuffer, and a

StringBuilder?

The string class is immutable but the other two are mutable in nature. StringBuffer is
synchronous whereas the StringBuilder is asynchronous. String uses string pool as
memory storage whereas the other two use heap memory for storage purposes.

145. What is a Comparator in Java?

A comparator is an interface, which is used to sort the objects.

146. In Java, static as well as private method overriding is possible. Comment

on the statement.
In Java, you could indeed override a private or static method. If you create a similar
method in a child class with the same return type and method arguments, it will hide the
super class method; this is known as method hiding. Similarly, you cannot override a
private method in a subclass because it is not accessible from that.

147. What makes a HashSet different from a TreeSet?

In a HashSet, the elements are unsorted and work faster than a Tree set. It is
implemented using a hash table.

148. Why is the character array preferred over string for storing confidential
information?

Because Strings are immutable, any change will result in the creation of a new String,
whereas char[] allows you to set all of the elements to blank or zero. So storing a
password in a character array clearly reduces the security risk of password theft.

149. What are the differences between HashMap and HashTable in Java?

HashMap HashTable

1. Asynchronous in nature 1. Synchronous in nature

2. Not thread-safe 2. Thread safe

3. It allows one null key and null values

3. It doesn’t allow null keys and
 values.

150. What is the importance of reflection in Java?

Reflection is a property of Java, enabling the Java code to inspect itself. A Java class,
for example, can get the names of all its members and showcase them.

151. What are the different types of Thread Priorities in Java? And what is the
default priority of a thread assigned by JVM?

There are different types of thread properties in Java. They are MIN_PRIORITY,
MAX_PRIORITY, and NORM_PRIORITY. By default, the thread is assigned
NORM_PRIORITY.

152. What is the ‘IS-A ‘ relationship in OOPs Java?

‘IS-A’ relationship is related to the Inheritance property of OOPs Java. It is a kind of

parent-child relationship that is established between two classes.

153. Why is Java, not a pure object-oriented language?

It is not a pure object-oriented language because it supports primitive data types like int,
double, and char, which are not objects, and it supports static methods and variables.

154. Can static methods be overridden?

No, static methods cannot be overridden in Java.

155. What are the different ways of thread usage?

Two ways to use threads in Java one is by extending the Thread class or by
implementing the Runnable interface. Another way to use threads in Java is by using
the Executor framework, which provides a higher level of abstraction for managing
threads.
156. How do you achieve Object Cloning in Java?

Creating a new object with the same state as an existing object called Object Cloning in
Java. This can be achieved by implementing the Cloneable interface and overriding the
clone() method in the class.

157. What is a Java Virtual Machine?

It is an abstract machine that provides a runtime environment for Java programs to run.
The JVM interprets the compiled Java code and executes it on the underlying operating
System.

158. What gives Java its 'write once and run anywhere' nature?

Java's 'write once and run anywhere' nature is achieved by using Java Virtual Machine
(JVM) and bytecode. Java code is compiled into bytecode, which can be executed on
any platform that has a JVM installed.

159. What are the advantages of Packages in Java?

Packages in Java provide a way to organize classes and interfaces into namespaces.
This helps to avoid naming conflicts and makes it easier to manage large codebases.
Packages provide a way to create reusable code through the use of libraries.

160. Explain static variables with examples and a diagram.

A static variable in Java is a variable that is associated with the class rather than an
instance of the class. This means that all instances of the class share the same static
variable. They are declared using the static keyword.

public class Example {

static int count = 0;

public Example() {

count++;

}
}

Diagram - The diagram below illustrates the relationship between the class and the
static variable:

+----------+

Example | count=0 |

+----------+

||

Instance1 | |

+----------+

||

Instance2 | |

+----------+

161. Explain static block

A static block in Java is a block of code that is executed when the class is loaded into
memory. Static blocks are enclosed in curly braces and are marked with the static
keyword.

162. Difference between static (class) method and instance method

The main difference between a static method and an instance method in Java is that a
static method is associated with the class, while an instance method is associated with
an instance of the class.

163. How can constructor chaining be done using this keyword?

It is the process of calling one constructor from another constructor in the same class.
This can be achieved using this keyword.
164. Which class is the superclass for all the classes?

The Object class is the only superclass for all classes in Java.

165. Why are multiple inheritances not supported in Java?

Multiple inheritances are not supported in Java because it can lead to several problems,
including the diamond problem and name conflicts.

166. Why is method overloading not possible by changing the return type in
Java?

It is not possible by changing the return type in Java because the return type of a
method is not part of its signature.

167. What is method overloading with type promotion?

Method overloading with type promotion in Java is the process of defining multiple
methods in the same class with the same name but different parameter types.

168. Can we change the scope of the overridden method in the subclass?

No, we cannot change the scope of the overridden method in the subclass.

169. Can you have virtual functions in Java?

In Java, all non-static methods are virtual functions by default.

170. What is the covariant return type?

The covariant return type is a feature introduced in Java 5 that allows a subclass
method to return a type that is a subclass of the return type of the overridden method in
the superclass.

171. What is the final variable?

A final variable in Java is a variable that cannot be changed once it is initialized.

172. What is the final method?

A final method in Java is a method that cannot be overridden in a subclass.

173. What is the final class?

A final class in Java is a class that cannot be subclassed.

174. What is the final blank variable?

The final blank variable in Java is a final variable that is not initialized when it is
declared.

175. Difference between the final method and the abstract method

The main difference between a final method and an abstract method in Java is that a
final method cannot be overridden in a subclass, while an abstract method must be
overridden in a subclass.

