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Description:
This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any
media, website access codes, or print supplements that may
come packaged with the bound book. For a one-semester
JavaScript programming course for students who have
knowledge of HTML and CSS. This text also serves as a useful
reference for individuals interested in learning JavaScript
Programming with XML and PHP. ¿ Introduction to JavaScript
Programming with XML and PHP is a hands-on book that focuses
on the "how-to" aspects of JavaScript, with a focus on enhancing
and extending websites.¿¿

1. Introduction to JavaScript® Programming with XML and PHP Creating Dynamic and
Interactive Web Pages
2. Preface
3. Organization of the Text
4. Brief Chapter Overviews
5. Features of the Text
6. Supplements
7. Contents
8. Location of VideoNotes in the Text
9. Chapter 0: Computer Basics
10. Chapter Objectives
11. 0.1 A Brief History of Computers
12. What Is a Computer?
13. Personal Computers
14. Today’s Computers
15. 0.2 A Brief History of the Internet
16. Packet Switching
17. Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
18. Try It Yourself
19. What Is a URL?
20. The Protocol
21. The Web Server
22. The Domain
23. The Path
24. Is It All Necessary?
25. 0.3 Computer Basics
26. Input
27. Processing
28. Storage
29. Internal Memory
30. Mass Storage Devices
31. Output
32. 0.4 What Is Programming?
33. The History of Programming
34. A Brief Timeline
35. Types of Software
36. Application Software
37. System Software
38. Programming and Scripting Languages
39. Machine Language
40. Assembly Language
41. Machine Language Instruction:
42. Assembly Language Equivalent:
43. High-Level Languages
44. Writing Programs
45. Scripting Languages versus Programming Languages
46. 0.5 Browsers
47. What Is a Browser?
48. Overview of Major Browsers
49. How Does A Browser Work?
50. Is the World Wide Web the Same As the Internet?
51. What Does This Mean to You?
52. 0.6 JavaScript and the Acronyms: XHTML, DOM, PHP, XML
53. A Brief History of JavaScript
54. Web Pages and XHTML
55. Server-Side and Client-Side Technologies
56. JavaScript Overview
57. A Dynamic Language
58. First-Class Functions
59. A Multiparadigm Language
60. How JavaScript Is Used
61. Overview of DOM, PHP, and XML
62. The Document Object Model (DOM)
63. Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) or Personal Home Page Tools
64. Extensible Markup Language (XML)
65. Chapter Review and Exercises
66. Key Terms
67. Review Exercises
68. Fill in the Blank
69. True or False
70. Short Answer
71. Chapter 1: JavaScript Programming Basics
72. Chapter Objectives
73. 1.1 What Is Programming?
74. A General Problem-Solving Strategy
75. The Program Development Cycle
76. Emphasis on Step 4: Test the Program Extensively!
77. 1.2 The Structure of a Program
78. Input-Processing-Output
79. Input
80. Processing
81. Output
82. The Control Structures
83. The Sequential Structure
84. The Decision (or Selection) Structure
85. The Loop (or Repetition) Structure
86. 1.3 Data Types and Operations on Data
87. Numerical Data
88. String Data
89. Boolean Data
90. Variables and Named Constants
91. Assignment Statements
92. Operations on Data
93. Arithmetic Operators
94. Assignment Operators
95. The Concatenation Operator (+) Used on Strings
96. 1.4 Problem Solving: The Importance of Logical Thinking
97. Pseudocode
98. Flowcharts
99. Flowchart Symbols
100. 1.5 JavaScript in the Web Page
101. The <script></script> Tag Pair
102. The <noscript></noscript> Tag Pair
103. JavaScript in a Web Page <body>
104. JavaScript in the document <head> section
105. The <body> onload Event
106. 1.6 Introduction to Objects
107. What is an Object?
108. Properties and Methods
109. Attributes and Functions
110. The Document Object
111. Dot Notation
112. The write() Method
113. The getElementById() Method and the innerHTML Property
114. getElementById()
115. innerHTML
116. The open() and close() Methods
117. 1.7 Introduction to JavaScript Functions and Events
118. Introduction to JavaScript Functions
119. Parameters
120. The prompt() Function
121. Introduction to JavaScript Events
122. Event Driven Programming
123. 1.8 Putting It to Work
124. Greg’s Gambits: Creating an About You Page
125. Developing the About You Page
126. Writing the Code
127. Prompting for the Player’s Name
128. Prompting for the Player’s Username
129. Selecting an Avatar
130. Finishing the Code
131. Carla’s Classroom: Creating an About You Page
132. Developing the About Me! Page
133. Writing the Code
134. Prompting for the Child’s Name, Age, and Favorite Subject
135. Prompting for the Child’s Favorite Teacher
136. Finishing the Code
137. Chapter Review and Exercises
138. Key Terms
139. Review Exercises
140. Fill in the Blank
141. True or False
142. Short Answer
143. Programming Challenges
144. On Your Own
145. Chapter 2: Building Blocks: Variables and Operators
146. Chapter Objectives
147. 2.1 What Is a Variable?
