Java Interview Questions

In this Java Interview Questions blog, I am going to list some of the most important
Java Interview Questions and Answers which will set you apart in the interview
process. Java is used by approx 10 Million developers worldwide to develop
applications for 15 Billion devices supporting Java. It is also used to create
applications for trending technologies like Big Data to household devices like
Mobiles and DTH boxes. And hence today, Java is used everywhere! This is the
reason why Java Certification is the most in-demand certification in programming
domain.

Let us start by taking a look at some of the most frequently asked Java interview
questions,
Q1. Explain JDK, JRE and JVM?
Q2. Explain public static void main(String args[]) in Java
Q3. Why Java is platform independent?
Q4. Why Java is not 100% Object-oriented?
Q5. What are wrapper classes in Java?
Q6. What are constructors in Java?
Q7. What is singleton class in Java and how can we make a class singleton?
Q8. What is the difference between Array list and vector in Java?
Q9. What is the difference between equals() and == in Java?
Q10. What are the differences between Heap and Stack Memory in Java?

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We have compiled a list of top Java interview questions which are classified into 7
sections, namely:

1. Basic Interview Questions

2. OOPs Interview Questions
3. JDBC Interview Questions
4. Spring Interview Questions
5. Hibernate Interview Questions
6. JSP Interview Questions
7. Exception and thread Interview Questions
 Basic Java Interview Questions
Q1. Explain JDK, JRE and JVM?

JDK vs JRE vs JVM

JDK JRE JVM

It stands for
It stands for Java
Java
Runtime It stands for Java Virtual Machine.
Development
Environment.
Kit.

It is the tool JRE refers to a

necessary to runtime It is an abstract machine. It is a
compile, environment in specification that provides a run-time
document and which Java environment in which Java bytecode can be
package Java bytecode can be executed.
programs. executed.

It’s an
It contains JRE JVM follows three notations:
implementation
+ development Specification, Implementation, and Runtime
of the JVM which
tools. Instance.
physically exists.
Q2. Explain public static void main(String args[]) in Java.

main() in Java is the entry point for any Java program. It is always written
as public static void main(String[] args).

 public: Public is an access modifier, which is used to specify who can access
this method. Public means that this Method will be accessible by any Class.
 static: It is a keyword in java which identifies it is class-based. main() is made
static in Java so that it can be accessed without creating the instance of a
Class. In case, main is not made static then the compiler will throw an error
as main() is called by the JVM before any objects are made and only static
methods can be directly invoked via the class.
 void: It is the return type of the method. Void defines the method which will
not return any value.
 main: It is the name of the method which is searched by JVM as a starting
point for an application with a particular signature only. It is the method
where the main execution occurs.
 String args[]: It is the parameter passed to the main method.

Q3. Why Java is platform independent?

Java is called platform independent because of its byte codes which can run on
any system irrespective of its underlying operating system.
Q4. Why Java is not 100% Object-oriented?

Java is not 100% Object-oriented because it makes use of eight primitive data
types such as boolean, byte, char, int, float, double, long, short which are not
objects.

Q5. What are wrapper classes in Java?

Wrapper classes convert the Java primitives into the reference types (objects).
Every primitive data type has a class dedicated to it. These are known as wrapper
classes because they “wrap” the primitive data type into an object of that class.
Refer to the below image which displays different primitive type, wrapper class
and constructor argument.

Q6. What are constructors in Java?

In Java, constructor refers to a block of code which is used to initialize an object.

It must have the same name as that of the class. Also, it has no return type and it
is automatically called when an object is created.

There are two types of constructors:

1. Default Constructor: In Java, a default constructor is the one which does not
take any inputs. In other words, default constructors are the no argument
constructors which will be created by default in case you no other
constructor is defined by the user. Its main purpose is to initialize the
instance variables with the default values. Also, it is majorly used for object
creation.
2. Parameterized Constructor: The parameterized constructor in Java, is the
constructor which is capable of initializing the instance variables with the
provided values. In other words, the constructors which take the
arguments are called parameterized constructors.

Q7. What is singleton class in Java and how can we make a class
singleton?

Singleton class is a class whose only one instance can be created at any given
time, in one JVM. A class can be made singleton by making its constructor
private.
Q8. What is the difference between Array list and vector in Java?

ArrayList Vector
Array List is not synchronized. Vector is synchronized.
Array List is fast as it’s non-synchronized. Vector is slow as it is thread safe.

If an element is inserted into the Array

Vector defaults to doubling size of its array.
List, it increases its Array size by 50%.

Array List does not define the increment

Vector defines the increment size.
size.

Array List can only use Iterator for Vector can use both Enumeration and Iterator
traversing an Array List. for traversing.
Q9. What is the difference between equals() and == in Java?

Equals() method is defined in Object class in Java and used for checking equality
of two objects defined by business logic.

“==” or equality operator in Java is a binary operator provided by Java

programming language and used to compare primitives and objects. public
boolean equals(Object o) is the method provided by the Object class. The default
implementation uses == operator to compare two objects. For example: method
can be overridden like String class. equals() method is used to compare the
values of two objects.

Q10. What are the differences between Heap and Stack Memory in
Java?

The major difference between Heap and Stack memory are:

Features Stack Heap

Stack memory is used only by Heap memory is used by all the parts of
Memory
one thread of execution. the application.
Stack memory can’t be accessed Objects stored in the heap are globally
Access
by other threads. accessible.

Memory Follows LIFO manner to free Memory management is based on the

Management memory. generation associated with each object.

Exists until the end of execution Heap memory lives from the start till
Lifetime
of the thread. the end of application execution.

Stack memory only contains local

Whenever an object is created, it’s
Usage primitive and reference variables
always stored in the Heap space.
to objects in heap space.
Q11. What is a package in Java? List down various advantages of packages.

Packages in Java, are the collection of related classes and interfaces which are
bundled together. By using packages, developers can easily modularize the code
and optimize its reuse. Also, the code within the packages can be imported by
other classes and reused. Below I have listed down a few of its advantages:

 Packages help in avoiding name clashes

 They provide easier access control on the code
 Packages can also contain hidden classes which are not visible to the outer
classes and only used within the package
 Creates a proper hierarchical structure which makes it easier to locate the
related classes

Q12. Why pointers are not used in Java?

Java doesn’t use pointers because they are unsafe and increases the complexity
of the program. Since, Java is known for its simplicity of code, adding the concept
of pointers will be contradicting. Moreover, since JVM is responsible for implicit
memory allocation, thus in order to avoid direct access to memory by the
user, pointers are discouraged in Java.

