JAVA INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

Kus

JAVA INTERVIEW
QUESTIONS

@kushalparikh11
Kushalparikh1999@outlook.com
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Java Interview Questions

Basic Java Interview Questions for Freshers

Q1. What is Java?
Java is a class-based, object-oriented programming language with minimal
implementation dependencies. A general-purpose programming language, Java
allows programmers to write once and run anywhere (WORA), meaning
compiled Java code can execute on all Java-supported platforms without
recompilation. Java applications are usually compiled to bytecode that works on
any JVM, regardless of computer architecture.

Q2. List the features of Java programming language

• Java is a language that is considered simple to learn. One fundamental notion of

OOP Java must be understood.
• Java offers a secure feature that aids in the development of a virus-free and
tamper-proof system for users.
• OOP is an abbreviation for Object-Oriented Programming language. OOP
denotes that everything in Java is considered an object.
• Java is not compiled into a platform-specific machine; rather, it is compiled into
platform-independent bytecode. The Virtual Machine that
• operates the platform interprets this code.

Q3. How is Java different from C++?

Java and C++ are both object-oriented programming languages, but they have
some key differences.

1. Platform independence: Java is a platform-independent language, while C++ is

a platform-dependent language. This means that Java code can run on any
platform that has a Java virtual machine (JVM), while C++ code can only run on
the platform that it was compiled for.
2. Memory management: Java uses automatic memory management, while C++
requires manual memory management. This means that Java programmers do
not need to worry about allocating and freeing memory, while C++ programmers
need to be careful to manage memory correctly to avoid memory leaks.
3. Safety: Java is a safer language than C++. This is because Java has built-in
security features that help to protect applications from malicious code. For
example, Java does not allow direct access to the operating system, which makes
it more difficult for attackers to exploit security vulnerabilities.
4. Performance: Java is typically not as fast as C++. This is because Java uses a
virtual machine, which adds an extra layer of abstraction between the code and

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the hardware. However, Java applications are typically more portable and secure
than C++ applications.

In general, Java is a good choice for developing portable, secure, and easy-to-
maintain applications. C++ is a good choice for developing high-performance
applications that require direct access to the operating system.

Q4. Explain JDK, JRE and JVM?

JDK vs JRE vs JVM

JDK JRE JVM

It stands for Java

It stands for Java
Runtime It stands for Java Virtual Machine.
Development Kit.
Environment.

It is the tool JRE refers to a

necessary to runtime
It is an abstract machine. It is a specification
compile, environment in
that provides a run-time environment in
document and which Java
which Java bytecode can be executed.
package Java bytecode can be
programs. executed.

It’s an
It contains JRE + JVM follows three notations:
implementation of
development Specification, Implementation, and Runtime
the JVM which
tools. Instance.
physically exists.

Q5. Explain public static void main(String args[]) in Java.

main() in Java is the entry point for any Java program. It is always written
as public static void main(String[] args).

• public: Public is an access modifier, which is used to specify who can access this
method. Public means that this Method will be accessible by any Class.
• static: It is a keyword in java which identifies it is class-based. main() is made static
in Java so that it can be accessed without creating the instance of a Class. In case,
main is not made static then the compiler will throw an error as main() is called
by the JVM before any objects are made and only static methods can be directly
invoked via the class.
• void: It is the return type of the method. Void defines the method which will not
return any value.

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• main: It is the name of the method which is searched by JVM as a starting point
for an application with a particular signature only. It is the method where the main
execution occurs.
• String args[]: It is the parameter passed to the main method.

Q6. What is classLoader in Java?

The Java ClassLoader subset of JVM loads class files. The classloader loads Java
programs first. Three classloaders are built into Java:

1. Bootstrap ClassLoader
2. Extension ClassLoader
3. System/Application ClassLoader

Q7. Why Java is platform independent?

Java is called platform independent because of its byte codes which can run on
any system irrespective of its underlying operating system.

Q8. Why Java is not 100% Object-oriented?

Java is not 100% Object-oriented because it makes use of eight primitive data
types such as boolean, byte, char, int, float, double, long, short which are not
objects.

Q9. What are wrapper classes in Java?

Wrapper classes convert the Java primitives into the reference types (objects).
Every primitive data type has a class dedicated to it. These are known as wrapper
classes because they “wrap” the primitive data type into an object of that class.
Refer to the below image which displays different primitive type, wrapper class
and constructor argument.

Q10. What are constructors in Java?

In Java, constructor refers to a block of code which is used to initialize an object.
It must have the same name as that of the class. Also, it has no return type and it
is automatically called when an object is created.

There are two types of constructors:

1. Default Constructor: In Java, a default constructor is the one which does not take
any inputs. In other words, default constructors are the no argument constructors
which will be created by default in case you no other constructor is defined by the
user. Its main purpose is to initialize the instance variables with the default values.
Also, it is majorly used for object creation.

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2. Parameterized Constructor: The parameterized constructor in Java, is the

constructor which is capable of initializing the instance variables with the provided
values. In other words, the constructors which take the arguments are called
parameterized constructors.