148. Memory Locations
149. Variable Names
150. Naming Tips
151. Declaring Variables
152. 2.2 Data Types
153. A Loosely Typed Language
154. Numbers
155. Strings and Characters
156. Named Constants
157. 2.3 Arithmetic Operators and Some Important Functions
158. The Modulus Operator
159. The Hierarchy of Operations
160. The Concatenation Operator
161. Parsing Integers and Floating Point Numbers
162. 2.4 Relational Operators
163. ASCII Code
164. Relational Operators
165. 2.5 Logical Operators and the Conditional Operator
166. Logical Operators
167. A Truth Table for the AND , OR , and NOT Operators
168. Boolean Logic and Boolean Operators
169. The Order of Operations for Logical Operators
170. Conditional Operator
171. 2.6 Putting It to Work
172. Greg's Gambits: Creating Your Own Story
173. Developing the Program
174. Writing the Code
175. The charAt() function
176. Finishing the Code
177. Carla's Classroom: A Spelling Lesson
178. Developing the Program
179. Functions
180. The showPrompt1() and showResult1() functions
181. Putting It Together
182. Finishing Up
183. Chapter Review and Exercises
184. Key Terms
185. Review Exercises
186. Fill in the Blank
187. True or False
188. Short Answer
189. Programming Challenges
190. On Your Own
191. Chapter 3: Making Decisions: The Selection Structure
192. Chapter Objectives
193. 3.1 What if? Types of Selection Structures
194. 3.2 The Single Alternative Structure: The if Statement
195. A Note about the Test Condition
196. A Note about the Curly Brackets
197. 3.3 The Dual Alternative Structure: if... else Statements
198. 3.4 Nested Selection Structures
199. 3.5 Compound Conditions
200. Combining Relational and Logical Operators
201. Logical Operators Revisited
202. A Note about Syntax
203. Using AND and OR
204. 3.6 Multiple-Alternative Selection Structures
205. The if... else if... Structure
206. Using if... else if for a Rating System
207. Error Checking: Just the Beginning
208. The Switch Statement
209. Using a switch Statement for Page Color
210. 3.7 Putting It to Work
211. Greg's Gambits: Madame Vadoma Knows All
212. The Math Object
213. The Math.random() and Math.floor() Methods
214. Developing the Program
215. Writing the Code
216. Putting It All Together
217. Finishing Up
218. Carla's Classroom: An Arithmetic Lesson
219. Developing the Program
220. The return Statement
221. The Counter
222. Writing the Code
223. 3.7.2.4.1 The Plan
224. The Code in Pieces
225. 3.7.2.5.1 Level One Code
226. 3.7.2.5.2 Level Two Code
227. 3.7.2.5.3 Level Three Code
228. 3.7.2.5.4 A Comment about Checking the Counter
229. Putting It All Together
230. Finishing Up
231. Chapter Review and Exercises
232. Key Terms
233. Review Exercises
234. Fill in the Blank
235. True or False
236. Short Answer
237. Programming Challenges
238. On Your Own
239. Chapter 4: Going Round and Round: The Repetition Structure
240. Chapter Objectives
241. 4.1 Computers Don’t Get Bored with Repetition
242. Loop Basics
243. Iterations
244. Writing Test Conditions
245. 4.1.1.2.1 Beware the Infinite Loop!
246. 4.1.1.2.2 Don’t Let the User Get Trapped in a Loop
247. 4.2 Types of Loops
248. Pre-Test and Post-Test Loops
249. The Pre-Test while Loop
250. Writing Test Conditions
251. The Post-Test do...while Loop
252. Why Use One and Not the Other?
253. Formatting the Output: The toFixed() Method
254. Sentinel-Controlled Loops
255. Formatting the Output: The toLowerCase() and toUpperCase() Methods
256. Counter-Controlled Loops
257. Using a Counter
258. Shortcut Operators
259. 4.3 The for Loop
260. The for Statement
261. The Initial Value
262. The Test Condition
263. The Increment/Decrement Statement
264. The Careful Bean Counter
265. Curly Braces: Do We Really Need Them?
266. 4.4 Data Validation
267. The isNaN() Method
268. Checking for Integers
269. Using Compound Conditions for Data Validation
270. The charAt() Method
271. The length Property
272. 4.5 Putting It to Work
273. Greg’s Gambits: Encoding Secret Messages
274. What Is Encryption?
275. The charCodeAt() and String.fromCharCode() Methods
276. 4.5.1.2.1 Unicode and ASCII Code
277. 4.5.1.2.2 The charCodeAt() Method
278. 4.5.1.2.3 The String.fromCharCode() Method
279. Developing the Program
280. Writing the Code
281. Putting It All Together
282. Finishing Up
283. Carla’s Classroom: Advanced Arithmetic Lessons
284. Developing the Program
285. Writing the Code
286. The Code in Pieces
287. 4.5.2.3.1 Level One Addition Code
288. 4.5.2.3.2 Level Two and Level Three Addition Code
289. 4.5.2.3.3 Subtraction
290. Putting It All Together
291. 4.5.2.4.1 A Note about Code
292. Finishing Up
293. Chapter Review and Exercises
294. Key Terms
295. Review Exercises
296. Fill in the Blank
297. True or False
298. Short Answer
299. Programming Challenges
300. On Your Own
301. Chapter 5: Advanced Decisions and Loops
302. Chapter Objectives
303. 5.1 Some Simple Schoolroom Statistics
304. It All Adds Up
305. Computing Averages
306. The Range
307. Odd and Even
308. Integer Accuracy: Math Methods
309. The Math.round() Method
310. The Math.floor() and Math.ceil() Methods
311. 5.2 To Continue or Not to Continue?
312. The break Statement
313. The continue Statement
314. 5.3 Nested for Loops
315. Desk Checking
316. Different Ways to Nest Loops
317. Which Way Should Loops Be Nested?
318. 5.4 Drawing Shapes and Patterns with Loops
319. Drawing Shapes
320. Using Loops to Create Patterns
321. The mouse Events
322. 5.5 Putting It to Work
323. Greg’s Gambits: The Battle between Wizard and Troll
324. Developing the Program
325. 5.5.1.1.1 The Button As a Link
326. 5.5.1.1.2 The Web Pages
327. Writing the Code
328. Putting It All Together
329. Finishing Up
330. Carla’s Classroom: A Grammar Lesson
331. Developing the Program
332. Writing the Code
333. The Code in Pieces
334. 5.5.2.3.1 The Function and the Outer Loop
335. 5.5.2.3.2 Check for Valid Selections
336. 5.5.2.3.3 Displaying the Story
337. Putting It All Together
338. Finishing Up
339. Chapter Review and Exercises
340. Key Terms
341. Review Exercises
342. Fill in the Blank
343. True or False
344. Short Answer
345. Programming Challenges
346. On Your Own
347. Chapter 6: Forms and Form Controls
348. Chapter Objectives
349. 6.1 What Is a Form?
