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100+ Java Interview Questions You Must Prepare In 2020

Last updated on May 07,2020 1.1M Views

Aayushi Johari !
A technophile who likes writing about di"erent technologies and spreading knowledge.

Java Interview Questions

In this Java Interview Questions blog, I am going to list some of the most important Java Interview Questions
and Answers which will set you apart in the interview process. Java is used by approx 10 Million developers
worldwide to develop applications for 15 Billion devices supporting Java. It is also used to create applications
for trending technologies like Big Data to household devices like Mobiles and DTH boxes. And hence today,
Java is used everywhere! This is the reason why Java Certi!cation is the most in-demand certi!cation in
programming domain.

Let us start by taking a look at some of the most frequently asked Java interview questions,
Q1. Explain JDK, JRE and JVM?
Q2. Explain public static void main(String args[]) in Java
Q3. Why Java is platform independent?
Q4. Why Java is not 100% Object-oriented?
Q5. What are wrapper classes in Java?
Q6. What are constructors in Java?
Q7. What is singleton class in Java and how can we make a class singleton?
Q8. What is the di"erence between Array list and vector in Java?
Q9. What is the di"erence between equals() and == in Java?
Q10. What are the di"erences between Heap and Stack Memory in Java?

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We have compiled a list of top Java interview questions which are classi!ed into 7 sections, namely:
1. Basic Interview Questions
2. OOPs Interview Questions
3. JDBC Interview Questions
4. Spring Interview Questions
5. Hibernate Interview Questions
6. JSP Interview Questions
7. Exception and thread Interview Questions

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As a Java professional, it is essential to know the right buzzwords, learn the right technologies and prepare
the right answers to commonly asked Java Interview Questions. Here’s a de!nitive list of top Java Interview
Questions that will guarantee a breeze-through to the next level.

In case you attended any Java interview recently, or have additional questions beyond what we covered, we
encourage you to post them in our QnA Forum. Our expert team will get back to you at the earliest.

So let’s get started with the !rst set of basic Java Interview Questions.

Basic Java Interview Questions

Q1. Explain JDK, JRE and JVM?

JDK JRE JVM

It stands for Java Development It stands for Java Runtime

It stands for Java Virtual Machine.
Kit. Environment.

It is an abstract machine. It is a
It is the tool necessary to JRE refers to a runtime
speci!cation that provides a run-time
compile, document and package environment in which Java
environment in which Java bytecode
Java programs. bytecode can be executed.
can be executed.

JVM follows three notations:

It contains JRE + development It’s an implementation of the
Speci!cation, Implementation,
tools. JVM which physically exists.
and Runtime Instance.
 JDK vs JRE vs JVM

Q2. Explain public static void main(String args[]) in Java.

main() in Java is the entry point for any Java program. It is always written as public static void main(String[]
args).

public: Public is an access modi!er, which is used to specify who can access this method. Public means
that this Method will be accessible by any Class.
static: It is a keyword in java which identi!es it is class-based. main() is made static in Java so that it can
be accessed without creating the instance of a Class. In case, main is not made static then the compiler
will throw an error as main() is called by the JVM before any objects are made and only static methods
can be directly invoked via the class.
void: It is the return type of the method. Void de!nes the method which will not return any value.
main: It is the name of the method which is searched by JVM as a starting point for an application with
a particular signature only. It is the method where the main execution occurs.
String args[]: It is the parameter passed to the main method.

Q3. Why Java is platform independent?

Java is called platform independent because of its byte codes which can run on any system irrespective of its
underlying operating system.

Q4. Why Java is not 100% Object-oriented?

Java is not 100% Object-oriented because it makes use of eight primitive data types such as boolean, byte,
char, int, #oat, double, long, short which are not objects.

Q5. What are wrapper classes in Java?

Wrapper classes convert the Java primitives into the reference types (objects). Every primitive data type has
a class dedicated to it. These are known as wrapper classes because they “wrap” the primitive data type into
an object of that class. Refer to the below image which displays di"erent primitive type, wrapper class and
constructor argument.

Q6. What are constructors in Java?

In Java, constructor refers to a block of code which is used to initialize an object. It must have the same
name as that of the class. Also, it has no return type and it is automatically called when an object is created.

There are two types of constructors:

1. Default Constructor: In Java, a default constructor is the one which does not take any inputs. In other
words, default constructors are the no argument constructors which will be created by default in case
you no other constructor is de!ned by the user. Its main purpose is to initialize the instance variables
with the default values. Also, it is majorly used for object creation.
2. Parameterized Constructor: The parameterized constructor in Java, is the constructor which is
capable of initializing the instance variables with the provided values. In other words, the constructors
which take the arguments are called parameterized constructors.

Q7. What is singleton class in Java and how can we make a class singleton?
Singleton class is a class whose only one instance can be created at any given time, in one JVM. A class can
be made singleton by making its constructor private.

Q8. What is the di"erence between Array list and vector in Java?

ArrayList Vector

Array List is not synchronized. Vector is synchronized.

Array List is fast as it’s non-synchronized. BecomeVector

a Certi!ed Professional
is slow as it is thread
! safe.

If an element is inserted into the Array List, it

Vector defaults to doubling size of its array.
increases its Array size by 50%.

Array List does not de!ne the increment size. Vector de!nes the increment size.

Array List can only use Iterator for traversing an Vector can use both Enumeration and Iterator for
Array List. traversing.

Q9. What is the di"erence between equals() and == in Java?

Equals() method is de!ned in Object class in Java and used for checking equality of two objects de!ned by
business logic.

“==” or equality operator in Java is a binary operator provided by Java programming language and used to
compare primitives and objects. public boolean equals(Object o) is the method provided by the Object class.
The default implementation uses == operator to compare two objects. For example: method can be
overridden like String class. equals() method is used to compare the values of two objects.

Q10. What are the di"erences between Heap and Stack Memory in Java?
The major di"erence between Heap and Stack memory are:

Features Stack Heap

 Features Stack Heap

Stack memory is used only by one thread Heap memory is used by all the parts of the
Memory
of execution. application.

Stack memory can’t be accessed by other Objects stored in the heap are globally
Access
threads. accessible.

Memory Memory management is based on the

Follows LIFO manner to free memory.
Management generation associated with each object.

Exists until the end of execution of the Heap memory lives from the start till the end of
Lifetime
thread. application execution.

Stack memory only contains local

Whenever an object is created, it’s always
Usage primitive and reference variables to
stored in the Heap space.
objects in heap space.

Q11. What is a package in Java? List down various advantages of packages.