Q13. What is JIT compiler in Java?

JIT stands for Just-In-Time compiler in Java. It is a program that helps in converting
the Java bytecode into instructions that are sent directly to the processor. By
default, the JIT compiler is enabled in Java and is activated whenever a Java
method is invoked. The JIT compiler then compiles the bytecode of the invoked
method into native machine code, compiling it “just in time” to execute. Once the
method has been compiled, the JVM summons the compiled code of that method
directly rather than interpreting it. This is why it is often responsible for the
performance optimization of Java applications at the run time.

Q14. What are access modifiers in Java?

In Java, access modifiers are special keywords which are used to restrict the access
of a class, constructor, data member and method in another class. Java supports
four types of access modifiers:

1. Default
2. Private
3. Protected
4. Public
 Modifier Default Private Protected Public

Same class YES YES YES YES

Same Package subclass YES NO YES YES

Same Package non- YES NO YES YES

subclass
Different package subclass NO NO YES YES

Different package non- NO NO NO YES

subclass
Q15. Define a Java Class.

A class in Java is a blueprint which includes all your data. A class contains fields
(variables) and methods to describe the behavior of an object. Let’s have a look at
the syntax of a class.

1 class Abc {
2 member variables // class body
3 methods}
Q16. What is an object in Java and how is it created?

An object is a real-world entity that has a state and behavior. An object has three
characteristics:

1. State
2. Behavior
3. Identity

An object is created using the ‘new’ keyword. For example:

ClassName obj = new ClassName();

Q17. What is Object Oriented Programming?

Object-oriented programming or popularly known as OOPs is a programming

model or approach where the programs are organized around objects rather than
logic and functions. In other words, OOP mainly focuses on the objects that are
required to be manipulated instead of logic. This approach is ideal for the
programs large and complex codes and needs to be actively updated or
maintained.

Q18. What are the main concepts of OOPs in Java?

Object-Oriented Programming or OOPs is a programming style that is associated

with concepts like:
 1. Inheritance: Inheritance is a process where one class acquires the
properties of another.
2. Encapsulation: Encapsulation in Java is a mechanism of wrapping up the
data and code together as a single unit.
3. Abstraction: Abstraction is the methodology of hiding the implementation
details from the user and only providing the functionality to the users.
4. Polymorphism: Polymorphism is the ability of a variable, function or object
to take multiple forms.

Q19. What is the difference between a local variable and an instance

variable?

In Java, a local variable is typically used inside a method, constructor, or

a block and has only local scope. Thus, this variable can be used only within the
scope of a block. The best benefit of having a local variable is that other methods
in the class won’t be even aware of that variable.

Example

1 if(x > 100)

2 {
3 String test = "Edureka";
4 }

Whereas, an instance variable in Java, is a variable which is bounded to its object

itself. These variables are declared within a class, but outside a method. Every
object of that class will create it’s own copy of the variable while using it. Thus, any
changes made to the variable won’t reflect in any other instances of that class and
will be bound to that particular instance only.

1 class Test{
2 public String EmpName;
3 public int empAge;
4 }

Q20. Differentiate between the constructors and methods in Java?

Methods Constructors

1. Used to represent the behavior

1. Used to initialize the state of an object
of an object

2. Must have a return type 2. Do not have any return type

3. Needs to be invoked explicitly 3. Is invoked implicitly

4. No default method is provided 4. A default constructor is provided by the

by the compiler compiler if the class has none
5. Method name may or may not be 5. Constructor name must always be the same
same as class name as the class name
Q21. What is final keyword in Java?

final is a special keyword in Java that is used as a non-access modifier. A final

variable can be used in different contexts such as:

 final variable

When the final keyword is used with a variable then its value can’t be changed
once assigned. In case the no value has been assigned to the final variable then
using only the class constructor a value can be assigned to it.

 final method

When a method is declared final then it can’t be overridden by the inheriting class.

 final class

When a class is declared as final in Java, it can’t be extended by any subclass class
but it can extend other class.

Q22. What is the difference between break and continue statements?

break continue
1. Can be used in switch and
loop (for, while, do while) 1. Can be only used with loop statements
statements

2. It causes the switch or loop

2. It doesn’t terminate the loop but causes
statements to terminate the
the loop to jump to the next iteration
moment it is executed
3. It terminates the innermost 3. A continue within a loop nested with
enclosing loop or switch a switch will cause the next loop iteration to
immediately execute
Example break:
1
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
2 {
3 if (i == 3)
4 {
5 break;
6 }
System.out.println(i);
7 }
8
Example continue:
1 for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
2 {
3 if(i == 2)
{
4 continue;
5 }
6 System.out.println(i);
7 }
 8
Q23.What is an infinite loop in Java? Explain with an example.

An infinite loop is an instruction sequence in Java that loops endlessly when a

functional exit isn’t met. This type of loop can be the result of a programming
error or may also be a deliberate action based on the application behavior. An
infinite loop will terminate automatically once the application exits.

For example:

1
public class InfiniteForLoopDemo
2 {
3 public static void main(String[] arg) {
4 for(;;)
5 System.out.println("Welcome to Edureka!");
6 // To terminate this program press ctrl + c in the console.
}
7 }
8

Q24. What is the difference between this() and super() in Java?

In Java, super() and this(), both are special keywords that are used to call the
constructor.

this() super()
1. this() represents the current instance 1. super() represents the current instance of
of a class a parent/base class
2. Used to call the default constructor 2. Used to call the default constructor of the
of the same class parent/base class
3. Used to access methods of the
3. Used to access methods of the base class
current class
4. Used for pointing the current class
4. Used for pointing the superclass instance
instance
5. Must be the first line of a block 5. Must be the first line of a block
Q25. What is Java String Pool?

Java String pool refers to a collection of Strings which are stored in heap memory.
In this, whenever a new object is created, String pool first checks whether the
object is already present in the pool or not. If it is present, then the same reference
is returned to the variable else new object will be created in the String pool and
the respective reference will be returned.
Q26. Differentiate between static and non-static methods in Java.

Static Method Non-Static Method

1. The static keyword must be used before the 1. No need to use the static keyword before
method name the method name
2. It is called using the class
2. It is can be called like any general method
(className.methodName)
3. It can access any static method and any
3. They can’t access any non-static instance
static variable without creating an instance
variables or methods
of the class
Q27. What is constructor chaining in Java?