Q11. What is singleton class in Java and how can we make a class
singleton?
Singleton class is a class whose only one instance can be created at any given
time, in one JVM. A class can be made singleton by making its constructor
private.

Q12. What is the difference between Array list and vector in Java?
ArrayList Vector

Array List is not synchronized. Vector is synchronized.

Array List is fast as it’s non-synchronized. Vector is slow as it is thread safe.

If an element is inserted into the Array List,

Vector defaults to doubling size of its array.
it increases its Array size by 50%.

Array List does not define the increment

Vector defines the increment size.
size.

Array List can only use Iterator for Vector can use both Enumeration and Iterator for
traversing an Array List. traversing.

Q13. Write a Java program to rotate arrays 90 degrees clockwise by taking

matrices from user input.

Here’s an example Java program that takes a matrix as user input and rotates it
90 degrees clockwise:

1import java.util.Scanner;
2
3public class MatrixRotation {
4 public static void main(String[] args) {

5 Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

6
7 // Get the number of rows and columns for the matrix
8 System.out.print("Enter the number of rows: ");

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9 int rows = scanner.nextInt();

10 System.out.print("Enter the number of columns: ");
11 int columns = scanner.nextInt();
12
13 // Create the matrix
14 int[][] matrix = new int[rows][columns];
15
16 // Get the matrix elements from the user
17
System.out.println("Enter the matrix elements:");
18
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
19
for (int j = 0; j < columns; j++) {
20
matrix[i][j] = scanner.nextInt();
21
}
22
}
23
24
// Rotate the matrix 90 degrees clockwise
25
int[][] rotatedMatrix = rotateMatrixClockwise(matrix);
26
27
// Print the rotated matrix
28
System.out.println("Rotated matrix:");
29
for (int i = 0; i < columns; i++) {
30
for (int j = 0; j < rows; j++) {
31
32 System.out.print(rotatedMatrix[j][i] + " ");

33 }

34 System.out.println();

35 }

36 }
37
38 // Function to rotate the matrix 90 degrees clockwise
39 public static int[][] rotateMatrixClockwise(int[][] matrix) {
40 int rows = matrix.length;

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41 int columns = matrix[0].length;

42 int[][] rotatedMatrix = new int[columns][rows];
43
44 for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
45 for (int j = 0; j < columns; j++) {
46 rotatedMatrix[j][rows - 1 - i] = matrix[i][j];
47 }
48 }
49
50
return rotatedMatrix;
51
}
}
The user of this program must first enter the matrix’s row and column counts
before entering the matrix’s components. It then calls the
`rotateMatrixClockwise` function to rotate the matrix and prints the rotated
matrix.
Please note that this program assumes the user will enter valid input (the correct
number of rows, columns, and matrix elements). Error handling and input
validation have been omitted for brevity.

Q14. What is the difference between equals() and == in Java?

Equals() method is defined in Object class in Java and used for checking equality
of two objects defined by business logic.

“==” or equality operator in Java is a binary operator provided by Java

programming language and used to compare primitives and objects. public
boolean equals(Object o) is the method provided by the Object class. The default
implementation uses == operator to compare two objects. For example: method
can be overridden like String class. equals() method is used to compare the
values of two objects.

Q15. Implement Binary Search in Java using recursion.

Here’s an example Java program that implements the binary search algorithm
using recursion:

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1public class BinarySearchRecursive {

2 public static void main(String[] args) {
3 int[] arr = { 2, 5, 8, 12, 16, 23, 38, 56, 72, 91 };
4 int target = 23;
5
6 int result = binarySearch(arr, target);
7 if (result == -1) {
8 System.out.println("Element not found in the array.");
9 } else {
10
System.out.println("Element found at index " + result);
11
}
12
}
13
14
// Binary search using recursion
15
public static int binarySearch(int[] arr, int target) {
16
return binarySearchRecursive(arr, target, 0, arr.length - 1);
17
}
18
19
private static int binarySearchRecursive(int[] arr, int target, int low, i
20
if (low > high) {
21
return -1; // Element not found
22
}
23
24
25 int mid = (low + high) / 2;

26
27 if (arr[mid] == target) {

28 return mid; // Element found at mid index

29 } else if (arr[mid] > target) {

30 // Search in the left half

31 return binarySearchRecursive(arr, target, low, mid - 1);
32 } else {

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33 // Search in the right half

34 return binarySearchRecursive(arr, target, mid + 1, high);
35 }
36 }
}
This program uses binary search to find a target value `target` in a sorted array
`arr`. Calling the `binarySearch` function triggers the `binarySearchRecursive`
function. The `binarySearchRecursive` function executes the binary search
algorithm through the utilization of recursion.

The `binarySearchRecursive` function takes the array, target value, and indices
for the low and high boundaries of the search range. It compares the target
value with the middle element of the current range. If they match, the function
returns the index. If the target is smaller, it recursively calls itself with the left
half of the range. If the target is larger, it recursively calls itself with the right half
of the range. The process continues until the element is found or the low index
becomes greater than the high index.