Packages in Java, are the collection of related classes and interfaces which are bundled together. By using
packages, developers can easily modularize the code and optimize its reuse. Also, the code within the
packages can be imported by other classes and reused. Below I have listed down a few of its advantages:

Packages help in avoiding name clashes

They provide easier access control on the code
Packages can also contain hidden classes which are not visible to the outer classes and only used
within the package
Creates a proper hierarchical structure which makes it easier to locate the related classes

Q12. Why pointers are not used in Java?

Java doesn’t use pointers because they are unsafe and increases the complexity of the program. Since, Java
is known for its simplicity of code, adding the concept of pointers will be contradicting. Moreover, since JVM
is responsible for implicit memory allocation, thus in order to avoid direct access to memory by the user,
pointers are discouraged in Java.

Q13. What is JIT compiler in Java?

JIT stands for Just-In-Time compiler in Java. It is a program that helps in converting the Java bytecode into
instructions that are sent directly to the processor. By default, the JIT compiler is enabled in Java and is
activated whenever a Java method is invoked. The JIT compiler then compiles the bytecode of the invoked
method into native machine code, compiling it “just in time” to execute. Once the method has been
compiled, the JVM summons the compiled code of that method directly rather than interpreting it. This is
why it is often responsible for the performance optimization of Java applications at the run time.

Q14. What are access modi!ers in Java?

In Java, access modi!ers are special keywords which are used to restrict the access of a class, constructor,
data member and method in another class. Java supports four types of access modi!ers:

1. Default
2. Private
3. Protected
4. Public

Modi!er Default Private Protected Public

Same class YES YES YES YES

Same Package subclass YES NO YES YES

Same Package non-subclass YES NO YES YES

Di"erent package subclass NO NO YES YES

Di"erent package non-subclass NO NO NO YES

Q15. De!ne a Java Class.

A class in Java is a blueprint which includes all your data. A class contains !elds (variables) and methods to
describe the behavior of an object. Let’s have a look at the syntax of a class.

1 class Abc {
2 member variables // class body
3 methods}

Q16. What is an object in Java and how is it created?

An object is a real-world entity that has a state and behavior. An object has three characteristics:

1. State
 2. Behavior
3. Identity

An object is created using the ‘new’ keyword. For example:

ClassName obj = new ClassName();

Q17. What is Object Oriented Programming?

Object-oriented programming or popularly known as OOPs is a programming model or approach where the
programs are organized around objects rather than logic and functions. In other words, OOP mainly focuses
on the objects that are required to be manipulated instead of logic. This approach is ideal for the programs
large and complex codes and needs to be actively updated or maintained.

Q18. What are the main concepts of OOPs in Java?

Object-Oriented Programming or OOPs is a programming style that is associated with concepts like:

1. Inheritance: Inheritance is a process where one class acquires the properties of another.
2. Encapsulation: Encapsulation in Java is a mechanism of wrapping up the data and code together as a
single unit.
3. Abstraction: Abstraction is the methodology of hiding the implementation details from the user and
only providing the functionality to the users.
4. Polymorphism: Polymorphism is the ability of a variable, function or object to take multiple forms.

Q19. What is the di"erence between a local variable and an instance variable?
In Java, a local variable is typically used inside a method, constructor, or a block and has only local scope.
Thus, this variable can be used only within the scope of a block. The best bene!t of having a local variable is
that other methods in the class won’t be even aware of that variable.

Example

1 if
if(x > 100)

2 {
3 String test = "Edureka";
4 }

Whereas, an instance variable in Java, is a variable which is bounded to its object itself. These variables are
declared within a class, but outside a method. Every object of that class will create it’s own copy of the
variable while using it. Thus, any changes made to the variable won’t re#ect in any other instances of that
class and will be bound to that particular instance only.

1 class Test{
2 public String EmpName;
3 public int empAge;
4 }

Q20. Di"erentiate between the constructors and methods in Java?

Methods Constructors

1. Used to represent the behavior of an

1. Used to initialize the state of an object
object

2. Must have a return type 2. Do not have any return type

3. Needs to be invoked explicitly 3. Is invoked implicitly

4. No default method is provided by the 4. A default constructor is provided by the compiler if the
compiler class has none

5. Method name may or may not be same as 5. Constructor name must always be the same as the class
class name name

Q21. What is !nal keyword in Java?

!nal is a special keyword in Java that is used as a non-access modi!er. A !nal variable can be used in
di"erent contexts such as:

!nal variable

When the !nal keyword is used with a variable then its value can’t be changed once assigned. In case
the no value has been assigned to the !nal variable then using only the class constructor a value can
be assigned to it.

!nal method

When a method is declared !nal then it can’t be overridden by the inheriting class.

!nal class

When a class is declared as !nal in Java, it can’t be extended by any subclass class but it can extend
other class.
Q22. What is the di"erence between break and continue statements?

break continue

1. Can be used in switch and loop (for, while, do

1. Can be only used with loop statements
while) statements

2. It causes the switch or loop statements to 2. It doesn’t terminate the loop but causes the loop
terminate the moment it is executed to jump to the next iteration

3. It terminates the innermost enclosing loop 3. A continue within a loop nested with a switch will
or switch immediately cause the next loop iteration to execute

Example break:

1 for (int
int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
2 {
3 if (i == 3)
4 {
5 break
break;
6 }
7 System.out.println(i);
8 }

Example continue:

1 for (int
int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
2 {
3 if
if(i == 2)
4 {
5 continue
continue;
6 }
7 System.out.println(i);
8 }

Q23.What is an in!nite loop in Java? Explain with an example.

An in!nite loop is an instruction sequence in Java that loops endlessly when a functional exit isn’t met. This
type of loop can be the result of a programming error or may also be a deliberate action based on the
application behavior. An in!nite loop will terminate automatically once the application exits.

For example:

1 public class InfiniteForLoopDemo

2 {
3 public static void main(String[] arg) {
4 for
for(;;)
5 System.out.println("Welcome to Edureka!");
6 // To terminate this program press ctrl + c in the console.
7 }
8 }

Q24. What is the di"erence between this() and super() in Java?

In Java, super() and this(), both are special keywords that are used to call the constructor.

this() super()
1. super() represents the current instance of a
1. this() represents the current instance of a class
parent/base class
2. Used to call the default constructor of the same 2. Used to call the default constructor of the
class parent/base class
3. Used to access methods of the current class 3. Used to access methods of the base class
4. Used for pointing the current class instance 4. Used for pointing the superclass instance
5. Must be the !rst line of a block 5. Must be the !rst line of a block

Q25. What is Java String Pool?

Java String pool refers to a collection of Strings which are stored in heap memory. In this, whenever a new
object is created, String pool !rst checks whether the object is already present in the pool or not. If it is
present, then the same reference is returned to the variable else new object will be created in the String
pool and the respective reference will be returned.

Q26. Di"erentiate between static and non-static methods in Java.