350. The Most Basic Form
351. The <form> </form> Tag Pair
352. The submit and reset Buttons
353. Returning Form Submissions
354. The Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
355. Returning Form Data by Email
356. Returning Form Data to a Program
357. 6.2 Form Controls
358. Radio Buttons
359. Checkboxes
360. The checked Property
361. Textboxes
362. The Label, Fieldset, and Legend Elements
363. Textarea Boxes
364. The email action
365. 6.3 Hidden Fields and Passwords
366. The Hidden Form Element
367. The Password Form Element
368. The substr() Method
369. 6.4 Selection Lists and More
370. Selection Lists
371. The size Attribute
372. The multiple Attribute
373. Enhancements for Form Elements
374. The tabindex Attribute
375. The accesskey Attribute
376. The onfocus Event
377. An Introduction to the this Keyword
378. An Image As an OK Button
379. 6.5 Putting It to Work
380. Greg’s Gambits: Player Information and Inventory
381. Developing the Program
382. 6.5.1.1.1 The Web Page Design
383. Writing the Code
384. 6.5.1.2.1 The Textbox Functions
385. 6.5.1.2.2 The Radio Buttons Function
386. 6.5.1.2.3 The Checkbox Functions
387. Putting It All Together
388. Finishing Up
389. Carla’s Classroom: Carla’s Progress Report Form
390. Developing the Program
391. 6.5.2.1.1 Carla’s Categories
392. 6.5.2.1.2 The Page Design
393. Creating the Form
394. Writing the Code
395. 6.5.2.3.1 The Textbox Functions
396. 6.5.2.3.2 The Radio Buttons Functions
397. 6.5.2.3.3 The Textarea Function
398. 6.5.2.3.4 Generating the Email
399. Putting It All Together
400. Finishing Up
401. Chapter Review and Exercises
402. Key Terms
403. Review Exercises
404. Fill in the Blank
405. True or False
406. Short Answer
407. Programming Challenges
408. On Your Own
409. Chapter 7: Keeping it Neat: Functions and JavaScript Source Files
410. Chapter Objectives
411. 7.1 Functions
412. Built-In Functions
413. User-Defined Functions
414. 7.2 The Scope of a Variable
415. Global Variables
416. Local Variables
417. 7.3 Sending Information to a Function
418. Passing Arguments to Parameters
419. The return Statement
420. Passing Values: A Complex Issue
421. Passing by Value
422. 7.4 Objects and Object-Oriented Concepts
423. The Math Object
424. More JavaScript Objects
425. Passing by Reference
426. The Boolean Object
427. 7.4.2.2.1 The new Keyword
428. The Date Object
429. The setTimeout() Function
430. 7.5 JavaScript Source Files
431. Work Smarter, Not Harder
432. Creating and Accessing a JavaScript Source (.js) File
433. JavaScript Source Files Cascade
434. Creating a Library of Functions
435. 7.6 Putting It to Work
436. Greg’s Gambits: Hangman
437. Developing the Program
438. 7.6.1.1.1 The Man in the Noose
439. 7.6.1.1.2 The Secret Words
440. Writing the Code
441. 7.6.1.2.1 The startHangman() Function
442. 7.6.1.2.2 The setCharAt() Function
443. 7.6.1.2.3 The replace() Method and Regular Expressions
444. 7.6.1.2.4 The Revised checkWord() Function
445. Putting It All Together
446. Finishing Up
447. Carla's Classroom: Reading Comprehension
448. Developing the Program
449. Creating the First Page
450. Writing the Code
451. 7.6.2.3.1 Password Protection
452. 7.6.2.3.2 The First Web Page:
453. 7.6.2.3.3 Use the visibility Property to Create a Hidden Button
454. 7.6.2.3.4 Building the Page with Questions
455. 7.6.2.3.5 What the Student Sees
456. Putting It All Together
457. Finishing Up
458. Chapter Review and Exercises
459. Key Terms
460. Review Exercises
461. Fill in the blanks
462. True or False
463. Short Answer
464. Programming Challenges
465. On Your Own
466. Chapter 8: Arrays
467. Chapter Objectives
468. 8.1 One-dimensional Arrays
469. Creating an Array in JavaScript
470. The Array Object
471. A Note About Array Names
472. The length Property
473. Some Methods of the Array Object
474. 8.2 Populating Arrays
475. Loading Arrays Directly
476. Loading Arrays Interactively
477. Displaying Arrays
478. 8.3 Parallel Arrays
479. Why Use Arrays?
480. 8.4 Using Array Methods
481. The push() Method
482. The length Property Can Be Used to Find the Length of an Array
483. The unshift() Method
484. The splice() Method
485. 8.5 Multi-Dimensional Arrays
486. Introduction to Two-Dimensional Arrays
487. Declaring and Filling Two-Dimensional Arrays
488. 8.6 Putting It to Work
489. Greg’s Gambits: The Game of 15
490. Developing the Program
491. 8.6.1.1.1 Setting the Stage
492. 8.6.1.1.2 Creating the Array with the setup() Function
493. 8.6.1.1.3 Populating the Array with the Math.random() Function
494. 8.6.1.1.4 The Code to Exchange Cell Values
495. 8.6.1.1.5 The Code to Check for a Winner
496. Putting It All Together
497. Carla’s Classroom: Images and Imagination
498. Setting Things Up
499. Developing the Program
500. 8.6.2.2.1 Setting the Stage
501. 8.6.2.2.2 The Image Swap
502. 8.6.2.2.2.1 Practice the Image Swap
503. 8.6.2.2.3 The Slide Show
504. Putting It All Together
505. Chapter Review and Exercises
506. Key Terms
507. Review Exercises
508. Fill in the Blank
509. True or False
510. Short Answer
511. Programming Challenges
512. On Your Own
513. Chapter 9: Searching and Sorting
514. Chapter Objectives
515. 9.1 Sorting Arrays
516. The sort() Method
517. Sorting Numbers with the sort() Method
518. The reverse() Method
519. 9.2 The Bubble Sort
520. Swapping Values
521. Using the Bubble Sort Algorithm
522. Passing Arrays
523. 9.3 The Selection Sort
524. 9.4 Searching Arrays: The Serial Search
525. The Serial Search
526. Using the Serial Search with Parallel Arrays
527. 9.5 Searching Arrays: The Binary Search
528. The Binary Search
529. Making Life Easier: The indexOf() Method
530. The indexOf() Method
531. The lastIndexOf() Method
532. Time Out! Using the setInterval() and clearInterval() Methods
533. 9.6 Putting It to Work
534. Greg’s Gambits: Greg’s Boggle
535. Developing the Program
536. Setting the Stage
537. 9.6.1.2.1 Creating the boggle() Function
538. 9.6.1.2.2 The toString() Method
539. 9.6.1.2.3 The boggle() Function
540. Putting It All Together
541. Carla’s Classroom: A Factoring Lesson
542. Factoring Integers
543. Developing the Program
544. Setting the Stage
545. The Code in Pieces
546. 9.6.2.4.1 The External File
547. 9.6.2.4.2 The Beginning
548. 9.6.2.4.3 Selecting the Number and Some Housekeeping Tasks
549. 9.6.2.4.4 The splice() Method
550. 9.6.2.4.5 Getting Student Responses
551. Putting It All Together
552. Chapter Review and Exercises
553. Key Terms
554. Review Exercises
555. Fill in the Blank
556. True or False
557. Short Answer
558. Programming Challenges
559. On Your Own
560. Chapter 10: The Document Object Model and XML
561. Chapter Objectives
562. 10.1 The Document Object Model: DOM
563. A Brief History of DOM
564. DOM Nodes and Trees
565. The Family: The Parent-Child Model
566. Creating and Inserting Elements
567. The createTextNode() Method
568. Replacing and Removing Elements
569. The removeChild() Method
570. The replaceChild() Method
571. The childNodes Property
572. 10.2 Using DOM Methods with Timers and Styles
573. The setAttribute()and getAttribute() Methods
574. The setInterval() and clearInterval() Methods
575. 10.3 XML Basics
576. What Is XML?
577. Why Do We Need XML?
578. XML Components
579. The XML Declaration
580. XML Elements
581. Comments and File Names
582. XML Attributes
583. XML Entities
584. Whitespace
585. Well-Formed XML Documents
586. XML Parsers and DTDs
587. XML Internal DTDs
588. XML External and Public DTDs
589. 10.4 Adding Style and XSL Transformations
590. Using Cascading Style Sheets with XML Documents
591. The Extensible Style Sheet Language (XSL)
592. An Important Note
593. 10.5 XML Namespaces and Schemas
594. XML Namespaces
595. The Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
596. Namespace Declarations
597. XML Schemas
598. Creating a Reference to a Schema in an XML Document
599. There’s More . . .
600. XML Schema Data Types
601. Creating an XML Schema
602. 10.6 Putting It to Work
603. Greg’s Gambits: Greg’s Avatars
604. Developing the Program
605. Setting the Stage
606. Creating the XML, XSL, and JavaScript Pages
607. 10.6.1.3.1 Creating the XML Page
608. 10.6.1.3.2 Creating the XSL Page
609. 10.6.1.3.3 Creating the JavaScript Page and the DOM Code
610. Putting It All Together
611. Carla’s Classroom: A Spelling Lesson
612. Developing the Program
613. Setting the Stage
614. The Code in Pieces
615. 10.6.2.3.1 The Functions to Extract Values from the Selected Image and
Spelling
616. 10.6.2.3.2 The Function to Compare the Values
617. 10.6.2.3.3 The Function to Check for Success
618. Putting It All Together
619. Chapter Review and Exercises
620. Key Terms
621. Review Exercises
622. Fill in the Blank
623. True or False
624. Short Answer
625. Programming Challenges
626. On Your Own
627. Chapter 11: PHP: An Overview
628. Chapter Objectives
629. 11.1 A Brief History of PHP
630. What Does a Server Do?
631. HTTP get and post Request Types
632. The Apache HTTP Server, MySQL, and PHP
633. The Apache HTTP Server
634. The MySQL Database
635. PHP and XAMPP
636. 11.2 XAMPP
637. Installing XAMPP
638. Security
639. The License
640. The Install
641. Try It
642. Let’s Get Started
643. Your First PHP Program
644. 11.3 PHP Basics
645. PHP File Names, the htdocs Folder, and Viewing Your PHP Pages
646. Variables and Methods
647. Converting Data Types with the settype() and gettype() Methods
648. Converting Data Types by Type Casting
649. PHP Keywords
650. Operators
651. Unary Operators
652. Binary Operators
653. 11.3.4.2.1 Operator Precedence
654. Ternary Operators
655. The Concatenation Operators
656. 11.4 Using Conditionals and Loops
657. Making Decisions: The if Structure
658. The echo Construct
659. The switch Statement
660. 11.4.2 Cycling Through: Repetitions and Loops
661. 11.5 Arrays and Strings
662. Arrays
663. 11.5.1.1 The reset() Method
664. The foreach Construct, the as keyword, and the ==> Operator
665. The key() Method
666. Why Are We Learning All This?
667. Working with Strings
668. Comparing Strings
669. 11.5.3.2 Searching for Expressions: The preg_match() and preg_replace()
methods
670. 11.6 Putting It to Work
671. Greg’s Gambits: PHP Welcome Messages
672. 11.6.1.1 Developing a New Format for Greg’s Pages: Organizing a Site
673. The Header and Footer Files
674. Setting the Stage
675. The ajax_post() Function
676. 11.6.1.4.1 What Is Ajax?
677. 11.6.1.4.2 The onclick = "javascript:ajax_post();" event
678. 11.6.1.4.3 Field-Value Pairs
679. 11.6.1.4.4 The ajaxDataPipe.php Page
680. Putting It All Together
681. 11.6.2 Carla’s Classroom: Using PHP for Hints
682. Developing the Program
683. 11.6.2.1.1 The Folders
684. 11.6.2.1.2 The header.php File
685. 11.6.2.1.3 The footer.php File
686. 11.6.2.1.4 The carla_phpDemo.php File
687. 11.6.2.1.5 The showHint() Function
688. 11.6.2.1.6 The gethint.php File
689. 11.6.2.1.7 The $_GET superglobal Variable
690. 11.6.2.1.8 The count() Method
691. 11.6.2.1.9 The strtolower() Method
692. Putting It All Together
693. Chapter Review and Exercises
694. Key Terms
695. Review Exercises
696. Fill in the Blank
697. True or False
698. Short Answer
699. Programming Challenges On Your Own
700. Chapter 12: Using PHP With Cookies and MySQL
701. Chapter Objectives
702. 12.1 Cookies
703. Types of Cookies
704. Writing Cookies
705. The time() Function
706. Writing Your First Cookie
707. The define() Method
708. The isset() Method
709. The $_SERVER() Method and PHP_SELF
710. 12.2 A Database Server: MySQL
711. An Overview of MySQL
712. The License
713. Setting Up a MySQL User Account
714. Create a New User
715. Assigning Privileges
716. The Database Structure
717. Building a Small Business Database
718. Jackie’s Tables
719. The Primary Key and the Foreign Key
720. Table Fields
721. Field Attributes
722. Creating the Database with phpMyAdmin
723. Create the jackiejewelry Database
724. 12.3 Populating a Database from the Web
725. The Web Page Form
726. The die() Method
727. The mysql_error() Method
728. The mysql_query() Method
729. The mysql_connect() Method
730. The mysql_select_db() Method
731. 12.4 Sending Emails from Database Information Using PHP
732. The Form
733. The mysql_fetch_array() Method
734. The mail() Method
735. 12.5 Putting It to Work
736. Greg’s Gambits: Create or Validate an Account and Log In
737. Creating the Database
738. Creating User Accounts and Login Pages
739. 12.5.1.2.1 The newUser.php File:
740. 12.5.1.2.2 The header.php File:
741. 12.5.1.2.3 The footer.php File:
742. 12.5.1.2.4 Connecting to the Database Using the connectDB.php File:
743. 12.5.1.2.5 Closing the Connection Using the closeDB.php File
744. 12.5.1.2.6 The addUser.php File:
745. Testing It
746. The New Beginning: The index.php Page
747. 12.5.1.4.1 The Session
748. 12.5.1.4.2 The index.php Page
749. 12.5.1.4.3 The logIn.php Page
750. 12.5.1.4.4 The session_start() Method and the $_SESSION Superglobal
751. 12.5.1.4.5 The validate_loginForm(thisform), validate_userName(), and
validate_passWord() JavaScript Functions
752. 12.5.1.4.6 The with() Reserved Word (Keyword)