The program outputs the index where the element is found or a message
indicating that the element was not found in the array.

Note: The program assumes that the array is sorted in ascending order.

Q16. When can you use the super keyword?

In Java, the super keyword is a reference variable that refers to an immediate
parent class object.

When you create a subclass instance, you’re also creating an instance of the
parent class, which is referenced to by the super reference variable.

The uses of the Java super Keyword are-

1. To refer to an immediate parent class instance variable, use super.

2. The keyword super can be used to call the method of an immediate parent class.
3. Super() can be used to call the constructor of the immediate parent class.

Q17. What makes a HashSet different from a TreeSet?

HashSet TreeSet

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TreeSet implements SortedSet Interface

It is implemented through a hash table.
that uses trees for storing data.

It permits the null object. It does not allow the null object.

It is faster than TreeSet especially for It is slower than HashSet for these
search, insert, and delete operations. operations.

It does not maintain elements in an The elements are maintained in a sorted

ordered way. order.

It uses equals() method to compare two It uses compareTo() method for

objects. comparing two objects.

It does not permit a heterogenous object. It permits a heterogenous object.

Q18. What are the differences between HashMap and HashTable in Java?

HashMap Hashtable

It is non synchronized. It cannot be shared

It is synchronized. It is thread-safe and can
between many threads without proper
be shared with many threads.
synchronization code.

It permits one null key and multiple null

It does not permit any null key or value.
values.

It was present in earlier versions of java as

is a new class introduced in JDK 1.2.
well.

It is faster. It is slower.

It is traversed through Enumerator and

It is traversed through the iterator.
Iterator.

It uses an enumerator which is not fail

It uses fail fast iterator.
fast.

It inherits AbstractMap class. It inherits Dictionary class.

Q19. What is the importance of reflection in Java?

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Reflection is a runtime API for inspecting and changing the behavior of methods,
classes, and interfaces. Java Reflection is a powerful tool that can be really
beneficial. Java Reflection allows you to analyze classes, interfaces, fields, and
methods during runtime without knowing what they are called at compile time.
Reflection can also be used to create new objects, call methods, and get/set field
values. External, user-defined classes can be used by creating instances of
extensibility objects with their fully-qualified names. Debuggers can also use
reflection to examine private members of classes.

Q20. How to not allow serialization of attributes of a class in Java?

The Non-Serialized attribute can be used to prevent member variables from

being serialized.
You should also make an object that potentially contains security-sensitive data
non-serializable if possible. Apply the Non-Serialized attribute to certain fields
that store sensitive data if the object must be serialized. If you don’t exclude
these fields from serialization, the data they store will be visible to any programs
with serialization permission.

Q21. Can you call a constructor of a class inside another constructor?

Yes, we can call a constructor of a class inside another constructor. This is also
called as constructor chaining. Constructor chaining can be done in 2 ways-

1. Within the same class: For constructors in the same class, the this() keyword
can be used.
2. From the base class: The super() keyword is used to call the constructor from
the base class.
The constructor chaining follows the process of inheritance. The constructor of
the sub class first calls the constructor of the super class. Due to this, the
creation of sub class’s object starts with the initialization of the data members of
the super class. The constructor chaining works similarly with any number of
classes. Every constructor keeps calling the chain till the top of the chain.

Q22.Write a Java program to reverse a string.

Here’s an example Java program that reverses a string:

1import java.util.Scanner;
2
3public class StringReversal {

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4
5 public static void main(String[] args) {
6 Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
7
8 // Get the string from the user
9 System.out.print("Enter a string: ");
10 String input = scanner.nextLine();
11
12 // Reverse the string
13
String reversedString = reverseString(input);
14
15
// Print the reversed string
16
System.out.println("Reversed string: " + reversedString);
17
}
18
19
// Function to reverse a string
20
public static String reverseString(String str) {
21
StringBuilder reversed = new StringBuilder(str);
22
reversed.reverse();
23
return reversed.toString();
24
}
25
}
This program prompts the user to enter a string. It then calls the `reverseString`
function to reverse the string using the `reverse()` method of the
`StringBuilder` class. The reversed string is then printed to the console.

Here’s a sample output of the program:

Enter a string: Hello, World!

Reversed string: !dlroW ,olleH

Q23. Contiguous memory locations are usually used for storing actual
values in an array but not in ArrayList. Explain.

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An array generally contains elements of the primitive data types such as int,
float, etc. In such cases, the array directly stores these elements at contiguous
memory locations. While an ArrayList does not contain primitive data types. An
arrayList contains the reference of the objects at different memory locations
instead of the object itself. That is why the objects are not stored at contiguous
memory locations.

Q24. How is the creation of a String using new() different from that of a
literal?
When we create a string using new(), a new object is created. Whereas, if we
create a string using the string literal syntax, it may return an already existing
object with the same name.

Q25. Why is synchronization necessary? Explain with the help of a relevant

example.