176. Differences between Heap and Stack Memory in Java

Heap and Stack are two types of memory in Java used for storing data. Heap memory
is used for storing objects, while Stack memory is used for storing local variables and
method calls. One of the main differences between Heap and Stack memory is their
allocation and deallocation. Heap memory is allocated when an object is created and
deallocated when there are no more references to that object. Stack memory, on the
other hand, is allocated when a method is called and deallocated when the method
returns.

Another difference between Heap and Stack memory is their size. Heap memory is
larger than Stack memory because it is used for storing objects. Stack memory is
smaller because it is used for storing local variables and method calls only.

177. What do you understand about an instance variable and a local variable?

Instance variables and local variables are two types of variables in Java. Instance
variables are declared inside a class but outside any method. They are used to store
data that is specific to an object. Local variables, on the other hand, are declared inside
a method and are used to store temporary data that is required only within that method.
One of the main differences between instance variables and local variables is their
scope. Instance variables have a larger scope than local variables. The second
difference between instance variables and local variables is their initialization. Instance
variables are initialized automatically by default values if not initialized explicitly, while
local variables must be initialized explicitly before they can be used.

178. What is a JIT Compiler?

JIT (Just-In-Time) compiler is a part of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) that compiles
Java bytecode into native machine code at run time.

179. Can you tell the difference between the equals() method and equality
operator (==) in Java?

Equals() method and equality operator (==) are used for comparing objects in Java.
However, they differ in their functionality. Equals() method is used to compare the
contents of two objects, while the equality operator (==) is used to compare the
references of two objects.

When we use the equality operator (==) to compare two objects, it checks if both
objects refer to the same memory location. On the other hand, when we use the
Equals() method, it checks if the contents of the two objects are equal.

equals() method equality operator (==)

It is a Java.lang public
In Java, it is a binary operator.
method.Object type.

It can be applied to derived types as well as primitive It can only be applied to derived
types types.

Primitive forms are most suitable for it. It works best with derived types.

180. What are shallow copy and deep copy in Java?

Shallow copy and deep copy are two types of object copying in Java. SC creates a new
object with the same values as the original object, while deep copy creates a new object
with new values.

Shallow copy Deep copy

As fresh memory is allocated,

There is no new memory allocated, so it is quick
the data moves slowly.

A shallow copy costs less money. Deep copy is very costly.

 Changes in one entity do not
Changes in one entity have an impact on the other.
have any impact on the other.

181. Does Java work as a "pass by value" or "pass by reference"

phenomenon?

Java works as a "pass-by-value" phenomenon. This means that when we pass an

object to a method, a copy of the reference to that object is passed, not the actual
object.

For example, let's consider the following code:

public void changeValue(int x) {

x = 5;

int num = 10;

changeValue(num);

System.out.println(num);

In this code, we pass the value of num to the changeValue() method. However, when
we change the value of x inside the method, it does not affect the value of num outside
the method. This is because Java passes a copy of the value of num, not the actual
object.

182. Why Does Java Array Index Start with 0?

In Java, array indexing starts with 0. This is because an array is a contiguous block of
memory where each element occupies a fixed amount of space. It is the offset from the
start of the array.
Consider the following code:

int[] arr = new int[5];

arr[0] = 10;

arr[1] = 20;

arr[2] = 30;

arr[3] = 40;

arr[4] = 50;

In this code, we declare an array of size five and assign values to each element. The
index of the first element is coming 0, and the last element index is coming 4, which is
the size of the array minus 1.

183. Can you explain the Java thread lifecycle?

Java thread life cycle consists of several states, including New, Runnable, Blocked,
Waiting, Timed Waiting, and Terminated.

The New State represents a thread that has been created but not started yet. The
Runnable state represents a thread that is ready to run but may not be scheduled to run
by the operating System. The Blocked state represents a thread that is waiting for a
monitor lock to be released. The Waiting state represents a thread that is waiting for
another thread to perform a specific action. The Timed Waiting state represents a
thread that is waiting for a specific amount of time to elapse. The Terminated state
represents a thread that has completed its execution.

184. What are the possible ways of making objects eligible for garbage
collection (GC) in Java?

In Java, objects are automatically garbage collected when they are no longer
referenced. However, we can also make objects eligible for garbage collection manually
using the System.gc() method or by setting the object reference to null.

Consider the following code:

MyObject obj = new MyObject();

obj = null;

System.gc();

In this code, we create an object of the MyObject class and then set the object
reference to null. We then call the System.gc() method to request the garbage collector
to run.

185. What are the different categories of Java Design patterns?

Java Design Patterns can be categorized into three categories: Creational, Structural,
and Behavioral.

Creational patterns are used for creating objects. Some examples of Creational patterns
are Singleton, Factory, and Abstract Factory.

Structural patterns are used for assembling objects and creating relationships between
them. Some examples of Structural patterns are Adapters, bridges, and Composites.

Behavioral patterns are used for managing algorithms, relationships, and

responsibilities between objects. Some examples of Behavioral patterns are Observer,
Strategy, and Template Methods.

186. List the features of the Java Programming language.

Java is a popular programming language that is widely used for developing applications.
Some of the features of Java programming language are:

1. Platform Independence: Java code can run on any platform that has a JVM installed.

2. Object-Oriented: Java is an object-oriented programming language that supports

encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.

3. Memory Management: Java has automatic memory management, which means that
it manages memory allocation and deallocation automatically.

4. Multithreading: Java supports multithreading, which allows multiple threads to run

concurrently.
5. Security: Java has built-in security features that protect the System from malicious
attacks.

6. Exception Handling: Java has a robust exception-handling mechanism that allows

developers to handle errors and exceptions effectively.

7. Garbage Collection: Java has automatic garbage collection, which means that it
automatically frees the memory.