In Java, constructor chaining is the process of calling one constructor from another
with respect to the current object. Constructor chaining is possible only through
legacy where a subclass constructor is responsible for invoking the superclass’
constructor first. There could be any number of classes in the constructor chain.
Constructor chaining can be achieved in two ways:

1. Within the same class using this()

2. From base class using super()

Q28. Difference between String, StringBuilder, and StringBuffer.

Factor String StringBuilder StringBuffer

Constant String
Storage Area Heap Area Heap Area
Pool
Mutability Immutable Mutable Mutable
Thread Safety Yes No Yes
Performance Fast More efficient Less efficient
Q29. What is a classloader in Java?

The Java ClassLoader is a subset of JVM (Java Virtual Machine) that is responsible
for loading the class files. Whenever a Java program is executed it is first loaded
by the classloader. Java provides three built-in classloaders:

1. Bootstrap ClassLoader
2. Extension ClassLoader
3. System/Application ClassLoader

Q30. Why Java Strings are immutable in nature?

In Java, string objects are immutable in nature which simply means once the String
object is created its state cannot be modified. Whenever you try to update the
value of that object instead of updating the values of that particular object, Java
creates a new string object. Java String objects are immutable as String objects are
generally cached in the String pool. Since String literals are usually shared
between multiple clients, action from one client might affect the rest. It enhances
security, caching, synchronization, and performance of the application.

Q31. What is the difference between an array and an array list?

Array ArrayList
Cannot contain values of different data
Can contain values of different data types.
types
Size must be defined at the time of
Size can be dynamically changed
declaration
Need to specify the index in order to add
No need to specify the index
data

Arrays are not type parameterized Arraylists are type

Arrays can contain primitive data types as Arraylists can contain only objects, no
well as objects primitive data types are allowed
Q32. What is a Map in Java?

In Java, Map is an interface of Util package which maps unique keys to values. The
Map interface is not a subset of the main Collection interface and thus it behaves
little different from the other collection types. Below are a few of the
characteristics of Map interface:

1. Map doesn’t contain duplicate keys.

2. Each key can map at max one value.

Q33. What is collection class in Java? List down its methods and interfaces.

In Java, the collection is a framework that acts as an architecture for storing and
manipulating a group of objects. Using Collections you can perform various tasks
like searching, sorting, insertion, manipulation, deletion, etc. Java collection
framework includes the following:

 Interfaces
 Classes
 Methods

The below image shows the complete hierarchy of the Java Collection.

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 OOPS Java Interview Questions
Q1. What is Polymorphism?

Polymorphism is briefly described as “one interface, many implementations”.

Polymorphism is a characteristic of being able to assign a different meaning or
usage to something in different contexts – specifically, to allow an entity such as
a variable, a function, or an object to have more than one form. There are two

types of polymorphism:

1. Compile time polymorphism

2. Run time polymorphism

Compile time polymorphism is method overloading whereas Runtime time

polymorphism is done using inheritance and interface.

Q2. What is runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch?

In Java, runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch is a process in which

a call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than at compile-time.
In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference variable of
a superclass. Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

1
2 class Car {
3 void run()
4 {
5 System.out.println(“car is running”);
6 }
}
7 class Audi extends Car {
8 void run()
9 {
10 System.out.prinltn(“Audi is running safely with 100km”);
}
11 public static void main(String args[])
12 {
13 Car b= new Audi(); //upcasting
14 b.run();
15 }
}
16
17
Q3. What is abstraction in Java?
Abstraction refers to the quality of dealing with ideas rather than events. It
basically deals with hiding the details and showing the essential things to the user.
Thus you can say that abstraction in Java is the process of hiding the
implementation details from the user and revealing only the functionality to them.
Abstraction can be achieved in two ways:

1. Abstract Classes (0-100% of abstraction can be achieved)

2. Interfaces (100% of abstraction can be achieved)

Q4. What do you mean by an interface in Java?

An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class or you can say it is a collection of

abstract methods and static constants. In an interface, each method is public and
abstract but it does not contain any constructor. Thus, interface basically is a
group of related methods with empty bodies. Example:

public interface Animal {

public void eat();
public void sleep();
public void run();
}
Q5. What is the difference between abstract classes and interfaces?

Abstract Class Interfaces

An abstract class can provide complete,
An interface cannot provide any code at all,
default code and/or just the details that have
just the signature
to be overridden
In the case of an abstract class, a class may
A Class may implement several interfaces
extend only one abstract class
An abstract class can have non-abstract
All methods of an Interface are abstract
methods
An abstract class can have instance variables An Interface cannot have instance variables
An abstract class can have any visibility:
An Interface visibility must be public (or) none
public, private, protected
If we add a new method to an abstract class If we add a new method to an Interface then
then we have the option of providing default we have to track down all the implementations
implementation and therefore all the existing of the interface and define implementation for
code might work properly the new method

An abstract class can contain constructors An Interface cannot contain constructors

Interfaces are slow as it requires extra

Abstract classes are fast indirection to find the corresponding method in
the actual class
Q6. What is inheritance in Java?

Inheritance in Java is the concept where the properties of one class can be
inherited by the other. It helps to reuse the code and establish a relationship
between different classes. Inheritance is performed between two types of classes:
 1. Parent class (Super or Base class)
2. Child class (Subclass or Derived class)

A class which inherits the properties is known as Child Class whereas a class
whose properties are inherited is known as Parent class.

Q7. What are the different types of inheritance in Java?

Java supports four types of inheritance which are:

1. Single Inheritance: In single inheritance, one class inherits the properties of

another i.e there will be only one parent as well as one child class.
2. Multilevel Inheritance: When a class is derived from a class which is also
derived from another class, i.e. a class having more than one parent class
but at different levels, such type of inheritance is called Multilevel
Inheritance.
3. Hierarchical Inheritance: When a class has more than one child classes
(subclasses) or in other words, more than one child classes have the same
parent class, then such kind of inheritance is known as hierarchical.
4. Hybrid Inheritance: Hybrid inheritance is a combination of two or more
types of inheritance.

Q8. What is method overloading and method overriding?

Method Overloading :

 In Method Overloading, Methods of the same class shares the same name
but each method must have a different number of parameters or
parameters having different types and order.
 Method Overloading is to “add” or “extend” more to the method’s behavior.
 It is a compile-time polymorphism.
 The methods must have a different signature.
 It may or may not need inheritance in Method Overloading.

Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

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1
2 class Adder {
3 Static int add(int a, int b)
4 {
return a+b;
5 }
6 Static double add( double a, double b)
7 {
8 return a+b;
9 }
public static void main(String args[])
10 {
11 System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11));
12 System.out.println(Adder.add(12.3,12.6));
13 }}
14
Method Overriding:

 In Method Overriding, the subclass has the same method with the same
name and exactly the same number and type of parameters and same
return type as a superclass.
 Method Overriding is to “Change” existing behavior of the method.
 It is a run time polymorphism.
 The methods must have the same signature.
 It always requires inheritance in Method Overriding.

Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

1
2 class Car {
3 void run(){
4 System.out.println(“car is running”);
5 }
Class Audi extends Car{
6 void run()
7 {
8 System.out.prinltn("Audi is running safely with 100km");
9 }
public static void main( String args[])
10 {
11 Car b=new Audi();
12 b.run();
13 }
14 }
15
Q9. Can you override a private or static method in Java?

You cannot override a private or static method in Java. If you create a similar
method with the same return type and same method arguments in child class
then it will hide the superclass method; this is known as method hiding. Similarly,
you cannot override a private method in subclass because it’s not accessible
there. What you can do is create another private method with the same name in
the child class. Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

1
2
3 class Base {
private static void display() {
4
System.out.println("Static or class method from Base");
5 }
6 public void print() {
7 System.out.println("Non-static or instance method from Base");
8 }
class Derived extends Base {
9 private static void display() {
10 System.out.println("Static or class method from Derived");
11 }
12 public void print() {
13 System.out.println("Non-static or instance method from Derived");
}
14 public class test {
15 public static void main(String args[])
16 {
17 Base obj= new Derived();
obj1.display();
18 obj1.print();
19 }
20 }
21
22
Q10. What is multiple inheritance? Is it supported by Java?

If a child class inherits the property from multiple classes is known as multiple
inheritance. Java does not allow to extend multiple classes.

The problem with multiple inheritance is that if multiple parent classes have the
same method name, then at runtime it becomes difficult for the compiler to
decide which method to execute from the child class.

Therefore, Java doesn’t support multiple inheritance. The problem is commonly

referred to as Diamond Problem.
Q11. What is encapsulation in Java?

Encapsulation is a mechanism where you bind your data(variables) and

code(methods) together as a single unit. Here, the data is hidden from the outer
world and can be accessed only via current class methods. This helps in protecting
the data from any unnecessary modification. We can achieve encapsulation in
Java by:

 Declaring the variables of a class as private.

 Providing public setter and getter methods to modify and view the values
of the variables.

Q12. What is an association?

Association is a relationship where all object have their own lifecycle and there is
no owner. Let’s take the example of Teacher and Student. Multiple students can
associate with a single teacher and a single student can associate with multiple
teachers but there is no ownership between the objects and both have their own
lifecycle. These relationships can be one to one, one to many, many to one and
many to many.

Q13. What do you mean by aggregation?

An aggregation is a specialized form of Association where all object has their own
lifecycle but there is ownership and child object can not belong to another parent
object. Let’s take an example of Department and teacher. A single teacher can not
belong to multiple departments, but if we delete the department teacher object
will not destroy.

Q14. What is composition in Java?

Composition is again a specialized form of Aggregation and we can call this as a

“death” relationship. It is a strong type of Aggregation. Child object does not have
their lifecycle and if parent object deletes all child object will also be deleted. Let’s
take again an example of a relationship between House and rooms. House can
contain multiple rooms there is no independent life of room and any room can
not belongs to two different houses if we delete the house room will automatically
delete.

Q15. What is a marker interface?

A Marker interface can be defined as the interface having no data member and
member functions. In simpler terms, an empty interface is called the Marker
interface. The most common examples of Marker interface in Java are Serializable,
Cloneable etc. The marker interface can be declared as follows.

1 public interface Serializable{

2 }
Q16. What is object cloning in Java?

Object cloning in Java is the process of creating an exact copy of an object. It

basically means the ability to create an object with a similar state as the original
object. To achieve this, Java provides a method clone() to make use of this
functionality. This method creates a new instance of the class of the current object
and then initializes all its fields with the exact same contents of corresponding
fields. To object clone(), the marker interface java.lang.Cloneable must be
implemented to avoid any runtime exceptions. One thing you must note is Object
clone() is a protected method, thus you need to override it.

Q17. What is a copy constructor in Java?

Copy constructor is a member function that is used to initialize an object using

another object of the same class. Though there is no need for copy constructor in
Java since all objects are passed by reference. Moreover, Java does not even
support automatic pass-by-value.

Q18. What is a constructor overloading in Java?

In Java, constructor overloading is a technique of adding any number

of constructors to a class each having a different parameter list. The compiler uses
the number of parameters and their types in the list to differentiate the
overloaded constructors.

1
2 class Demo
3 {
int i;
4 public Demo(int a)
5 {
6 i=k;
7 }
8 public Demo(int a, int b)
{
9 //body
10 }
11 }
12
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 Servlets Interview Questions
Q1. What is a servlet?

 Java Servlet is server-side technologies to extend the capability of web

servers by providing support for dynamic response and data persistence.
 The javax.servlet and javax.servlet.http packages provide interfaces and
classes for writing our own servlets.
 All servlets must implement the javax.servlet.Servlet interface, which
defines servlet lifecycle methods. When implementing a generic service,
we can extend the GenericServlet class provided with the Java Servlet API.
The HttpServlet class provides methods, such as doGet() and doPost(), for
handling HTTP-specific services.
 Most of the times, web applications are accessed using HTTP protocol and
thats why we mostly extend HttpServlet class. Servlet API hierarchy is
shown in below image.

Q2. What are the differences between Get and Post methods?

Get Post

Limited amount of data can be sent because Large amount of data can be sent because data is
data is sent in header. sent in body.
Not Secured because data is exposed in URL
Secured because data is not exposed in URL bar.
bar.
Can be bookmarked Cannot be bookmarked

Idempotent Non-Idempotent

It is more efficient and used than Post It is less efficient and used
Q3. What is Request Dispatcher?

RequestDispatcher interface is used to forward the request to another resource

that can be HTML, JSP or another servlet in same application. We can also use this
to include the content of another resource to the response.

There are two methods defined in this interface:

1.void forward()

2.void include()

Q4. What are the differences between forward() method and

sendRedirect() methods?

SendRedirect() method
forward() method

forward() sends the same request to another sendRedirect() method sends new request always
resource. because it uses the URL bar of the browser.
 forward() method works at server side. sendRedirect() method works at client side.

sendRedirect() method works within and outside

forward() method works within the server only.
the server.