Java allows multiple threads to execute. They may be accessing the same
variable or object. Synchronization helps to execute threads one after another.
It is important as it helps to execute all concurrent threads while being in sync. It
prevents memory consistency errors due to access to shared memory. An
example of synchronization code is-

1public synchronized void increment()

2{
3a++;
4}

As we have synchronized this function, this thread can only use the object after
the previous thread has used it.

Q25. Explain the term “Double Brace Initialization” in Java?

Double Brace Initialization is a Java term that refers to the combination of two
independent processes. There are two braces used in this. The first brace
creates an anonymous inner class. The second brace is an initialization block.
When these both are used together, it is known as Double Brace Initialization.
The inner class has a reference to the enclosing outer class, generally using the
‘this’ pointer. It is used to do both creation and initialization in a single

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statement. It is generally used to initialize collections. It reduces the code and

also makes it more readable.

Q26. Why is it said that the length() method of String class doesn’t return
accurate results?

The length() method of String class doesn’t return accurate results because
it simply takes into account the number of characters within in the String. In
other words, code points outside of the BMP (Basic Multilingual Plane), that is,
code points having a value of U+10000 or above, will be ignored.

The reason for this is historical. One of Java’s original goals was to consider all
text as Unicode; yet, Unicode did not define code points outside of the BMP at
the time. It was too late to modify char by the time Unicode specified such code
points.

Q27. What are the differences between Heap and Stack Memory in Java?

The major difference between Heap and Stack memory are:

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Stack memory is used only by one Heap memory is used by all the parts of
Memory
thread of execution. the application.

Stack memory can’t be accessed Objects stored in the heap are globally
Access
by other threads. accessible.

Memory Follows LIFO manner to free Memory management is based on the

Management memory. generation associated with each object.

Exists until the end of execution of Heap memory lives from the start till the
Lifetime
the thread. end of application execution.

Stack memory only contains local

Whenever an object is created, it’s
Usage primitive and reference variables
always stored in the Heap space.
to objects in heap space.

Q27. What is a package in Java? List down various advantages of

packages.
Packages in Java, are the collection of related classes and interfaces which are
bundled together. By using packages, developers can easily modularize the code
and optimize its reuse. Also, the code within the packages can be imported by
other classes and reused. Below I have listed down a few of its advantages:

• Packages help in avoiding name clashes

• They provide easier access control on the code
• Packages can also contain hidden classes which are not visible to the outer classes
and only used within the package
• Creates a proper hierarchical structure which makes it easier to locate the related
classes

Q29. Why pointers are not used in Java?

Java doesn’t use pointers because they are unsafe and increases the complexity
of the program. Since, Java is known for its simplicity of code, adding the concept
of pointers will be contradicting. Moreover, since JVM is responsible for implicit
memory allocation, thus in order to avoid direct access to memory by the
user, pointers are discouraged in Java.

Q30. What is JIT compiler in Java?

JIT stands for Just-In-Time compiler in Java. It is a program that helps in converting
the Java bytecode into instructions that are sent directly to the processor. By
default, the JIT compiler is enabled in Java and is activated whenever a Java
method is invoked. The JIT compiler then compiles the bytecode of the invoked
method into native machine code, compiling it “just in time” to execute. Once the

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method has been compiled, the JVM summons the compiled code of that method
directly rather than interpreting it. This is why it is often responsible for the
performance optimization of Java applications at the run time.

Q31. What are access modifiers in Java?

In Java, access modifiers are special keywords which are used to restrict the access
of a class, constructor, data member and method in another class. Java supports
four types of access modifiers:

1. Default
2. Private
3. Protected
4. Public

Modifier Default Private Protected Public

Same class YES YES YES YES

Same Package subclass YES NO YES YES

Same Package non-subclass YES NO YES YES

Different package subclass NO NO YES YES

Different package non-

NO NO NO YES
subclass

Q32. Define a Java Class.

A class in Java is a blueprint which includes all your data. A class contains fields
(variables) and methods to describe the behavior of an object. Let’s have a look at
the syntax of a class.

1class Abc {
2member variables // class body
3methods}

Q33. What is an object in Java and how is it created?

An object is a real-world entity that has a state and behavior. An object has three
characteristics:

1. State
2. Behavior

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3. Identity

An object is created using the ‘new’ keyword. For example:

ClassName obj = new ClassName();

Q34. What is Object Oriented Programming?

Object-oriented programming or popularly known as OOPs is a programming
model or approach where the programs are organized around objects rather than
logic and functions. In other words, OOP mainly focuses on the objects that are
required to be manipulated instead of logic. This approach is ideal for the
programs large and complex codes and needs to be actively updated or
maintained.

Q35. What are the main concepts of OOPs in Java?

Object-Oriented Programming or OOPs is a programming style that is associated
with concepts like:

1. Inheritance: Inheritance is a process where one class acquires the properties of

another.
2. Encapsulation: Encapsulation in Java is a mechanism of wrapping up the data and
code together as a single unit.
3. Abstraction: Abstraction is the methodology of hiding the implementation details
from the user and only providing the functionality to the users.
4. Polymorphism: Polymorphism is the ability of a variable, function or object to take
multiple forms.