Static Method Non-Static Method

 Static Method Non-Static Method
1. The static keyword must be used before the method 1. No need to use the static keyword before the
name method name
2. It is called using the class (className.methodName) 2. It is can be called like any general method
3. They can’t access any non-static instance variables or 3. It can access any static method and any static
methods variable without creating an instance of the class

Q27. What is constructor chaining in Java?

In Java, constructor chaining is the process of calling one constructor from another with respect to the
current object. Constructor chaining is possible only through legacy where a subclass constructor is
responsible for invoking the superclass’ constructor !rst. There could be any number of classes in the
constructor chain. Constructor chaining can be achieved in two ways:

1. Within the same class using this()

2. From base class using super()

Q28. Di"erence between String, StringBuilder, and StringBu"er.

Factor String StringBuilder StringBu"er

Storage Area Constant String Pool Heap Area Heap Area

Mutability Immutable Mutable Mutable

Thread Safety Yes No Yes
Performance Fast More e$cient Less e$cient

Q29. What is a classloader in Java?

The Java ClassLoader is a subset of JVM (Java Virtual Machine) that is responsible for loading the class !les.
Whenever a Java program is executed it is !rst loaded by the classloader. Java provides three built-in
classloaders:

1. Bootstrap ClassLoader
2. Extension ClassLoader
3. System/Application ClassLoader

Q30. Why Java Strings are immutable in nature?

In Java, string objects are immutable in nature which simply means once the String object is created its state
cannot be modi!ed. Whenever you try to update the value of that object instead of updating the values of
that particular object, Java creates a new string object. Java String objects are immutable as String objects
are generally cached in the String pool. Since String literals are usually shared between multiple clients,
action from one client might a"ect the rest. It enhances security, caching, synchronization, and performance
of the application.

Q31. What is the di"erence between an array and an array list?

Array ArrayList

Cannot contain values of di"erent data types Can contain values of di"erent data types.

Size must be de!ned at the time of declaration Size can be dynamically changed

Need to specify the index in order to add data No need to specify the index

Arrays are not type parameterized Arraylists are type

Arrays can contain primitive data types as well as Arraylists can contain only objects, no primitive data
objects types are allowed

Q32. What is a Map in Java?

In Java, Map is an interface of Util package which maps unique keys to values. The Map interface is not a
subset of the main Collection interface and thus it behaves little di"erent from the other collection types.
Below are a few of the characteristics of Map interface:

1. Map doesn’t contain duplicate keys.

2. Each key can map at max one value.

Q33. What is collection class in Java? List down its methods and interfaces.
In Java, the collection is a framework that acts as an architecture for storing and manipulating a group of
objects. Using Collections you can perform various tasks like searching, sorting, insertion, manipulation,
deletion, etc. Java collection framework includes the following:

Interfaces
Classes
Methods

The below image shows the complete hierarchy of the Java Collection.
In case you are facing any challenges with these java interview questions, please comment on your
problems in the section below.

OOPS Java Interview Questions

Q1. What is Polymorphism?
Polymorphism is brie#y described as “one interface, many implementations”. Polymorphism is a
characteristic of being able to assign a di"erent meaning or usage to something in di"erent contexts –
speci!cally, to allow an entity such as a variable, a function, or an object to have more than one form. There
are two types of polymorphism:

1. Compile time polymorphism

2. Run time polymorphism

Compile time polymorphism is method overloading whereas

Runtime time polymorphism is done using inheritance and
interface.

Q2. What is runtime polymorphism or dynamic method

dispatch?
In Java, runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch is a
process in which a call to an overridden method is resolved at
runtime rather than at compile-time. In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference
variable of a superclass. Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

1 class Car {
2 void run()
3 {
4 System.out.println(“car is running”);
5 }
6 }
7 class Audi extends Car {
8 void run()
9 {
10 System.out.prinltn(“Audi is running safely with 100km”);
11 }
12 public static void main(String args[])
13 {
14 Car b= new Audi(); //upcasting
15 b.run();
16 }
17 }

Q3. What is abstraction in Java?

Abstraction refers to the quality of dealing with ideas rather than events. It basically deals with hiding the
details and showing the essential things to the user. Thus you can say that abstraction in Java is the process
of hiding the implementation details from the user and revealing only the functionality to them. Abstraction
can be achieved in two ways:

1. Abstract Classes (0-100% of abstraction can be achieved)

2. Interfaces (100% of abstraction can be achieved)

Q4. What do you mean by an interface in Java?

An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class or you can say it is a collection of abstract methods and static
constants. In an interface, each method is public and abstract but it does not contain any constructor. Thus,
interface basically is a group of related methods with empty bodies. Example:

public interface Animal {

public interface Animal {
public void eat();
public void sleep();
public void run();
}
Q5. What is the di"erence between abstract classes and interfaces?

Abstract Class Interfaces

An abstract class can provide complete, default

An interface cannot provide any code at all, just the
code and/or just the details that have to be
signature
overridden
In the case of an abstract class, a class may extend
A Class may implement several interfaces
only one abstract class
An abstract class can have non-abstract methods All methods of an Interface are abstract
An abstract class can have instance variables An Interface cannot have instance variables
An abstract class can have any visibility: public,
An Interface visibility must be public (or) none
private, protected
If we add a new method to an abstract class then
If we add a new method to an Interface then we have
we have the option of providing default
to track down all the implementations of the interface
implementation and therefore all the existing code
and de!ne implementation for the new method
might work properly

An abstract class can contain constructors An Interface cannot contain constructors

Interfaces are slow as it requires extra indirection to

Abstract classes are fast
!nd the corresponding method in the actual class

Q6. What is inheritance in Java?

Inheritance in Java is the concept where the properties of one class can be inherited by the other. It helps to
reuse the code and establish a relationship between di"erent classes. Inheritance is performed between
two types of classes:

1. Parent class (Super or Base class)

2. Child class (Subclass or Derived class)

A class which inherits the properties is known as Child Class whereas a class whose properties are inherited
is known as Parent class.

Q7. What are the di"erent types of inheritance in Java?

Java supports four types of inheritance which are:

1. Single Inheritance: In single inheritance, one class inherits the properties of another i.e there will be
only one parent as well as one child class.
2. Multilevel Inheritance: When a class is derived from a class which is also derived from another class,
i.e. a class having more than one parent class but at di"erent levels, such type of inheritance is called
Multilevel Inheritance.
3. Hierarchical Inheritance: When a class has more than one child classes (subclasses) or in other
words, more than one child classes have the same parent class, then such kind of inheritance is known
as hierarchical.
4. Hybrid Inheritance: Hybrid inheritance is a combination of two or more types of inheritance.

Q8. What is method overloading and method overriding?