Q5. What is the life-cycle of a servlet?

There are 5 stages in the lifecycle of a servlet:

1. Servlet is loaded
2. Servlet is instantiated
3. Servlet is initialized
4. Service the request
5. Servlet is destroyed

Q6. How does cookies work in Servlets?

 Cookies are text data sent by server to the client and it gets saved at the
client local machine.
 Servlet API provides cookies support through javax.servlet.http.Cookie
class that implements Serializable and Cloneable interfaces.
 HttpServletRequest getCookies() method is provided to get the array of
Cookies from request, since there is no point of adding Cookie to request,
there are no methods to set or add cookie to request.
 Similarly HttpServletResponse addCookie(Cookie c) method is provided to
attach cookie in response header, there are no getter methods for cookie.
Q7. What are the differences between ServletContext vs ServletConfig?

The difference between ServletContext and ServletConfig in Servlets JSP is in

below tabular format.

ServletConfig ServletContext
Servlet config object represent single It represent whole web application running on
servlet particular JVM and common for all the servlet

Its like local parameter associated with Its like global parameter associated with whole
particular servlet application
It’s a name value pair defined inside the
ServletContext has application wide scope so
servlet section of web.xml file so it has
define outside of servlet tag in web.xml file.
servlet wide scope
getServletConfig() method is used to get getServletContext() method is used to get the
the config object context object.

for example shopping cart of a user is a To get the MIME type of a file or application
specific to particular user so here we can session related information is stored using
use servlet config servlet context object.
Q8. What are the different methods of session management in servlets?

Session is a conversational state between client and server and it can consists of
multiple request and response between client and server. Since HTTP and Web
Server both are stateless, the only way to maintain a session is when some unique
information about the session (session id) is passed between server and client in
every request and response.

Some of the common ways of session management in servlets are:

1. User Authentication
2. HTML Hidden Field
3. Cookies
4. URL Rewriting
5. Session Management API

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 JDBC Interview Questions
1. What is JDBC Driver?

JDBC Driver is a software component that enables java application to interact with
the database. There are 4 types of JDBC drivers:

1. JDBC-ODBC bridge driver

2. Native-API driver (partially java driver)
3. Network Protocol driver (fully java driver)
4. Thin driver (fully java driver)

2. What are the steps to connect to a database in java?

 Registering the driver class

 Creating connection
 Creating statement
 Executing queries
 Closing connection

3. What are the JDBC API components?

The java.sql package contains interfaces and classes for JDBC API.

Interfaces:

 Connection
 Statement
 PreparedStatement
 ResultSet
 ResultSetMetaData
  DatabaseMetaData
 CallableStatement etc.

Classes:

 DriverManager
 Blob
 Clob
 Types
 SQLException etc.

4. What is the role of JDBC DriverManager class?

The DriverManager class manages the registered drivers. It can be used to

register and unregister drivers. It provides factory method that returns the
instance of Connection.

5. What is JDBC Connection interface?

The Connection interface maintains a session with the database. It can be used
for transaction management. It provides factory methods that returns the
instance of Statement, PreparedStatement, CallableStatement and
DatabaseMetaData.

6. What is the purpose of JDBC ResultSet interface?

The ResultSet object represents a row of a table. It can be used to change the
cursor pointer and get the information from the database.

7. What is JDBC ResultSetMetaData interface?

The ResultSetMetaData interface returns the information of table such as total

number of columns, column name, column type etc.

8. What is JDBC DatabaseMetaData interface?

The DatabaseMetaData interface returns the information of the database such as

username, driver name, driver version, number of tables, number of views etc.
9. What do you mean by batch processing in JDBC?

Batch processing helps you to group related SQL statements into a batch and
execute them instead of executing a single query. By using batch processing
technique in JDBC, you can execute multiple queries which makes the
performance faster.

10. What is the difference between execute, executeQuery,

executeUpdate?

Statement execute(String query) is used to execute any SQL query and it returns
TRUE if the result is an ResultSet such as running Select queries. The output is
FALSE when there is no ResultSet object such as running Insert or Update queries.
We can use getResultSet() to get the ResultSet and getUpdateCount() method to
retrieve the update count.

Statement executeQuery(String query) is used to execute Select queries and

returns the ResultSet. ResultSet returned is never null even if there are no records
matching the query. When executing select queries we should use executeQuery
method so that if someone tries to execute insert/update statement it will throw
java.sql.SQLException with message “executeQuery method can not be used for
update”.

Statement executeUpdate(String query) is used to execute Insert/Update/Delete

(DML) statements or DDL statements that returns nothing. The output is int and
equals to the row count for SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements.
For DDL statements, the output is 0.

You should use execute() method only when you are not sure about the type of
statement else use executeQuery or executeUpdate method.

Q11. What do you understand by JDBC Statements?

JDBC statements are basically the statements which are used to send SQL
commands to the database and retrieve data back from the database. Various
methods like execute(), executeUpdate(), executeQuery, etc. are provided by JDBC
to interact with the database.

JDBC supports 3 types of statements:

1. Statement: Used for general purpose access to the database and executes
a static SQL query at runtime.
2. PreparedStatement: Used to provide input parameters to the query during
execution.
3. CallableStatement: Used to access the database stored procedures and
helps in accepting runtime parameters.
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Spring Interview Questions

Q1. What is Spring?

Wikipedia defines the Spring framework as “an application framework and

inversion of control container for the Java platform. The framework’s core features
can be used by any Java application, but there are extensions for building web
applications on top of the Java EE platform.” Spring is essentially a lightweight,
integrated framework that can be used for developing enterprise applications in
java.

Q2. Name the different modules of the Spring framework.

Some of the important Spring Framework modules are:

 Spring Context – for dependency injection.

 Spring AOP – for aspect oriented programming.
 Spring DAO – for database operations using DAO pattern
 Spring JDBC – for JDBC and DataSource support.
 Spring ORM – for ORM tools support such as Hibernate
 Spring Web Module – for creating web applications.
 Spring MVC – Model-View-Controller implementation for creating web
applications, web services etc.

Q3.
List
some of the important annotations in annotation-based Spring
configuration.

The important annotations are:

 @Required
 @Autowired
 @Qualifier
 @Resource
 @PostConstruct
 @PreDestroy

Q4. Explain Bean in Spring and List the different Scopes of Spring bean.