Q36. What is the difference between a local variable and an instance

variable?
In Java, a local variable is typically used inside a method, constructor, or
a block and has only local scope. Thus, this variable can be used only within the
scope of a block. The best benefit of having a local variable is that other methods
in the class won’t be even aware of that variable.

Example
1if(x > 100)
2{
3String test = "Edureka";
4}

Whereas, an instance variable in Java, is a variable which is bounded to its object

itself. These variables are declared within a class, but outside a method. Every
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object of that class will create it’s own copy of the variable while using it. Thus, any
changes made to the variable won’t reflect in any other instances of that class and
will be bound to that particular instance only.

1class Test{
2public String EmpName;
3public int empAge;
4}

Q37. Differentiate between the constructors and methods in Java?

Methods Constructors

1. Used to represent the behavior of

1. Used to initialize the state of an object
an object

2. Must have a return type 2. Do not have any return type

3. Needs to be invoked explicitly 3. Is invoked implicitly

4. No default method is provided by 4. A default constructor is provided by the

the compiler compiler if the class has none

5. Method name may or may not be 5. Constructor name must always be the same
same as class name as the class name

Q38. What is final keyword in Java?

final is a special keyword in Java that is used as a non-access modifier. A final
variable can be used in different contexts such as:

• final variable

When the final keyword is used with a variable then its value can’t be changed
once assigned. In case the no value has been assigned to the final variable then
using only the class constructor a value can be assigned to it.

• final method
When a method is declared final then it can’t be overridden by the inheriting class.

• final class
When a class is declared as final in Java, it can’t be extended by any subclass class
but it can extend other class.

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Q39. What is the difference between break and continue statements?

break continue

1. Can be used in switch and loop

1. Can be only used with loop statements
(for, while, do while) statements

2. It causes the switch or loop

2. It doesn’t terminate the loop but causes the
statements to terminate the
loop to jump to the next iteration
moment it is executed

3. It terminates the innermost 3. A continue within a loop nested with a switch

enclosing loop or switch immediately will cause the next loop iteration to execute

Example break:

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)

1
2{
3if (i == 3)
4{
5break;
6}
7System.out.println(i);
8}

Example continue:

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)

1
2{
3if(i == 2)
4{
5continue;
6}
7System.out.println(i);
8}

Q40. What is an infinite loop in Java? Explain with an example.

An infinite loop is an instruction sequence in Java that loops endlessly when a
functional exit isn’t met. This type of loop can be the result of a programming

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error or may also be a deliberate action based on the application behavior. An

infinite loop will terminate automatically once the application exits.

For example:

public class InfiniteForLoopDemo

1
2{
3public static void main(String[] arg) {
4for(;;)
5System.out.println("Welcome to Edureka!");
6// To terminate this program press ctrl + c in the console.
7}
8}

Q41. What is the difference between this() and super() in Java?

In Java, super() and this(), both are special keywords that are used to call the
constructor.

this() super()

1. this() represents the current instance of 1. super() represents the current instance
a class of a parent/base class

2. Used to call the default constructor of 2. Used to call the default constructor of
the same class the parent/base class

3. Used to access methods of the current 3. Used to access methods of the base
class class

4. Used for pointing the current class 4. Used for pointing the superclass
instance instance

5. Must be the first line of a block 5. Must be the first line of a block

Q41. What is Java String Pool?

Java String pool refers to a collection of Strings which are stored in heap memory.
In this, whenever a new object is created, String pool first checks whether the
object is already present in the pool or not. If it is present, then the same reference
is returned to the variable else new object will be created in the String pool and
the respective reference will be returned.

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Q42. Differentiate between static and non-static methods in Java.

Static Method Non-Static Method

1. The static keyword must be used before the 1. No need to use the static keyword before
method name the method name

2. It is called using the class

2. It is can be called like any general method
(className.methodName)

3. It can access any static method and any

3. They can’t access any non-static instance
static variable without creating an instance
variables or methods
of the class

Q43. What is constructor chaining in Java?

In Java, constructor chaining is the process of calling one constructor from another
with respect to the current object. Constructor chaining is possible only through
legacy where a subclass constructor is responsible for invoking the superclass’
constructor first. There could be any number of classes in the constructor chain.
Constructor chaining can be achieved in two ways:

1. Within the same class using this()

2. From base class using super()

Q44. Difference between String, StringBuilder, and StringBuffer.

Factor String StringBuilder StringBuffer

Constant String
Storage Area Heap Area Heap Area
Pool

Mutability Immutable Mutable Mutable

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Thread Safety Yes No Yes

Performance Fast More efficient Less efficient

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Chennai as well.

Q45. Why Java Strings are immutable in nature?