Method Overloading :
In Method Overloading, Methods of the same class shares the same name but each method must have
a di"erent number of parameters or parameters having di"erent types and order.
Method Overloading is to “add” or “extend” more to the method’s behavior.
It is a compile-time polymorphism.
The methods must have a di"erent signature.
It may or may not need inheritance in Method Overloading.

Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

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1 class Adder {
2 Static int add(int
int a, int b)
3 {
4 return a+b;
5 }
6 Static double add( double a, double b)
 6 Static double add( double a, double b)
7 {
8 return a+b;
9 }
10 public static void main(String args[])
11 {
12 System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11));
13 System.out.println(Adder.add(12.3,12.6));
14 }}

Method Overriding:
In Method Overriding, the subclass has the same method with the same name and exactly the same
number and type of parameters and same return type as a superclass.
Method Overriding is to “Change” existing behavior of the method.
It is a run time polymorphism.
The methods must have the same signature.
It always requires inheritance in Method Overriding.

Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

1 class Car {
2 void run(){
3 System.out.println(“car is running”);
4 }
5 Class Audi extends Car{
6 void run()
7 {
8 System.out.prinltn("Audi is running safely with 100km");
9 }
10 public static void main( String args[])
11 {
12 Car b=new
new Audi();
13 b.run();
14 }
15 }

Q9. Can you override a private or static method in Java?

You cannot override a private or static method in Java. If you create a similar method with the same return
type and same method arguments in child class then it will hide the superclass method; this is known as
method hiding. Similarly, you cannot override a private method in subclass because it’s not accessible there.
What you can do is create another private method with the same name in the child class. Let’s take a look at
the example below to understand it better.

1 class Base {
2 private static void display() {
3 System.out.println("Static or class method from Base");
4 }
5 public void print() {
6 System.out.println("Non-static or instance method from Base");
7 }
8 class Derived extends Base {
9 private static void display() {
10 System.out.println("Static or class method from Derived");
11 }
12 public void print() {
13 System.out.println("Non-static or instance method from Derived");
14 }
15 public class test {
16 public static void main(String args[])
17 {
18 Base obj= new Derived();
19 obj1.display();
20 obj1.print();
21 }
22 }

Q10. What is multiple inheritance? Is it supported by Java?

If a child class inherits the property from multiple classes is known as multiple
inheritance. Java does not allow to extend multiple classes.

The problem with multiple inheritance is that if multiple parent classes have the same
method name, then at runtime it becomes di$cult for the compiler to decide which
method to execute from the child class.

Therefore, Java doesn’t support multiple inheritance. The problem is commonly referred to as Diamond
Problem.

Q11. What is encapsulation in Java?

Encapsulation is a mechanism where you bind your data(variables) and code(methods) together as a single
unit. Here, the data is hidden from the outer world and can be accessed only via current class methods. This
helps in protecting the data from any unnecessary modi!cation. We can achieve encapsulation in Java by:

Declaring the variables of a class as private.

Providing public setter and getter methods to modify and view the values of the variables.

Q12. What is an association?

Association is a relationship where all object have their own lifecycle and there is no owner. Let’s take the
example of Teacher and Student. Multiple students can associate with a single teacher and a single student
can associate with multiple teachers but there is no ownership between the objects and both have their
can associate with multiple teachers but there is no ownership between the objects and both have their
own lifecycle. These relationships can be one to one, one to many, many to one and many to many.

Q13. What do you mean by aggregation?

An aggregation is a specialized form of Association where all object has their own lifecycle but there is
ownership and child object can not belong to another parent object. Let’s take an example of Department
and teacher. A single teacher can not belong to multiple departments, but if we delete the department
teacher object will not destroy.

Q14. What is composition in Java?

Composition is again a specialized form of Aggregation and we can call this as a “death” relationship. It is a
strong type of Aggregation. Child object does not have their lifecycle and if parent object deletes all child
object will also be deleted. Let’s take again an example of a relationship between House and rooms. House
can contain multiple rooms there is no independent life of room and any room can not belongs to two
di"erent houses if we delete the house room will automatically delete.

Q15. What is a marker interface?

A Marker interface can be de!ned as the interface having no data member and member functions. In
simpler terms, an empty interface is called the Marker interface. The most common examples of Marker
interface in Java are Serializable, Cloneable etc. The marker interface can be declared as follows.

1 public interface Serializable{

2 }

Q16. What is object cloning in Java?

Object cloning in Java is the process of creating an exact copy of an object. It basically means the ability to
create an object with a similar state as the original object. To achieve this, Java provides a method clone() to
make use of this functionality. This method creates a new instance of the class of the current object and
then initializes all its !elds with the exact same contents of corresponding !elds. To object clone(), the
marker interface java.lang.Cloneable must be implemented to avoid any runtime exceptions. One thing
you must note is Object clone() is a protected method, thus you need to override it.

Q17. What is a copy constructor in Java?

Copy constructor is a member function that is used to initialize an object using another object of the same
class. Though there is no need for copy constructor in Java since all objects are passed by reference.
Moreover, Java does not even support automatic pass-by-value.

Q18. What is a constructor overloading in Java?

In Java, constructor overloading is a technique of adding any number of constructors to a class each having
a di"erent parameter list. The compiler uses the number of parameters and their types in the list to
di"erentiate the overloaded constructors.

1 class Demo
2 {
3 int i;
4 public Demo(int
int a)
5 {
6 i=k;
7 }
8 public Demo(int
int a, int b)
9 {
10 //body
11 }
12 }

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Servlets Interview Questions

Q1. What is a servlet?
Java Servlet is server-side technologies to extend the capability of web servers by providing support for
dynamic response and data persistence.
The javax.servlet and javax.servlet.http packages provide interfaces and classes for writing our own
servlets.
All servlets must implement the javax.servlet.Servlet interface, which de!nes servlet lifecycle methods.
When implementing a generic service, we can extend the GenericServlet class provided with the Java
Servlet API. The HttpServlet class provides methods, such as doGet() and doPost(), for handling HTTP-
speci!c services.
Most of the times, web applications are accessed using HTTP protocol and thats why we mostly extend
HttpServlet class. Servlet API hierarchy is shown in below image.
Q2. What are the di"erences between Get and Post methods?

Get Post

Limited amount of data can be sent because Large amount of data can be sent because data is
data is sent in header. sent in body.
Not Secured because data is exposed in URL

bar. Secured because data is not exposed in URL bar.

Can be bookmarked Cannot be bookmarked

Idempotent Non-Idempotent

It is more e$cient and used than Post It is less e$cient and used

Q3. What is Request Dispatcher?

RequestDispatcher interface is used to forward the request to another resource that can be HTML, JSP or
another servlet in same application. We can also use this to include the content of another resource to the
response.