753. Creating the User Information Page
754. Let’s Play a Game!
755. Putting It All together
756. Carla’s Classroom: Using PHP to Send Student Reports by Email
757. Creating the Database
758. 12.5.2.1.1 The Folders
759. Adding a Student to the Database
760. 12.5.2.2.1 The index.php File
761. 12.5.2.2.2 Inserting a New Record: Making the Connection
762. 12.5.2.2.3 The insert.php File
763. Creating and Sending the Email
764. 12.5.2.3.1 The sendEmail.php File
765. 12.5.2.3.2 The getStudent.php File
766. Putting It All Together
767. Chapter Review and Exercises
768. Key Terms
769. Review Exercises
770. Fill in the Blank
771. True or False
772. Short Answer
773. Programming Challenges
774. On Your Own
775. Appendix A: ASCII Characters The ASCII Character Set: Nonprintable and
Printable Characters
776. Appendix B: Operator Precedence Operators and Operator Precedence
777. Appendix C: HTML Characters and Entities HTML Entities
778. Reserved Characters in HTML
779. ISO 8859-1 Symbols
780. Appendix D: JavaScript Objects JavaScript Objects and Methods
781. Array Object
782. Properties
783. Methods
784. Boolean Object
785. Properties
786. Methods
787. Date Object
788. Properties
789. Methods
790. Math Object
791. Properties
792. Methods
793. Number Object
794. Properties
795. Methods
796. String Object
797. Properties
798. Methods
799. String HTML Wrapper Methods
800. RegExp Object
801. Modifiers
802. Brackets
803. Metacharacters
804. Quantifiers
805. Properties
806. Methods
807. JavaScript Global Properties and Functions
808. Global Properties
809. Global Functions
810. Appendix E: jQuery
811. jQuery
812. What Is jQuery?
813. Downloading jQuery
814. Sample jQuery Code
815. Appendix F: DOM Properties, Methods, and Events
816. DOM Properties, Methods, and Events
817. The Document Object Model: DOM
818. Some DOM Properties
819. Some DOM Methods
820. Some Events
821. Node Properties
822. The nodeName Property
823. The nodeValue Property
824. The nodeType Property
825. Appendix G: PHP Reserved Words
826. PHP Reserved Words and Predefined Constants
827. Keywords
828. Predefined Constants
829. Appendix H: PHP MySQL Functions
830. Common PHP MySQL Functions
831. Appendix I: Answers to Checkpoint Exercises
832. Answers to Checkpoint Exercises
833. Chapter 0
834. Checkpoint for Section 0.1
835. Checkpoint for Section 0.2
836. Checkpoint for Section 0.3
837. Checkpoint for Section 0.4
838. Checkpoint for Section 0.5
839. Checkpoint for Section 0.6
840. Chapter 1
841. Checkpoint for Section 1.1
842. Checkpoint for Section 1.2
843. Checkpoint for Section 1.3
844. Checkpoint for Section 1.4
845. Checkpoint for Section 1.5
846. Checkpoint for Section 1.6
847. Checkpoint for Section 1.7
848. Chapter 2
849. Checkpoint for Section 2.1
850. Checkpoint for Section 2.2
851. Checkpoint for Section 2.3
852. Checkpoint for Section 2.4
853. Checkpoint for Section 2.5
854. Chapter 3
855. Checkpoint for Section 3.1
856. Checkpoint for Section 3.2
857. Checkpoint for Section 3.3
858. Checkpoint for Section 3.4
859. Checkpoint for Section 3.5
860. Checkpoint for Section 3.6
861. Chapter 4
862. Checkpoint for Section 4.1
863. Checkpoint for Section 4.2
864. Checkpoint for Section 4.3
865. Checkpoint for Section 4.4
866. Chapter 5
867. Checkpoint for Section 5.1
868. Checkpoint for Section 5.2
869. Checkpoint for Section 5.3
870. Checkpoint for Section 5.4
871. Chapter 6
872. Checkpoint for Section 6.1
873. Checkpoint for Section 6.2
874. Checkpoint for Section 6.3
875. Checkpoint for Section 6.4
876. Chapter 7
877. Checkpoint for Section 7.1
878. Checkpoint for Section 7.2
879. Checkpoint for Section 7.3
880. Checkpoint for Section 7.4
881. Checkpoint for Section 7.5
882. Chapter 8
883. Checkpoint for Section 8.1
884. Checkpoint for Section 8.2
885. Checkpoint for Section 8.3
886. Checkpoint for Section 8.4
887. Checkpoint for Section 8.5
888. Chapter 9
889. Checkpoint for Section 9.1
890. Checkpoint for Section 9.2
891. Checkpoint for Section 9.3
892. Checkpoint for Section 9.4
893. Checkpoint for Section 9.5
894. Chapter 10
895. Checkpoint for Section 10.1
896. Checkpoint for Section 10.2
897. Checkpoint for Section 10.3
898. Checkpoint for Section 10.4
899. Checkpoint for Section 10.5
900. Chapter 11
901. Checkpoint for Section 11.1
902. Checkpoint for Section 11.2
903. Checkpoint for Section 11.3
904. Checkpoint for Section 11.4
905. Checkpoint for Section 11.5
906. Chapter 12
907. Checkpoint for Section 12.1
908. Checkpoint for Section 12.2
909. Checkpoint for Section 12.3
910. Checkpoint for Section 12.4
911. Index
912. C redits
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
"So he has, a little; but he uses up every cent and more; for he
sends some to his mother and sister, and takes ever so much care of
the poor for miles around."
"But he must have fees from his rich patients; you told me he was
as popular at Sealing as here."
"Certainly they pay him; but he does not encourage a large practice
in Sealing, for there is a very good doctor living there, with a wife
and family. So though Dr. James visits a few patients in Sealing, they
are almost all people who used to live here, and are now not willing
to give him up. But his fees could not begin to enable him to do all
he does, if he had not something of his own."
"The second time you admonished me was when he spoke of his
boy."
Miss Spelman laughed contemptuously.