In Java, string objects are immutable in nature which simply means once the String
object is created its state cannot be modified. Whenever you try to update the
value of that object instead of updating the values of that particular object, Java
creates a new string object. Java String objects are immutable as String objects are
generally cached in the String pool. Since String literals are usually shared
between multiple clients, action from one client might affect the rest. It enhances
security, caching, synchronization, and performance of the application.

Q46. What is the difference between an array and an array list?

Array ArrayList

Cannot contain values of different data

Can contain values of different data types.
types

Size must be defined at the time of

Size can be dynamically changed
declaration

Need to specify the index in order to add

No need to specify the index
data

Arrays are not type parameterized Arraylists are type

Arrays can contain primitive data types as Arraylists can contain only objects, no primitive
well as objects data types are allowed

Q47. What is a Map in Java?

In Java, Map is an interface of Util package which maps unique keys to values. The
Map interface is not a subset of the main Collection interface and thus it behaves
little different from the other collection types. Below are a few of the
characteristics of Map interface:

1. Map doesn’t contain duplicate keys.

2. Each key can map at max one value.

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Q48. What is collection class in Java? List down its methods and interfaces.
In Java, the collection is a framework that acts as an architecture for storing and
manipulating a group of objects. Using Collections you can perform various tasks
like searching, sorting, insertion, manipulation, deletion, etc. Java collection
framework includes the following:

• Interfaces
• Classes
• Methods

The below image shows the complete hierarchy of the Java Collection.

Java OOPS Interview Questions

Q49. What is Polymorphism?
Polymorphism is briefly described as “one interface, many implementations”.
Polymorphism is a characteristic of being able to assign a different meaning or

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usage to something in different contexts – specifically, to allow an entity such as

a variable, a function, or an object to have more than one form. There are two

types of polymorphism:

1. Compile time polymorphism

2. Run time polymorphism

Compile time polymorphism is method overloading whereas Runtime time

polymorphism is done using inheritance and interface.

Q50. What is runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch?

In Java, runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch is a process in which
a call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than at compile-time.
In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference variable of
a superclass. Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

class Car {
1
void run()
2
{
3
System.out.println("Car is running");
4
}
5
}
6
class Audi extends Car {
7
8
void run()

9{
10System.out.prinltn("Audi is running safely at 100km/h");
11}
12public static void main(String args[])
13{
14Car b= new Audi(); //upcasting

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15b.run();
16}
17}

Q51. What is abstraction in Java?

Abstraction refers to the quality of dealing with ideas rather than events. It
basically deals with hiding the details and showing the essential things to the user.
Thus you can say that abstraction in Java is the process of hiding the
implementation details from the user and revealing only the functionality to them.
Abstraction can be achieved in two ways:

1. Abstract Classes (0-100% of abstraction can be achieved)

2. Interfaces (100% of abstraction can be achieved)

Q52. What do you mean by an interface in Java?

An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class or you can say it is a collection of
abstract methods and static constants. In an interface, each method is public and
abstract but it does not contain any constructor. Thus, interface basically is a
group of related methods with empty bodies. Example:

1public interface Animal {

2 public void eat();
3 public void sleep();
4 public void run();
5}

Q53. What is the difference between abstract classes and interfaces?

Abstract Class Interfaces

An abstract class can provide complete,

An interface cannot provide any code at all, just
default code and/or just the details that have
the signature
to be overridden

In the case of an abstract class, a class may

A Class may implement several interfaces
extend only one abstract class

An abstract class can have non-abstract

All methods of an Interface are abstract
methods

An abstract class can have instance variables An Interface cannot have instance variables

An abstract class can have any visibility:

An Interface visibility must be public (or) none
public, private, protected

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If we add a new method to an abstract class If we add a new method to an Interface then we
then we have the option of providing default have to track down all the implementations of
implementation and therefore all the existing the interface and define implementation for the
code might work properly new method

An abstract class can contain constructors An Interface cannot contain constructors

Interfaces are slow as it requires extra

Abstract classes are fast indirection to find the corresponding method in
the actual class

Q54. What is inheritance in Java?

Inheritance in Java is the concept where the properties of one class can be
inherited by the other. It helps to reuse the code and establish a relationship
between different classes. Inheritance is performed between two types of classes:

1. Parent class (Super or Base class)

2. Child class (Subclass or Derived class)

A class which inherits the properties is known as Child Class whereas a class
whose properties are inherited is known as Parent class.

Q55. What are the different types of inheritance in Java?

Java supports four types of inheritance which are:

1. Single Inheritance: In single inheritance, one class inherits the properties of

another i.e there will be only one parent as well as one child class.
2. Multilevel Inheritance: When a class is derived from a class which is also
derived from another class, i.e. a class having more than one parent class
but at different levels, such type of inheritance is called Multilevel
Inheritance.
3. Hierarchical Inheritance: When a class has more than one child classes
(subclasses) or in other words, more than one child classes have the same
parent class, then such kind of inheritance is known as hierarchical.
4. Hybrid Inheritance: Hybrid inheritance is a combination of two or more
types of inheritance.

Q56. What is method overloading and method overriding?