There are two methods de!ned in this interface:

1.void forward()

2.void include()
Q4. What are the di"erences between forward() method and sendRedirect() methods?

forward() method SendRedirect() method

forward() sends the same request to another sendRedirect() method sends new request always
resource. because it uses the URL bar of the browser.
forward() method works at server side. sendRedirect() method works at client side.
sendRedirect() method works within and outside
forward() method works within the server only.
the server.

Q5. What is the life-cycle of a servlet?

There are 5 stages in the lifecycle of a servlet:

1. Servlet is loaded
2. Servlet is instantiated
3. Servlet is initialized
4. Service the request
5. Servlet is destroyed

Q6. How does cookies work in Servlets?

Cookies are text data sent by server to the client and it gets saved at the client local machine.
Servlet API provides cookies support through javax.servlet.http.Cookie class that implements
Serializable and Cloneable interfaces.
HttpServletRequest getCookies() method is provided to get the array of Cookies from request, since

there is no point of adding Cookie to request, there are no methods to set or add cookie to request.
Similarly HttpServletResponse addCookie(Cookie c) method is provided to attach cookie in response
header, there are no getter methods for cookie.

Q7. What are the di"erences between ServletContext vs ServletCon!g?

The di"erence between ServletContext and ServletCon!g in Servlets JSP is in below tabular format.

ServletCon!g ServletContext
 ServletCon!g ServletContext
It represent whole web application running on
Servlet con!g object represent single servlet
particular JVM and common for all the servlet
Its like local parameter associated with Its like global parameter associated with whole
particular servlet application
It’s a name value pair de!ned inside the servlet
ServletContext has application wide scope so de!ne
section of web.xml !le so it has servlet wide
outside of servlet tag in web.xml !le.
scope
getServletCon!g() method is used to get the getServletContext() method is used to get the
con!g object context object.
for example shopping cart of a user is a speci!c To get the MIME type of a !le or application session
to particular user so here we can use servlet related information is stored using servlet context
con!g object.

Q8. What are the di"erent methods of session management in servlets?

Session is a conversational state between client and server and it can consists of multiple request and
response between client and server. Since HTTP and Web Server both are stateless, the only way to
maintain a session is when some unique information about the session (session id) is passed between
server and client in every request and response.

Some of the common ways of session management in servlets are:

1. User Authentication
2. HTML Hidden Field
3. Cookies
4. URL Rewriting
5. Session Management API
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more.

JDBC Interview Questions

1. What is JDBC Driver?
JDBC Driver is a software component that enables java application to interact with the database. There are 4
types of JDBC drivers:

1. JDBC-ODBC bridge driver

2. Native-API driver (partially java driver)
3. Network Protocol driver (fully java driver)
4. Thin driver (fully java driver)

2. What are the steps to connect to a database in java?

Registering the driver class
Creating connection

Creating statement
Executing queries
Closing connection

3. What are the JDBC API components?

The java.sql package contains interfaces and classes for JDBC API.

Interfaces:
Connection
Statement
PreparedStatement
ResultSet
ResultSetMetaData
DatabaseMetaData
CallableStatement etc.

Classes:
DriverManager
Blob
Clob
Types
SQLException etc.

4. What is the role of JDBC DriverManager class?

The DriverManager class manages the registered drivers. It can be used to register and unregister drivers. It
provides factory method that returns the instance of Connection.

5. What is JDBC Connection interface?

The Connection interface maintains a session with the database. It can be used for transaction
management. It provides factory methods that returns the instance of Statement, PreparedStatement,
CallableStatement and DatabaseMetaData.
CallableStatement and DatabaseMetaData.

6. What is the purpose of JDBC ResultSet interface?

The ResultSet object represents a row of a table. It can be used to change the cursor pointer and get the
information from the database.

7. What is JDBC ResultSetMetaData interface?

The ResultSetMetaData interface returns the information of table such as total number of columns, column
name, column type etc.

8. What is JDBC DatabaseMetaData interface?

The DatabaseMetaData interface returns the information of the database such as username, driver name,
driver version, number of tables, number of views etc.

9. What do you mean by batch processing in JDBC?

Batch processing helps you to group related SQL statements into a batch and execute them instead of
executing a single query. By using batch processing technique in JDBC, you can execute multiple queries
which makes the performance faster.

10. What is the di"erence between execute, executeQuery, executeUpdate?

Statement execute(String query) is used to execute any SQL query and it returns TRUE if the result is an
ResultSet such as running Select queries. The output is FALSE when there is no ResultSet object such as
running Insert or Update queries. We can use getResultSet() to get the ResultSet and getUpdateCount()
method to retrieve the update count.

Statement executeQuery(String query) is used to execute Select queries and returns the ResultSet.
ResultSet returned is never null even if there are no records matching the query. When executing select
queries we should use executeQuery method so that if someone tries to execute insert/update statement it
will throw java.sql.SQLException with message “executeQuery method can not be used for update”.

Statement executeUpdate(String query) is used to execute Insert/Update/Delete (DML) statements or DDL

statements that returns nothing. The output is int and equals to the row count for SQL Data Manipulation
Language (DML) statements. For DDL statements, the output is 0.

You should use execute() method only when you are not sure about the type of statement else use
executeQuery or executeUpdate method.

Q11. What do you understand by JDBC Statements?

JDBC statements are basically the statements which are used to send SQL commands to the database and
retrieve data back from the database. Various methods like execute(), executeUpdate(), executeQuery, etc.
are provided by JDBC to interact with the database.

JDBC supports 3 types of statements:

JDBC supports 3 types of statements:

1. Statement: Used for general purpose access to the database and executes a static SQL query at
runtime.
2. PreparedStatement: Used to provide input parameters to the query during execution.
3. CallableStatement: Used to access the database stored procedures and helps in accepting runtime
parameters.

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Spring Interview Questions

Q1. What is Spring?
Wikipedia de!nes the Spring framework as “an application framework and inversion of control container for
the Java platform. The framework’s core features can be used by any Java application, but there are
extensions for building web applications on top of the Java EE platform.” Spring is essentially a lightweight,
integrated framework that can be used for developing enterprise applications in java.

Q2. Name the di"erent modules of the Spring framework.

Some of the important Spring Framework modules are:

Spring Context – for dependency injection.

Spring AOP – for aspect oriented programming.
Spring DAO – for database operations using DAO pattern
Spring JDBC – for JDBC and DataSource support.
Spring ORM – for ORM tools support such as Hibernate
Spring Web Module – for creating web applications.
Spring MVC – Model-View-Controller implementation for creating web applications, web services etc.

Q3. List some of the important annotations in annotation-based Spring con!guration.