"It was exactly like him to speak as if that matter was a give-and-
take affair! The fact is, the boy's mother, a widow, took it into her
head, like all mothers, that her son was something remarkable, and
ought to be sent to college; of course without a penny to do it with.
She disclosed her mind to Dr. James, and the end of it was, that he
has taken him clean off her hands, gives him a nice little salary for
the work he does in the dispensary, and is educating him, besides,
to be a first-rate physician; and I suppose when the doctor goes
away from this town, young Richards will just step into his place and
have it all his own way. I know all this, you see, because I know the
mother. The doctor never breathed a word of it, you may be sure;
but she told me all about it. And this is what Dr. James calls a
mutual-benefit society, or something of the sort."
Margaret laughed; but she was not disposed to praise or admire the
doctor, chiefly because she was aware that her aunt expected and
wished her to do so. She listened attentively, however, to this, and
as much more information as Miss Spelman chose to volunteer about
her favorite, now and then putting in a doubtful question, or slightly
depreciatory remark, which only elicited fresh praises; until
sometimes the little lady would dimly perceive the game her niece
was playing, and retire into silence and dignity.

CHAPTER IX.
STUDY OF HUMAN NATURE.
A month had gone, Margaret was astonished to find how quickly.
She was contented and happy; interested, too, in her various
occupations, and, except for missing Jessie's sympathy and
companionship, feeling no regret for her former life. Such a state of
things would have been impossible, had she not been utterly
wearied with the whirl of gayety and the accumulation of
engagements which seemed to her unavoidable while she remained
in New York. But the complete change was reviving to her, and, as
she said, she had taken up the study of human nature, which really
meant that she had become interested in one person, and that
person was Dr. James. She saw him a good deal; for he came freely
to Miss Spelman's house, he had taken her sleigh-riding,
accompanied her on expeditions in search of coasting or skating,
played chess with her, and lent her books.
Since that occasion, on their first drive to Sealing, when "the
mistress of a poor man's household" had been alluded to, that ideal
person was frequently spoken of with considerable enjoyment of the
joke by both parties, and once Margaret had asked him outright,
what he would consider necessary accomplishments in such a
person.
"I don't know that a poor doctor's wife would differ from the wife of
any other poor man," he had answered her. "I have in my mind a
woman not afraid of work, not requiring amusement nor excitement,
able to do her own work; you see I say able—not that I would object
to her having a servant, or perhaps two; but she should understand
and be able to explain and direct all the domestic arrangements of
the house. She should wait on herself; therefore her dress should be
plain and simple. Especially should she know how to cook and sew,
to market well, and to be considerate and cheerful to her servants.
Then, as concerns my professional business, I should think a slight
acquaintance with simple medicines and remedies, and where they
are kept in the shop, in case of emergency, would be useful;
fortitude to bear the sight of, and even to suffer, pain and sickness,
so as to set a good example; and, to sum up, a cool head, a steady
hand, and presence of mind."
When Dr. James had ended this minute description, he was struck by
the extent of his requirements; and as Margaret's eye met his, they
both laughed heartily, and though at the time she made no comment
on his ideal poor man's wife, she often alluded to her virtues
afterward, before other people, who, of course, could not
understand what she meant, while the doctor, she was delighted to
see, was slightly embarrassed and at a loss for a reply.
Margaret had seen a little of the Sealing society at a few tea-parties,
which aimed at being so genteel that they were insufferably stiff and
drowsy. Margaret longed to do something to wake up the young
men, who, dressed in their best, with the stiffest of collars and the
most surprising cravats, sat with folded hands and feet placed close
together, helplessly, just where they happened to be put, without
daring to do more than assent in as few words as possible to the
stream of conversation kept up by the ladies, who seemed to
consider it the business of the evening to entertain them. She very
nearly proposed "blind-man's buff" on one occasion, but her courage
failed her at the last moment; she thought it would be a hopeless
undertaking to attempt to infuse life and activity into such frozen
figures. At last, one young woman, named Mary Searle, gave a small
party, and had the independence to propose playing games; and
when Margaret warmly seconded the movement, and set the
example by suggesting "fox and geese," she was astonished to
behold every body become at once natural and merry. The young
men were metamorphosed, forgot their feet and hands, and
performed wonders of agility. It dawned upon Margaret that all this
restraint must have been occasioned wholly by her presence, and
she did her best to dispel all respect for "city ways" by showing that
she could romp with the merriest. The evening ended with a
Virginia-reel, and from that time the ice was broken, and Margaret
saw the people in their pleasantest light—without affectation, simple,
kindly, and cheerful. But of "society" she saw little; the Sealing
young ladies complained that she was not "sociable," though when
they were with her they got on very well; she said she was "too
busy" to visit much, and so managed to keep a good deal to herself.
Of Martha Burney, however, she saw a good deal, and before long
made an arrangement to drive her every morning to her school. The
Marchioness had come, and Margaret had hired a little sleigh for her
own use and pleasure.
"You see I have to get up early now, for my drive with Miss Burney,"
she explained to the doctor; for she was anxious that he should not
think she was trying to please him. After leaving her companion,
who returned in the afternoon by the cars, she sometimes stopped
for her organ lesson, and sometimes came directly home, where she
practised, or shut herself up to study Latin. This latter, however, was
a secret. The day she visited Dr. James's dispensary, she had noticed
Latin names on his jars and vials, and had then and there decided in
her own mind that some acquaintance with Latin would be
indispensable to "a poor doctor's wife." So she had bought a
dictionary, grammar, and one or two Latin books, and now worked
laboriously in private, every day, while in the afternoons she walked,
drove, or read with her aunt.

CHAPTER X.
AN AWAKENING.
One Sunday evening, Dr. James was sitting in Miss Spelman's
pleasant parlor; she was dozing in her chair by the fire, and
Margaret sat on a little sofa near her. There had come a long pause,
such as very often came on Sunday evenings, and on this occasion
the doctor had been more abstracted and inattentive than usual. He
sat by the table in an arm-chair, studying the fire with a troubled
face, and Margaret watched him and wondered what was wrong. At
last he started and said, as their eyes met,
"Miss Lester, pardon me. I believe I am very rude; I have a good
deal on my mind, and when you stop speaking, my thoughts go off
to something I cannot forget."
He paused a moment, and then, before she could answer him, went
on. "They talk about a doctor's becoming callous, and indifferent to
pain and suffering; I wish it were more true! Of course there are
certain things which, when we have seen them borne well and
bravely by some, we expect others to meet in the same way, and so
seem unfeeling and unsympathizing when folks make a great fuss
about them.