Method Overloading :

• In Method Overloading, Methods of the same class shares the same name but
each method must have a different number of parameters or parameters having
different types and order.

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• Method Overloading is to “add” or “extend” more to the method’s behavior.

• It is a compile-time polymorphism.
• The methods must have a different signature.
• It may or may not need inheritance in Method Overloading.

Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

class Adder {
1
Static int add(int a, int b)
2
{
3
return a+b;
4
}
5
Static double add( double a, double b)
6
{
7
8return a+b;
9}
10public static void main(String args[])
11{
12System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11));
13System.out.println(Adder.add(12.3,12.6));
14}}

Method Overriding:

• In Method Overriding, the subclass has the same method with the same name and
exactly the same number and type of parameters and same return type as a
superclass.
• Method Overriding is to “Change” existing behavior of the method.
• It is a run time polymorphism.
• The methods must have the same signature.
• It always requires inheritance in Method Overriding.

Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

1class Car {
2void run(){
3System.out.println("Car is running");
4}

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5Class Audi extends Car{

6void run()
7{
8System.out.prinltn("Audi is running safely at 100 km/h");
9}
10public static void main( String args[])
11
{
12
Car b=new Audi();
13
b.run();
14
}
15
}

Q57. Can you override a private or static method in Java?

You cannot override a private or static method in Java. If you create a similar
method with the same return type and same method arguments in child class
then it will hide the superclass method; this is known as method hiding. Similarly,
you cannot override a private method in subclass because it’s not accessible
there. What you can do is create another private method with the same name in
the child class. Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

class Base {
1
private static void display() {
2
System.out.println("Static or class method from Base");
3
}
4
public void print() {
5
System.out.println("Non-static or instance method from Base");
6
7}
8class Derived extends Base {
9private static void display() {
10System.out.println("Static or class method from Derived");
11}
12public void print() {
13System.out.println("Non-static or instance method from Derived");

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14}
15public class test {
16public static void main(String args[])
17{
18Base obj= new Derived();
19obj1.display();
20
obj1.print();
21
}
22
}

Q58. What is multiple inheritance? Is it supported by Java?

If a child class inherits the property from multiple classes is

known as multiple inheritance. Java does not allow to extend multiple classes.

The problem with multiple inheritance is that if multiple parent classes have the
same method name, then at runtime it becomes difficult for the compiler to
decide which method to execute from the child class.

Therefore, Java doesn’t support multiple inheritance. The problem is commonly

referred to as Diamond Problem.

Q59. What is encapsulation in Java?

Encapsulation is a mechanism where you bind your data(variables) and
code(methods) together as a single unit. Here, the data is hidden from the outer
world and can be accessed only via current class methods. This helps in protecting

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the data from any unnecessary modification. We can achieve encapsulation in

Java by:

• Declaring the variables of a class as private.

• Providing public setter and getter methods to modify and view the values of the
variables.

Q60. What is an association?

Association is a relationship where all object have their own lifecycle and there is
no owner. Let’s take the example of Teacher and Student. Multiple students can
associate with a single teacher and a single student can associate with multiple
teachers but there is no ownership between the objects and both have their own
lifecycle. These relationships can be one to one, one to many, many to one and
many to many.

Q61. What do you mean by aggregation?

An aggregation is a specialized form of Association where all object has their own
lifecycle but there is ownership and child object can not belong to another parent
object. Let’s take an example of Department and teacher. A single teacher can not
belong to multiple departments, but if we delete the department teacher object
will not destroy.

Q62. What is composition in Java?

Composition is again a specialized form of Aggregation and we can call this as a
“death” relationship. It is a strong type of Aggregation. Child object does not have
their lifecycle and if parent object deletes all child object will also be deleted. Let’s
take again an example of a relationship between House and rooms. House can
contain multiple rooms there is no independent life of room and any room can
not belongs to two different houses if we delete the house room will automatically
delete.

Q63. What is a marker interface?

In Java, a marker interface is an interface that does not declare any methods or
fields. Its sole purpose is to mark or tag a class as having a certain characteristic
or capability. By implementing a marker interface, a class indicates that it
possesses specific behavior or qualifies for a particular treatment.

Marker interfaces are purely a convention and serve as a form of metadata.

They provide a way for developers or frameworks to identify classes that meet
certain criteria without requiring any additional methods or fields.

Some common examples of marker interfaces in Java include:

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1. Serializable: The Serializable interface is a marker interface that indicates a class

can be serialized, allowing objects of that class to be converted into a byte
stream for storage or transmission.
2. Cloneable: The Cloneable interface is a marker interface that indicates a class
can be cloned using the `clone()` method. Implementing this interface allows for
creating a copy of an object.
3. Remote: The Remote interface is a marker interface used in Java’s Remote
Method Invocation (RMI) framework. It marks an interface that can be invoked
remotely, enabling the execution of methods across different JVMs.

Marker interfaces can be useful in various scenarios, such as:

– Providing hints to the Java runtime or frameworks about special handling or

optimizations for certain classes.