The important annotations are:

@Required
@Autowired
@Quali!er
@Resource
@PostConstruct
@PreDestroy

Q4. Explain Bean in Spring and List the di"erent Scopes of Spring bean.
Beans are objects that form the backbone of a Spring application. They are managed by the Spring IoC
container. In other words, a bean is an object that is instantiated, assembled, and managed by a Spring IoC
container.
container.

There are !ve Scopes de!ned in Spring beans.

Singleton: Only one instance of the bean will be created for each container. This is the default scope
for the spring beans. While using this scope, make sure spring bean doesn’t have shared instance
variables otherwise it might lead to data inconsistency issues because it’s not thread-safe.
Prototype: A new instance will be created every time the bean is requested.
Request: This is same as prototype scope, however it’s meant to be used for web applications. A new
instance of the bean will be created for each HTTP request.
Session: A new bean will be created for each HTTP session by the container.
Global-session: This is used to create global session beans for Portlet applications.

Q5. Explain the role of DispatcherServlet and ContextLoaderListener.

DispatcherServlet is basically the front controller in the Spring MVC application as it loads the spring bean
con!guration !le and initializes all the beans that have been con!gured. If annotations are enabled, it also
scans the packages to con!gure any bean annotated with @Component, @Controller, @Repository or
@Service annotations.
 ContextLoaderListener, on the other hand, is the listener to start up and shut down the
WebApplicationContext in Spring root. Some of its important functions includes tying up the lifecycle of
Application Context to the lifecycle of the ServletContext and automating the creation of ApplicationContext.

Q6. What are the di"erences between constructor injection and setter injection?

No. Constructor Injection Setter Injection

1) No Partial Injection Partial Injection
Overrides the constructor property if both are
2) Doesn’t override the setter property
de!ned.
Creates a new instance if any modi!cation Doesn’t create a new instance if you change the
3)
occurs property value
4) Better for too many properties Better for a few properties.

Q7. What is autowiring in Spring? What are the autowiring modes?

Autowiring enables the programmer to inject the bean automatically. We don’t need to write explicit
injection logic. Let’s see the code to inject bean using dependency injection.

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1. <bean id=“emp” class=“com.javatpoint.Employee” autowire=“byName” />

The autowiring modes are given below:

No. Mode Description

1) no this is the default mode, it means autowiring is not enabled.
2) byName Injects the bean based on the property name. It uses setter method.
3) byType Injects the bean based on the property type. It uses setter method.
4) constructor It injects the bean using constructor

Q8. How to handle exceptions in Spring MVC Framework?

Spring MVC Framework provides the following ways to help us achieving robust exception handling.

Controller Based:
We can de!ne exception handler methods in our controller classes. All we need is to annotate these
methods with @ExceptionHandler annotation.

Global Exception Handler:

Exception Handling is a cross-cutting concern and Spring provides @ControllerAdvice annotation that we
can use with any class to de!ne our global exception handler.

HandlerExceptionResolver implementation:
For generic exceptions, most of the times we serve static pages. Spring Framework provides
HandlerExceptionResolver interface that we can implement to create global exception handler. The reason
behind this additional way to de!ne global exception handler is that Spring framework also provides default
implementation classes that we can de!ne in our spring bean con!guration !le to get spring framework
exception handling bene!ts.

Q9. What are some of the important Spring annotations which you have used?
Some of the Spring annotations that I have used in my project are:

@Controller – for controller classes in Spring MVC project.

@RequestMapping – for con!guring URI mapping in controller handler methods. This is a very important
annotation, so you should go through Spring MVC RequestMapping Annotation Examples

@ResponseBody – for sending Object as response, usually for sending XML or JSON data as response.

@PathVariable – for mapping dynamic values from the URI to handler method arguments.

@Autowired – for autowiring dependencies in spring beans.

@Quali!er – with @Autowired annotation to avoid confusion when multiple instances of bean type is
present.

@Service – for service classes.

@Scope – for con!guring the scope of the spring bean.

@Con!guration, @ComponentScan and @Bean – for java based con!gurations.

AspectJ annotations for con!guring aspects and advices , @Aspect, @Before, @After, @Around, @Pointcut,
etc.

Q10. How to integrate Spring and Hibernate Frameworks?

We can use Spring ORM module to integrate Spring and Hibernate frameworks if you are using Hibernate 3+
where SessionFactory provides current session, then you should avoid using HibernateTemplate or
HibernateDaoSupport classes and better to use DAO pattern with dependency injection for the integration.

Also, Spring ORM provides support for using Spring declarative transaction management, so you should
utilize that rather than going for hibernate boiler-plate code for transaction management.

Q11. Name the types of transaction management that Spring supports.

Two types of transaction management are supported by Spring. They are:

1. Programmatic transaction management: In this, the transaction is managed with the help of
programming. It provides you extreme #exibility, but it is very di$cult to maintain.
2. Declarative transaction management: In this, transaction management is separated from the
business code. Only annotations or XML based con!gurations are used to manage the transactions.

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 Hibernate Interview Questions
1. What is Hibernate Framework?
Object-relational mapping or ORM is the programming technique to map application domain model objects
to the relational database tables. Hibernate is Java-based ORM tool that provides a framework for mapping
application domain objects to the relational database tables and vice versa.

Hibernate provides a reference implementation of Java Persistence API, that makes it a great choice as ORM
tool with bene!ts of loose coupling. We can use the Hibernate persistence API for CRUD operations.
Hibernate framework provide option to map plain old java objects to traditional database tables with the
use of JPA annotations as well as XML based con!guration.

Similarly, hibernate con!gurations are #exible and can be done from XML con!guration !le as well as
programmatically.

2. What are the important bene!ts of using Hibernate Framework?

Some of the important bene!ts of using hibernate framework are:

1. Hibernate eliminates all the boiler-plate code that comes with JDBC and takes care of managing
resources, so we can focus on business logic.
2. Hibernate framework provides support for XML as well as JPA annotations, that makes our code
implementation independent.
3. Hibernate provides a powerful query language (HQL) that is similar to SQL. However, HQL is fully
object-oriented and understands concepts like inheritance, polymorphism, and association.
4. Hibernate is an open source project from Red Hat Community and used worldwide. This makes it a
better choice than others because learning curve is small and there are tons of online documentation
and help is easily available in forums.
5. Hibernate is easy to integrate with other Java EE frameworks, it’s so popular that Spring Framework
provides built-in support for integrating hibernate with Spring applications.
6. Hibernate supports lazy initialization using proxy objects and perform actual database queries only
when it’s required.
7. Hibernate cache helps us in getting better performance.
8. For database vendor speci!c feature, hibernate is suitable because we can also execute native sql
queries.

Overall hibernate is the best choice in current market for ORM tool, it contains all the features that you will
ever need in an ORM tool.