Beans are objects that form the backbone of a Spring application. They are
managed by the Spring IoC container. In other words, a bean is an object that is
instantiated, assembled, and managed by a Spring IoC container.

There are five Scopes defined in Spring beans.

 Singleton: Only one instance of the bean will be created for each
container. This is the default scope for the spring beans. While using this
scope, make sure spring bean doesn’t have shared instance variables
otherwise it might lead to data inconsistency issues because it’s not
thread-safe.
 Prototype: A new instance will be created every time the bean is
requested.
 Request: This is same as prototype scope, however it’s meant to be used
for web applications. A new instance of the bean will be created for each
HTTP request.
 Session: A new bean will be created for each HTTP session by the
container.
 Global-session: This is used to create global session beans for Portlet
applications.

Q5. Explain the role of DispatcherServlet and ContextLoaderListener.

DispatcherServlet is basically the front controller in the Spring MVC application as

it loads the spring bean configuration file and initializes all the beans that have
been configured. If annotations are enabled, it also scans the packages to
configure any bean annotated with @Component, @Controller, @Repository or
@Service annotations.

ContextLoaderListener, on the other hand, is the listener to start up and shut

down the WebApplicationContext in Spring root. Some of its important functions
includes tying up the lifecycle of Application Context to the lifecycle of the
ServletContext and automating the creation of ApplicationContext.

Q6. What are the differences between constructor injection and setter
injection?

No. Constructor Injection Setter Injection

1) No Partial Injection Partial Injection
Doesn’t override the setter Overrides the constructor property if
2)
property both are defined.
 Creates a new instance if any Doesn’t create a new instance if you
3)
modification occurs change the property value
4) Better for too many properties Better for a few properties.
Q7. What is autowiring in Spring? What are the autowiring modes?

Autowiring enables the programmer to inject the bean automatically. We don’t

need to write explicit injection logic. Let’s see the code to inject bean using
dependency injection.

1. <bean id=“emp” class=“com.javatpoint.Employee” autowire=“byName” />

The autowiring modes are given below:

No. Mode Description

1) no this is the default mode, it means autowiring is not enabled.
2) byName Injects the bean based on the property name. It uses setter method.
3) byType Injects the bean based on the property type. It uses setter method.
4) constructor It injects the bean using constructor

Q8. How to handle exceptions in Spring MVC Framework?

Spring MVC Framework provides the following ways to help us achieving robust
exception handling.

Controller Based:

We can define exception handler methods in our controller classes. All we need is
to annotate these methods with @ExceptionHandler annotation.

Global Exception Handler:

Exception Handling is a cross-cutting concern and Spring provides

@ControllerAdvice annotation that we can use with any class to define our global
exception handler.

HandlerExceptionResolver implementation:

For generic exceptions, most of the times we serve static pages. Spring Framework
provides HandlerExceptionResolver interface that we can implement to create
global exception handler. The reason behind this additional way to define global
exception handler is that Spring framework also provides default implementation
classes that we can define in our spring bean configuration file to get spring
framework exception handling benefits.
Q9. What are some of the important Spring annotations which you have
used?

Some of the Spring annotations that I have used in my project are:

@Controller – for controller classes in Spring MVC project.

@RequestMapping – for configuring URI mapping in controller handler methods.

This is a very important annotation, so you should go through Spring MVC
RequestMapping Annotation Examples

@ResponseBody – for sending Object as response, usually for sending XML or

JSON data as response.

@PathVariable – for mapping dynamic values from the URI to handler method
arguments.

@Autowired – for autowiring dependencies in spring beans.

@Qualifier – with @Autowired annotation to avoid confusion when multiple

instances of bean type is present.

@Service – for service classes.

@Scope – for configuring the scope of the spring bean.

@Configuration, @ComponentScan and @Bean – for java based configurations.

AspectJ annotations for configuring aspects and advices , @Aspect, @Before,

@After, @Around, @Pointcut, etc.

Q10. How to integrate Spring and Hibernate Frameworks?

We can use Spring ORM module to integrate Spring and Hibernate frameworks if
you are using Hibernate 3+ where SessionFactory provides current session, then
you should avoid using HibernateTemplate or HibernateDaoSupport classes and
better to use DAO pattern with dependency injection for the integration.

Also, Spring ORM provides support for using Spring declarative transaction
management, so you should utilize that rather than going for hibernate boiler-
plate code for transaction management.

Q11. Name the types of transaction management that Spring supports.

Two types of transaction management are supported by Spring. They are:

1. Programmatic transaction management: In this, the transaction is

managed with the help of programming. It provides you extreme flexibility,
but it is very difficult to maintain.
 2. Declarative transaction management: In this, transaction management is
separated from the business code. Only annotations or XML based
configurations are used to manage the transactions.

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Hibernate Interview Questions

1. What is Hibernate Framework?

Object-relational mapping or ORM is the programming technique to map

application domain model objects to the relational database tables. Hibernate is
Java-based ORM tool that provides a framework for mapping application domain
objects to the relational database tables and vice versa.

Hibernate provides a reference implementation of Java Persistence API, that

makes it a great choice as ORM tool with benefits of loose coupling. We can use
the Hibernate persistence API for CRUD operations. Hibernate framework provide
option to map plain old java objects to traditional database tables with the use of
JPA annotations as well as XML based configuration.

Similarly, hibernate configurations are flexible and can be done from XML
configuration file as well as programmatically.

2. What are the important benefits of using Hibernate Framework?

Some of the important benefits of using hibernate framework are:

1. Hibernate eliminates all the boiler-plate code that comes with JDBC and
takes care of managing resources, so we can focus on business logic.
2. Hibernate framework provides support for XML as well as JPA annotations,
that makes our code implementation independent.
3. Hibernate provides a powerful query language (HQL) that is similar to SQL.
However, HQL is fully object-oriented and understands concepts like
inheritance, polymorphism, and association.
4. Hibernate is an open source project from Red Hat Community and used
worldwide. This makes it a better choice than others because learning curve
is small and there are tons of online documentation and help is easily
available in forums.
5. Hibernate is easy to integrate with other Java EE frameworks, it’s so popular
that Spring Framework provides built-in support for integrating hibernate
with Spring applications.
6. Hibernate supports lazy initialization using proxy objects and perform
actual database queries only when it’s required.
 7. Hibernate cache helps us in getting better performance.
8. For database vendor specific feature, hibernate is suitable because we can
also execute native sql queries.

Overall hibernate is the best choice in current market for ORM tool, it contains all
the features that you will ever need in an ORM tool.