– Enabling conditional behavior based on the presence of a marker interface

during runtime.

– Supporting integration with external libraries or frameworks that recognize

and operate on marker interfaces.

It’s important to note that with the introduction of annotations in Java, the use of
marker interfaces has become less common. Annotations offer a more flexible
and expressive way to attach metadata to classes and methods. However,
marker interfaces still have their place in certain contexts and are part of the
Java language’s design and heritage.

Q64. What is object cloning in Java?

Object cloning in Java is the process of creating an exact copy of an object. It
basically means the ability to create an object with a similar state as the original
object. To achieve this, Java provides a method clone() to make use of this
functionality. This method creates a new instance of the class of the current object
and then initializes all its fields with the exact same contents of corresponding
fields. To object clone(), the marker interface java.lang.Cloneable must be
implemented to avoid any runtime exceptions. One thing you must note is Object
clone() is a protected method, thus you need to override it.

Q65. What is a copy constructor in Java?

Copy constructor is a member function that is used to initialize an object using
another object of the same class. Though there is no need for copy constructor in
Java since all objects are passed by reference. Moreover, Java does not even
support automatic pass-by-value.

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Q66. What is a constructor overloading in Java?

In Java, constructor overloading is a technique of adding any number
of constructors to a class each having a different parameter list. The compiler uses
the number of parameters and their types in the list to differentiate the
overloaded constructors.

class Demo
1
{
2
int i;
3
public Demo(int a)
4
{
5
6
i=k;

7}
8public Demo(int a, int b)
9{
10//body
11}
12}

JDBC – Java Basic Interview Questions

Q75. What is JDBC Driver?
JDBC Driver is a software component that enables java application to interact with
the database. There are 4 types of JDBC drivers:

1. JDBC-ODBC bridge driver

2. Native-API driver (partially java driver)
3. Network Protocol driver (fully java driver)
4. Thin driver (fully java driver)

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Q76. What are the steps to connect

to a database in java?

• Registering the driver class

• Creating connection
• Creating statement
• Executing queries
• Closing connection

Q77. What are the JDBC API components?

The java.sql package contains interfaces and classes for JDBC API.

Interfaces:

• Connection
• Statement
• PreparedStatement
• ResultSet
• ResultSetMetaData
• DatabaseMetaData
• CallableStatement etc.

Classes:

• DriverManager
• Blob
• Clob
• Types
• SQLException etc.

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Q78. What is the role of JDBC DriverManager class?

The DriverManager class manages the registered drivers. It can be used to
register and unregister drivers. It provides factory method that returns the
instance of Connection.

Q79. What is JDBC Connection interface?

The Connection interface maintains a session with the database. It can be used
for transaction management. It provides factory methods that returns the
instance of Statement, PreparedStatement, CallableStatement and
DatabaseMetaData.

Q80. What is the purpose of JDBC ResultSet interface?

The ResultSet object represents a row of a table. It can be used to change the
cursor pointer and get the information from the database.

Q81. What is JDBC ResultSetMetaData interface?

The ResultSetMetaData interface returns the information of table such as total
number of columns, column name, column type etc.

Q82. What is JDBC DatabaseMetaData interface?

The DatabaseMetaData interface returns the information of the database such as
username, driver name, driver version, number of tables, number of views etc.

Q83. What do you mean by batch processing in JDBC?

Batch processing helps you to group related SQL statements into a batch and
execute them instead of executing a single query. By using batch processing
technique in JDBC, you can execute multiple queries which makes the
performance faster.

Q84. What is the difference between execute, executeQuery,

executeUpdate?
Statement execute(String query) is used to execute any SQL query and it returns
TRUE if the result is an ResultSet such as running Select queries. The output is

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FALSE when there is no ResultSet object such as running Insert or Update queries.
We can use getResultSet() to get the ResultSet and getUpdateCount() method to
retrieve the update count.

Statement executeQuery(String query) is used to execute Select queries and

returns the ResultSet. ResultSet returned is never null even if there are no records
matching the query. When executing select queries we should use executeQuery
method so that if someone tries to execute insert/update statement it will throw
java.sql.SQLException with message “executeQuery method can not be used for
update”.

Statement executeUpdate(String query) is used to execute

Insert/Update/Delete (DML) statements or DDL statements that returns nothing.
The output is int and equals to the row count for SQL Data Manipulation Language
(DML) statements. For DDL statements, the output is 0.

You should use execute() method only when you are not sure about the type of
statement else use executeQuery or executeUpdate method.

Q85. What do you understand by JDBC Statements?

JDBC statements are basically the statements which are used to send SQL
commands to the database and retrieve data back from the database. Various
methods like execute(), executeUpdate(), executeQuery, etc. are provided by JDBC
to interact with the database.

JDBC supports 3 types of statements:

1. Statement: Used for general purpose access to the database and executes a static
SQL query at runtime.
2. PreparedStatement: Used to provide input parameters to the query during
execution.
3. CallableStatement: Used to access the database stored procedures and helps in
accepting runtime parameters.

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