3. Explain Hibernate architecture.

4. What are the di"erences between get and load methods?

The di"erences between get() and load() methods are given below.

No. get() load()

Throws ObjectNotFoundException if an object is not
1) Returns null if object is not found.
found.
2) get() method always hit the database. load() method doesn’t hit the database.
3) It returns a real object, not a proxy. It returns a proxy object.
 3) It returns a real object, not a proxy. It returns a proxy object.
It should be used if you are not sure about It should be used if you are sure that the instance
4)
the existence of instance. exists.

5. What are the advantages of Hibernate over JDBC?

Some of the important advantages of Hibernate framework over JDBC are:

1. Hibernate removes a lot of boiler-plate code that comes with JDBC API, the code looks cleaner and
readable.
2. Hibernate supports inheritance, associations, and collections. These features are not present with
JDBC API.
3. Hibernate implicitly provides transaction management, in fact, most of the queries can’t be executed
outside transaction. In JDBC API, we need to write code for transaction management using commit and
rollback.
4. JDBC API throws SQLException that is a checked exception, so we need to write a lot of try-catch block
code. Most of the times it’s redundant in every JDBC call and used for transaction management.
Hibernate wraps JDBC exceptions and throw JDBCException or HibernateException un-checked
exception, so we don’t need to write code to handle it. Hibernate built-in transaction management
removes the usage of try-catch blocks.
5. Hibernate Query Language (HQL) is more object-oriented and close to Java programming language. For
JDBC, we need to write native SQL queries.
6. Hibernate supports caching that is better for performance, JDBC queries are not cached hence
performance is low.
7. Hibernate provides option through which we can create database tables too, for JDBC tables must exist
in the database.
8. Hibernate con!guration helps us in using JDBC like connection as well as JNDI DataSource for the
connection pool. This is a very important feature in enterprise application and completely missing in
JDBC API.
9. Hibernate supports JPA annotations, so the code is independent of the implementation and easily
replaceable with other ORM tools. JDBC code is very tightly coupled with the application.

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Java Interview Questions: JSP

1. What are the life-cycle methods for a jsp?

Methods Description
It is invoked only once, same as init method of
public void jspInit()
servlet.
public void _jspService(ServletRequest
It is invoked at each request, same as service()
request,ServletResponse)throws
method of servlet.
ServletException,IOException
It is invoked only once, same as destroy() method
public void jspDestroy()
of servlet.

2. What are the JSP implicit objects?

JSP provides 9 implicit objects by default. They are as follows:

Object Type
1) out JspWriter
2) request HttpServletRequest
3) response HttpServletResponse
4) con!g ServletCon!g
5) session HttpSession
6) application ServletContext
7) pageContext PageContext
8) page Object
9) exception Throwable

3. What are the di"erences between include directive and include action?

include directive include action

The include directive includes the content at
The include action includes the content at request time.
page translation time.
The include directive includes the original The include action doesn’t include the original content
content of the page so page size increases at rather invokes the include() method of Vendor provided
runtime. class.
It’s better for static pages. It’s better for dynamic pages.

4. How to disable caching on back button of the browser?

<%
response.setHeader(“Cache-Control”,”no-store”);
response.setHeader(“Pragma”,”no-cache”);
response.setHeader (“Expires”, “0”); //prevents caching at the proxy server
response.setHeader (“Expires”, “0”); //prevents caching at the proxy server
%>

5. What are the di"erent tags provided in JSTL?

There are 5 type of JSTL tags.

1. core tags
2. sql tags
3. xml tags
4. internationalization tags
5. functions tags

6. How to disable session in JSP?

1. <%@ page session=“false” %>

7. How to delete a Cookie in a JSP?

The following code explains how to delete a Cookie in a JSP :

1 Cookie mycook = new Cookie("name1","value1");

2
3 response.addCookie(mycook1);
4
5 Cookie killmycook = new Cookie("mycook1","value1");
6
7 killmycook . set MaxAge ( 0 );
8
9 killmycook . set Path ("/");
10
11 killmycook . addCookie ( killmycook 1 );

8. Explain the jspDestroy() method.

jspDestry() method is invoked from javax.servlet.jsp.JspPage interface whenever a JSP page is about to be
destroyed. Servlets destroy methods can be easily overridden to perform cleanup, like when closing a
database connection.

9. How is JSP better than Servlet technology?

JSP is a technology on the server’s side to make content generation simple. They are document-centric,
whereas servlets are programs. A Java server page can contain fragments of Java program, which execute
and instantiate Java classes. However, they occur inside an HTML template !le. It provides the framework
for the development of a Web Application.

10. Why should we not con!gure JSP standard tags in web.xml?

We don’t need to con!gure JSP standard tags in web.xml because when container loads the web application
and !nd TLD !les, it automatically con!gures them to be used directly in the application JSP pages. We just
need to include it in the JSP page using taglib directive.

11. How will you use JSP EL in order to get the HTTP method name?
Using pageContext JSP EL implicit object you can get the request object reference and make use of the dot
operator to retrieve the HTTP method name in the JSP page. The JSP EL code for this purpose will look
like ${pageContext.request.method}.

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Exception and Thread Java Interview Questions

Q1. What is the di"erence between Error and Exception?
An error is an irrecoverable condition occurring at runtime. Such as OutOfMemory error. These JVM errors
you cannot repair them at runtime. Though error can be caught in the catch block but the execution of
application will come to a halt and is not recoverable.

While exceptions are conditions that occur because of bad input or human error etc. e.g.
FileNotFoundException will be thrown if the speci!ed !le does not exist. Or a NullPointerException will take
place if you try using a null reference. In most of the cases it is possible to recover from an exception
(probably by giving the user feedback for entering proper values etc.

Q2. How can you handle Java exceptions?

There are !ve keywords used to handle exceptions in Java:

1. try
2. catch
3. !nally
4. throw
5. throws

Q3. What are the di"erences between Checked Exception and Unchecked Exception?
Checked Exception
The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are known as checked
exceptions.
 exceptions.
Checked exceptions are checked at compile-time.
Example: IOException, SQLException etc.

Unchecked Exception
The classes that extend RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions.
Unchecked exceptions are not checked at compile-time.
Example: ArithmeticException, NullPointerException etc.

Q4. What purpose do the keywords !nal, !nally, and !nalize ful!ll?
Final:
Final is used to apply restrictions on class, method, and variable. A !nal class can’t be inherited, !nal method
can’t be overridden and !nal variable value can’t be changed. Let’s take a look at the example below to
understand it better.

1 class FinalVarExample {
2 public static void main( String args[])
3 {
4 final int a=10; // Final variable
5 a=50; //Error as value can't be changed
6 }

Finally
Finally is used to place important code, it will be executed whether the exception is handled or not. Let’s
take a look at the example below to understand it better.