"When, however, I see people really suffering and in want, it makes
me sick at heart, and I cannot forget it. There is a family a couple of
miles out of the east end of this town who are in great trouble, and I
don't see what can help them out of it." He stopped abruptly and
stared at the fire again.
"Dr. James, do you suppose I am not interested? Go on quickly, and
tell me the rest; for perhaps I can help these poor people."
He looked at her earnestly and continued,
"The husband is a shoemaker; a good fellow, though thriftless. It is
the old story; want of work, a sick wife, a large family, rent due, and
the wolf at the door. I have been to several people; but money
seems very scarce just now, and more is needed than I can raise for
them. My own funds are very low, and some kind people suggest the
poor-house at Sealing for them; but that would break their spirit; so
I can't bear to think of it."
"Why, Dr. James! of course I can help them. Why did you not come
to me before? Cannot we go to-night and pay the rent, and take
them what they need?"
"To-morrow will do for them; if you like, however, I can take the rent
to Mr. Brown to-night. Perhaps you will sleep better for it; I know I
shall. To-morrow you can drive there, and do what you think best for
them."
Margaret's sympathy seemed very consoling to the doctor, and he
talked to her freely of the state of the poor people with whom he
came in contact. He said he had to see so much misery he could not
possibly relieve, that it was a constant weight on his mind; it
haunted him like a ghost; and even when warm and comfortable
himself, he could not forget those wants which he so desired to
relieve but could not. Then the people in the neighborhood rendered
him but little assistance; for they either did not realize, or else were
indifferent to the destitution of their neighbors.
Dr. James had never before opened his mind to Margaret as he did
that evening. He spoke of his intense sympathy with the poor, simply
and as a matter of course; and every word conveyed to her a
reproach, for it made her conscious of her own selfishness and
hardness of heart. Though she had always given freely, when asked,
to fairs and subscriptions, and to charity collectors, she had done so,
as she now saw, out of her abundance, and with a cold heart. How
much thought had she ever given to the sufferings of the poor?
What had she ever done to relieve them? Yet here was a man whose
whole life was devoted to helping and healing his fellow-creatures,
and who reproached himself for enjoying the simplest comforts so
long as others were without them. A whole mine of new thoughts
seemed opened in her mind; she longed to be alone; and when Dr.
James had left her, after warmly grasping the hand that had given
him the rent for his poor family, she said good-night to her aunt as
early as possible, and going to her own room, she thought long and
regretfully of the past, and formed a firm resolution to live more
nobly for the future.
 CHAPTER XI.
UNEXPECTED ADVICE.
The next morning, after driving Martha Burney to Sealing as usual,
Margaret filled her sleigh with good things at the grocery and
provision stores and then made her way, by the directions Dr. James
had given her, to the house of John McNally, the poor man of whom
he had spoken. She found the distress quite as great as she had
expected, and would not have known what to do first, had she not
found there a woman from the neighborhood who was endeavoring
to assist the sick wife. This woman at once made gruel and tea, and
put away the provisions in their proper places, while Margaret
collected around her the children, who were half starving, and
distributed among them a plentiful supply of bread and butter, to
which she afterward added a dessert of oranges and candy.
Poor John looked on as though it were all a dream, and watched
Margaret's every movement as he would those of a good fairy, till,
she turning to him, said kindly,
"Will you not sit down and have some breakfast? Perhaps this friend
of yours will cook some steak for you."
Then he mechanically sat down on a chair near the table, and
covering his face with his hands, strove to hide tears of joy that
trickled down his cheeks. Margaret went into the chamber and sat
by the wife, who was sitting up in bed drinking her gruel, while
Susan, the friend, went to cook the steak, the savory smell of which
soon filled the little house. Margaret left them with a promise to
return the next day; but before she went, she put into John's hand a
twenty-dollar bill, bidding him get every thing that his wife and
family needed.
What a happy day that was for Margaret! She felt so light-hearted
and joyous that she could hardly attend to her usual duties; but she
endeavored to study and practise the regular number of hours,
saying to herself, "If I am going to do good every day, I must not let
it interfere with every thing else." In the afternoon she would not go
out; she was sure the doctor would come, and she could not afford
to miss his call. So Miss Selina took one of her friends to drive, and
Margaret sat at home waiting. Tea-time came and her aunt returned,
and still the visitor she expected had not appeared; at length, as
they left the table, sleigh-bells were heard, and the doctor opened
the hall door.
"There is a lovely moon, Miss Lester; can you not wrap yourself up
and take a short drive with me?"
She hastened to get her hood, muff, and shawl, and in a few
moments was flying over the frozen ground, in and out of the white
moonlight and the dark shadows, the sleigh-bells ringing gayly, and
her own heart beating fast with joy.
Dr. James was the first to speak.
"You can't think what a pleasure it has been to me all day, to think
of those poor people relieved from their trouble and wretchedness; I
am sure it has been a happiness to you also. The poor things
consider your help as a direct interposition of providence, and I must
say they seem full of gratitude rather to God than to you. They
appear to consider you as merely a secondary cause of their relief."
"That is right enough, Dr. James; I owe a great deal more to them
than they to me; I was never so happy before in my life."
"I can well believe it. But I must tell you something, Miss Lester, that
may diminish your satisfaction a little; which I would not mention,
however, if I did not think it would be useful in the future. What you
did for the family was, in the main, excellent; but you remember I
told you McNally was thriftless! Well, the sum of money you put into
his hands was too large; when he went to Sealing for medicine and
things for his wife, some idle fellows got hold of him, and the
consequence was, I found him reeling about the street this
afternoon, with a small bottle of medicine in his pocket, and all his
money gone. I took him home, and administered the medicine to his
wife myself; it was useless to speak to him then, but to-morrow I
am going there to talk to him as he deserves, for he has not been
drunk before for months."
"Why, I have done more harm than good."
"Not so bad as that, I am sure; you were injudicious, and a great
deal too lavish in your bounty."
"Dr. James, it seemed to me very little to leave, when so much was
needed; I quite congratulated myself on my prudence."
"It was a great deal of money for a poor man to have in his pocket.
In almost all such cases the wife is the one to intrust with the
money; she knows for what it is most needed, and makes it go as
far as it can; but the best way of all, I think, is to find out, by
interesting yourself, what are the wants of the poor, and supply
them by your personal care. When you have time, you might go and
talk with Rose—that is the wife—and, if you like, give her what she
needs."