3. Explain Hibernate architecture.

4. What are the differences between get and load methods?

The differences between get() and load() methods are given below.

No. get() load()

Throws ObjectNotFoundException if an
1) Returns null if object is not found.
object is not found.
get() method always hit the
2) load() method doesn’t hit the database.
database.
3) It returns a real object, not a proxy. It returns a proxy object.
It should be used if you are not It should be used if you are sure that the
4)
sure about the existence of instance. instance exists.
5. What are the advantages of Hibernate over JDBC?

Some of the important advantages of Hibernate framework over JDBC are:

1. Hibernate removes a lot of boiler-plate code that comes with JDBC API,
the code looks cleaner and readable.
2. Hibernate supports inheritance, associations, and collections. These
features are not present with JDBC API.
3. Hibernate implicitly provides transaction management, in fact, most of the
queries can’t be executed outside transaction. In JDBC API, we need to
write code for transaction management using commit and rollback.
4. JDBC API throws SQLException that is a checked exception, so we need to
write a lot of try-catch block code. Most of the times it’s redundant in
every JDBC call and used for transaction management. Hibernate wraps
JDBC exceptions and throw JDBCException or HibernateException un-
checked exception, so we don’t need to write code to handle it. Hibernate
built-in transaction management removes the usage of try-catch blocks.
5. Hibernate Query Language (HQL) is more object-oriented and close to
Java programming language. For JDBC, we need to write native SQL
queries.
6. Hibernate supports caching that is better for performance, JDBC queries
are not cached hence performance is low.
7. Hibernate provides option through which we can create database tables
too, for JDBC tables must exist in the database.
8. Hibernate configuration helps us in using JDBC like connection as well as
JNDI DataSource for the connection pool. This is a very important feature
in enterprise application and completely missing in JDBC API.
9. Hibernate supports JPA annotations, so the code is independent of the
implementation and easily replaceable with other ORM tools. JDBC code is
very tightly coupled with the application.

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Java Interview Questions: JSP

1. What are the life-cycle methods for a jsp?

Methods Description
It is invoked only once, same as
public void jspInit()
init method of servlet.
public void _jspService(ServletRequest It is invoked at each request,
request,ServletResponse)throws same as service() method of
ServletException,IOException servlet.
It is invoked only once, same as
public void jspDestroy()
destroy() method of servlet.
2. What are the JSP implicit objects?

JSP provides 9 implicit objects by default. They are as follows:

Object Type
1) out JspWriter
2) request HttpServletRequest
3) response HttpServletResponse
4) config ServletConfig
5) session HttpSession
6) application ServletContext
7) pageContext PageContext
8) page Object
9) exception Throwable
3. What are the differences between include directive and include action?

include directive include action

The include directive includes the The include action includes the content at
content at page translation time. request time.
The include action doesn’t include the
The include directive includes the
original content rather invokes the
original content of the page so page
include() method of Vendor provided
size increases at runtime.
class.
It’s better for static pages. It’s better for dynamic pages.

4. How to disable caching on back button of the browser?

<%
response.setHeader(“Cache-Control”,”no-store”);
response.setHeader(“Pragma”,”no-cache”);
response.setHeader (“Expires”, “0”); //prevents caching at the proxy
server
%>
5. What are the different tags provided in JSTL?

There are 5 type of JSTL tags.

1. core tags
2. sql tags
3. xml tags
4. internationalization tags
5. functions tags

6. How to disable session in JSP?

1. <%@ page session=“false” %>

7. How to delete a Cookie in a JSP?

The following code explains how to delete a Cookie in a JSP :

1 Cookie mycook = new Cookie("name1","value1");

2
3 response.addCookie(mycook1);
4
5 Cookie killmycook = new Cookie("mycook1","value1");
6
7 killmycook . set MaxAge ( 0 );
8
9 killmycook . set Path ("/");
10
killmycook . addCookie ( killmycook 1 );
11

8. Explain the jspDestroy() method.

jspDestry() method is invoked from javax.servlet.jsp.JspPage interface whenever

a JSP page is about to be destroyed. Servlets destroy methods can be easily
overridden to perform cleanup, like when closing a database connection.

9. How is JSP better than Servlet technology?

JSP is a technology on the server’s side to make content generation simple. They
are document-centric, whereas servlets are programs. A Java server page can
contain fragments of Java program, which execute and instantiate Java classes.
However, they occur inside an HTML template file. It provides the framework for
the development of a Web Application.

10. Why should we not configure JSP standard tags in web.xml?

We don’t need to configure JSP standard tags in web.xml because when container
loads the web application and find TLD files, it automatically configures them to
be used directly in the application JSP pages. We just need to include it in the JSP
page using taglib directive.

11. How will you use JSP EL in order to get the HTTP method name?

Using pageContext JSP EL implicit object you can get the request object
reference and make use of the dot operator to retrieve the HTTP method name
in the JSP page. The JSP EL code for this purpose will look
like ${pageContext.request.method}.

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Exception and Thread Java Interview Questions

Q1. What is the difference between Error and Exception?

An error is an irrecoverable condition occurring at runtime. Such as OutOfMemory

error. These JVM errors you cannot repair them at runtime. Though error can be
caught in the catch block but the execution of application will come to a halt and
is not recoverable.

While exceptions are conditions that occur because of bad input or human error
etc. e.g. FileNotFoundException will be thrown if the specified file does not exist.
Or a NullPointerException will take place if you try using a null reference. In most
of the cases it is possible to recover from an exception (probably by giving the
user feedback for entering proper values etc.

Q2. How can you handle Java exceptions?

There are five keywords used to handle exceptions in Java:

1. try
2. catch
3. finally
4. throw
5. throws

Q3. What are the differences between Checked Exception and

Unchecked Exception?

Checked Exception

 The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and

Error are known as checked exceptions.
  Checked exceptions are checked at compile-time.
 Example: IOException, SQLException etc.

Unchecked Exception

 The classes that extend RuntimeException are known as unchecked

exceptions.
 Unchecked exceptions are not checked at compile-time.
 Example: ArithmeticException, NullPointerException etc.

Q4. What purpose do the keywords final, finally, and finalize fulfill?