1 class FinallyExample {
2 public static void main(String args[]){
3 try {
4 int x=100;
5 }
6 catch
catch(Exception e) {
7 System.out.println(e);
8 }
9 finally {
10 System.out.println("finally block is executing");}
11 }}
12 }

Finalize
Finalize is used to perform clean up processing just before the object is garbage collected. Let’s take a look
at the example below to understand it better.

1 class FinalizeExample {
2 public void finalize() {
3 System.out.println("Finalize is called");
4 }
5 public static void main(String args[])
6 {
7 FinalizeExample f1=new
new FinalizeExample();
8 FinalizeExample f2=new
new FinalizeExample();
9 f1= NULL;
10 f2=NULL;
11 System.gc();
12 }
13 }

Q5. What are the di"erences between throw and throws?

throw keyword throws keyword

Throw is used to explicitly throw an
Throws is used to declare an exception.
exception.
Checked exceptions can not be propagated
Checked exception can be propagated with throws.
with throw only.
Throw is followed by an instance. Throws is followed by class.
Throw is used within the method. Throws is used with the method signature.
You can declare multiple exception e.g. public void
You cannot throw multiple exception
method()throws IOException,SQLException.

Q6. What is exception hierarchy in java?

The hierarchy is as follows:

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Throwable is a parent class of all Exception classes. There are two types of Exceptions: Checked exceptions
and UncheckedExceptions or RunTimeExceptions. Both type of exceptions extends Exception class whereas
errors are further classi!ed into Virtual Machine error and Assertion error.
errors are further classi!ed into Virtual Machine error and Assertion error.

Q7. How to create a custom Exception?

To create you own exception extend the Exception class or any of its subclasses.

class New1Exception extends Exception { } // this will create Checked Exception

class NewException extends IOException { } // this will create Checked exception
class NewException extends NullPonterExcpetion { } // this will create UnChecked exception

Q8. What are the important methods of Java Exception Class?

Exception and all of it’s subclasses doesn’t provide any speci!c methods and all of the methods are de!ned
in the base class Throwable.

1. String getMessage() – This method returns the message String of Throwable and the message can be
provided while creating the exception through it’s constructor.
2. String getLocalizedMessage() – This method is provided so that subclasses can override it to provide
locale speci!c message to the calling program. Throwable class implementation of this method simply
use getMessage() method to return the exception message.
3. Synchronized Throwable getCause() – This method returns the cause of the exception or null id the
cause is unknown.
4. String toString() – This method returns the information about Throwable in String format, the
returned String contains the name of Throwable class and localized message.
5. void printStackTrace() – This method prints the stack trace information to the standard error stream,
this method is overloaded and we can pass PrintStream or PrintWriter as an argument to write the
stack trace information to the !le or stream.

Q9. What are the di"erences between processes and threads?

Process Thread
An executing instance of a program
De!nition A thread is a subset of the process.
is called a process.
Processes must use inter-process
Threads can directly communicate with other
Communication communication to communicate
threads of its process.
with sibling processes.
Processes can only exercise control Threads can exercise considerable control
Control
over child processes. over threads of the same process.
Any change in the main thread may a"ect
Any change in the parent process
Changes the behavior of the other threads of the
does not a"ect child processes.
process.
Memory Run in separate memory spaces. Run in shared memory spaces.
Process is controlled by the Threads are controlled by programmer in a

Controlled by operating system. program.

Dependence Processes are independent. Threads are dependent.

Q10. What is a !nally block? Is there a case when !nally will not execute?
Finally block is a block which always executes a set of statements. It is always associated with a try block
regardless of any exception that occurs or not.
Yes, !nally will not be executed if the program exits either by calling System.exit() or by causing a fatal error
that causes the process to abort.

Q11. What is synchronization?

Synchronization refers to multi-threading. A synchronized block of code can be executed by only one thread
at a time. As Java supports execution of multiple threads, two or more threads may access the same !elds
or objects. Synchronization is a process which keeps all concurrent threads in execution to be in sync.
Synchronization avoids memory consistency errors caused due to inconsistent view of shared memory.
When a method is declared as synchronized the thread holds the monitor for that method’s object. If
another thread is executing the synchronized method the thread is blocked until that thread releases the
monitor.

Q12. Can we write multiple catch blocks under single try block?
Yes we can have multiple catch blocks under single try block but the approach should be from speci!c to
general. Let’s understand this with a programmatic example.

1 public class Example {

2 public static void main(String args[]) {
3 try {
4 int a[]= new int
int[10];
5 a[10]= 10/0;
6 }
7 catch
catch(ArithmeticException e)
8 {
9 System.out.println("Arithmetic exception in first catch block");
10 }
11 catch
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
12 {
13 System.out.println("Array index out of bounds in second catch block");
14 }
15 catch
catch(Exception e)
16 {
17 System.out.println("Any exception in third catch block");
18 }
19 }

Q13. What are the important methods of Java Exception Class?

Methods are de!ned in the base class Throwable. Some of the important methods of Java exception class
are stated below.

1. String getMessage() – This method returns the message String about the exception. The message can
be provided through its constructor.
2. public StackTraceElement[] getStackTrace() – This method returns an array containing each element
on the stack trace. The element at index 0 represents the top of the call stack whereas the last element
in the array represents the method at the bottom of the call stack.
3. Synchronized Throwable getCause() – This method returns the cause of the exception or null id as
represented by a Throwable object.

4. String toString() – This method returns the information in String format. The returned String contains
the name of Throwable class and localized message.
5. void printStackTrace() – This method prints the stack trace information to the standard error stream.

Q14. What is OutOfMemoryError in Java?

OutOfMemoryError is the subclass of java.lang.Error which generally occurs when our JVM runs out of
memory.

Q15. What is a Thread?

A thread is the smallest piece of programmed instructions which can be executed independently by a
scheduler. In Java, all the programs will have at least one thread which is known as the main thread. This
main thread is created by the JVM when the program starts its execution. The main thread is used to invoke
the main() of the program.

Q16. What are the two ways to create a thread?

In Java, threads can be created in the following two ways:-

By implementing the Runnable interface.

By extending the Thread

Q17. What are the di"erent types of garbage collectors in Java?

Garbage collection in Java a program which helps in implicit memory management. Since in Java, using the
new keyword you can create objects dynamically, which once created will consume some memory. Once the
job is done and there are no more references left to the object, Java using garbage collection destroys the
object and relieves the memory occupied by it. Java provides four types of garbage collectors:

Serial Garbage Collector

 Serial Garbage Collector
Parallel Garbage Collector
CMS Garbage Collector
G1 Garbage Collector

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