Final:

Final is used to apply restrictions on class, method, and variable. A final class can’t
be inherited, final method can’t be overridden and final variable value can’t be
changed. Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

1 class FinalVarExample {
2 public static void main( String args[])
3 {
4 final int a=10; // Final variable
5 a=50; //Error as value can't be changed
}
6
Finally

Finally is used to place important code, it will be executed whether the exception
is handled or not. Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

1
2 class FinallyExample {
3 public static void main(String args[]){
try {
4 int x=100;
5 }
6 catch(Exception e) {
7 System.out.println(e);
8 }
finally {
9 System.out.println("finally block is executing");}
10 }}
11 }
12
Finalize

Finalize is used to perform clean up processing just before the object is garbage
collected. Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

1 class FinalizeExample {
2 public void finalize() {
System.out.println("Finalize is called");
3 }
4 public static void main(String args[])
5 {
6 FinalizeExample f1=new FinalizeExample();
 7 FinalizeExample f2=new FinalizeExample();
8 f1= NULL;
f2=NULL;
9 System.gc();
10 }
11 }
12
13
Q5. What are the differences between throw and throws?

throw keyword throws keyword

Throws is used to declare an
Throw is used to explicitly throw an exception.
exception.
Checked exceptions can not be propagated Checked exception can be propagated
with throw only. with throws.
Throw is followed by an instance. Throws is followed by class.
Throws is used with the method
Throw is used within the method.
signature.
You can declare multiple exception
You cannot throw multiple exception e.g. public void method()throws
IOException,SQLException.
Q6. What is exception hierarchy in java?

The hierarchy is as follows:

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Throwable is a parent class of all Exception classes. There are two types of
Exceptions: Checked exceptions and UncheckedExceptions or
RunTimeExceptions. Both type of exceptions extends Exception class whereas
errors are further classified into Virtual Machine error and Assertion error.
Q7. How to create a custom Exception?

To create you own exception extend the Exception class or any of its subclasses.

 class New1Exception extends Exception { } // this will create

Checked Exception
 class NewException extends IOException { } // this will create
Checked exception
 class NewException extends NullPonterExcpetion { } // this will create
UnChecked exception

Q8. What are the important methods of Java Exception Class?

Exception and all of it’s subclasses doesn’t provide any specific methods and all of
the methods are defined in the base class Throwable.

1. String getMessage() – This method returns the message String of

Throwable and the message can be provided while creating the exception
through it’s constructor.
2. String getLocalizedMessage() – This method is provided so that subclasses
can override it to provide locale specific message to the calling program.
Throwable class implementation of this method simply
use getMessage() method to return the exception message.
3. Synchronized Throwable getCause() – This method returns the cause of
the exception or null id the cause is unknown.
4. String toString() – This method returns the information about Throwable
in String format, the returned String contains the name of Throwable class
and localized message.
5. void printStackTrace() – This method prints the stack trace information to
the standard error stream, this method is overloaded and we can pass
PrintStream or PrintWriter as an argument to write the stack trace
information to the file or stream.
Q9. What are the differences between processes and threads?

Process Thread
An executing instance of a program A thread is a subset of the
Definition
is called a process. process.
Processes must use inter-process Threads can directly
Communication communication to communicate communicate with other
with sibling processes. threads of its process.
Threads can exercise
Processes can only exercise control
Control considerable control over
over child processes.
threads of the same process.
Any change in the main
Any change in the parent process thread may affect the
Changes
does not affect child processes. behavior of the other threads
of the process.
Run in shared memory
Memory Run in separate memory spaces.
spaces.
Process is controlled by the Threads are controlled by
Controlled by
operating system. programmer in a program.
Dependence Processes are independent. Threads are dependent.
Q10. What is a finally block? Is there a case when finally will not execute?

Finally block is a block which always executes a set of statements. It is always

associated with a try block regardless of any exception that occurs or not.
Yes, finally will not be executed if the program exits either by calling System.exit()
or by causing a fatal error that causes the process to abort.

Q11. What is synchronization?

Synchronization refers to multi-threading. A synchronized block of code can be

executed by only one thread at a time. As Java supports execution of multiple
threads, two or more threads may access the same fields or objects.
Synchronization is a process which keeps all concurrent threads in execution to
be in sync. Synchronization avoids memory consistency errors caused due to
inconsistent view of shared memory. When a method is declared as synchronized
the thread holds the monitor for that method’s object. If another thread is
executing the synchronized method the thread is blocked until that thread
releases the monitor.
Q12. Can we write multiple catch blocks under single try block?

Yes we can have multiple catch blocks under single try block but the approach
should be from specific to general. Let’s understand this with a programmatic
example.

1
2
public class Example {
3 public static void main(String args[]) {
4 try {
5 int a[]= new int[10];
6 a[10]= 10/0;
7 }
catch(ArithmeticException e)
8 {
9 System.out.println("Arithmetic exception in first catch block");
10 }
11 catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
{
12 System.out.println("Array index out of bounds in second catch block");
13 }
14 catch(Exception e)
15 {
16 System.out.println("Any exception in third catch block");
}
17 }
18
19
Q13. What are the important methods of Java Exception Class?

Methods are defined in the base class Throwable. Some of the important methods
of Java exception class are stated below.

1. String getMessage() – This method returns the message String about the
exception. The message can be provided through its constructor.
2. public StackTraceElement[] getStackTrace() – This method returns an array
containing each element on the stack trace. The element at index 0
represents the top of the call stack whereas the last element in the array
represents the method at the bottom of the call stack.
3. Synchronized Throwable getCause() – This method returns the cause of the
exception or null id as represented by a Throwable object.
 4. String toString() – This method returns the information in String format. The
returned String contains the name of Throwable class and localized
message.
5. void printStackTrace() – This method prints the stack trace information to
the standard error stream.

Q14. What is OutOfMemoryError in Java?

OutOfMemoryError is the subclass of java.lang.Error which generally occurs

when our JVM runs out of memory.

Q15. What is a Thread?

A thread is the smallest piece of programmed instructions which can be executed

independently by a scheduler. In Java, all the programs will have at least one
thread which is known as the main thread. This main thread is created by the JVM
when the program starts its execution. The main thread is used to invoke the
main() of the program.

Q16. What are the two ways to create a thread?

In Java, threads can be created in the following two ways:-

 By implementing the Runnable interface.

 By extending the Thread

Q17. What are the different types of garbage collectors in Java?

Garbage collection in Java a program which helps in implicit memory

management. Since in Java, using the new keyword you can create objects
dynamically, which once created will consume some memory. Once the job is
done and there are no more references left to the object, Java using garbage
collection destroys the object and relieves the memory occupied by it. Java
provides four types of garbage collectors:

 Serial Garbage Collector

 Parallel Garbage Collector
 CMS Garbage Collector
 G1 Garbage Collector