"I am glad you told me this, Dr. James; it will teach me to be wiser
next time. You see I am wholly inexperienced, for I never did any
thing of the kind before in my life. Now I am determined to try
again. Can't you tell me of another case of distress among your
patients?"
"Not at present, I believe, though, for that matter, I believe there is
no want of poor people at any time. Miss Lester, excuse my asking
you; do you want to do good systematically, and practically, and
perseveringly, or is this only a passing enthusiasm, which will vanish
when the novelty ceases?"
"Dr. James, if I do good perseveringly, as you say, I suppose the
excitement will wear off, and it will become a very matter-of-fact,
unromantic business, perhaps even tedious and inconvenient; still, I
have thought about it all to-day, and I have made up my mind to
help as many people as I can. So long as I remain here, it shall be
one of my occupations."
"Very well, then; and for the direction of practical, systematic good
works, I advise you to go to the Catholic priest."
"What! to that fat man with the red face, who laughs so loud?"
"Ah Miss Lester! if you had a little more medical knowledge, you
would be aware that natural temperament is in itself enough to
account for the corpulence of some people, to say nothing of the
sedentary life a priest generally leads; and in finding fault with that
laugh, you touch on a tender point; for it is, in my eyes, one of
Father Barry's shining virtues. It is the 'being jolly' under all
circumstances, and in spite of every thing adverse and difficult,
which makes this obscure country priest a great man. Think of his
life! What can be more laborious, more self-sacrificing, more ill-paid,
thankless and disheartening? And look at his face! My dear Miss
Lester, he is an educated man, and yet his intercourse is entirely
with the rude and ignorant poor of this most bigoted of places. He is
cut off from all those who profess to be people of education here,
and who look down on him with contempt and suspicion, because
they cannot even conceive what a life of devotion and self-sacrifice
means. What could have induced him to choose such a life, liable to
be condemned to such a place and such a people, I do not
understand."
"Think of your own life, Dr. James."
"Ay, there it is; I often think of the two lives, and naturally compare
them. Now, see the difference: I choose this place for myself, and
shall stay here as long or as short a time as I see fit; he, as I
understand it, is placed here by his bishop, for a year or for his
lifetime, he knows not which. Then, I work among these people
because it makes me contented, and because I cannot bear to see
misery and not relieve it. But he, strange to say, is not moved by a
spirit of active benevolence only, or even chiefly, so far as I can
judge; for he believes human suffering to be the penalty of sin; a
penalty which must be paid—therefore, better paid in this life than in
the life to come; and when I say to him, 'Then why do you do good
to every one within your reach?' he answers, 'For the love of God.'"
"Strange!" Margaret answered, feeling that he expected her to say
something, but with her mind occupied, it must be confessed, rather
with her companion's character than with that of the priest.
"Yes, you see he is as far removed from mere philanthropy as he can
be, and yet I know of no life so useful as his; mine grows dim beside
it. Then, again, when I compare our lives, he has none of that self-
approval, or rather self-complacency, which is the staff and support
of mine."
"What do you mean?"
"Just what I say. Of course I know that my work is a good and
useful one, and that I do it well. I know, moreover, that there are
not many men of my age and abilities who would consent to live
such a life as mine. Hence I feel at times a self-satisfaction which is
to me inspiration, and strength, and refreshment. On the contrary,
Father Barry, though his life appears to me crowded with good
works, seems to fear that if he should die now his hands would be
found empty. His life differs from mine in its motive: he acts from
religious principle, while I help the poor only because it makes me
wretched to see suffering without trying to relieve it. You see I talk
to him freely; I meet him a good deal among my patients, and we
have done some good turns for each other. I go to see him, and
when he is not busy, often sit with him of an evening; and he is the
best company I know. But I have been so engrossed by my own
reflections that I forgot I was giving you advice; by all means if you
want to bestow relief where it is most needed, ask his assistance.
"Why not the minister here, or at Sealing?"
"Dr. Thorndike here is, as you know, an old man, too old and infirm
to visit much; he could not help you; and Mr. Sparks, at Sealing, has
a large family, a wife who is always delicate, and a small salary. Poor
fellow! he means to do his duty; but his only servant is a little girl,
and after a wakeful night, walking up and down with the baby, he
has to see to the furnace fire, split the wood, and do 'chores'
generally. Then he has his sermons to write, his parishioners to visit,
and little tea-drinkings to grace with his presence; of all of which
duties I admit he acquits himself irreproachably. He is, in fact, quite
a model parson, and so, I assure you, he is considered at Sealing;
but, as you may imagine, he has little time for miscellaneous visiting
among the poor. Indeed, he is only too glad to have Father Barry
assume almost the whole of that hard work, and is on the best of
terms with him in private, though he rails against popery and the
priesthood from the pulpit in the most popular manner. No; I don't
advise you to be guided either by our Congregationalist brother
here, or our Methodist brother at Sealing. Father Barry knows every
poor family for twenty miles around, and he can give you as much
and more work than you can attend to." By this time they were
nearing home and the doctor said,
"I am glad you are not discouraged by this little accident, at the
outset of your benevolent works; it is brave of you, and deserves
better success next time. You have done well for the beginning, and
have reason to feel happy. I will go over to McNally's to-morrow, and
frighten him a little, and in the afternoon, or the next day, you can
go to see his wife again."
Dr. James declined to come in; he shook hands warmly with
Margaret, and drove away. Miss Spelman was very curious to know
what had taken place on the drive.
"Was he agreeable, my dear? Did he tell you about himself?"
"Rather about his friend the priest; how strange that he should think
so much of him."
Miss Spelman shook her head, "I don't approve of that intercourse;
these priests are very sly, and who knows that he may not be a
Jesuit in disguise? I have warned the doctor about it, but he is very
self-willed. Would you believe it, my dear? The only place he ever
goes on Sundays is to the Catholic mass, either at Sealing or here,
where they have it in the hall once a month; on which occasion
Father Barry always dines with him. I do not mean to say that Dr.
James goes to the mass every Sunday, for he often sleeps late on
that day; but he never goes to church anywhere else."
"I don't blame him," said Margaret, "for not enjoying Dr. Thorndike's
sermons; they always put me to sleep; or Mr. Sparks's either, for that
matter, they are so intensely commonplace! I am sure I could write a
great deal better ones, without having been to college or studied
divinity, either."

CHAPTER XII.
PROGRESS.
Margaret did not see the doctor till the next evening; she had been
very busy all day, and so had he; but as she was playing cribbage
with Miss Spelman, after tea, he made his appearance, and,
declaring that he had plenty of time, and that they must finish their
game, he sat down before the fire and waited till Miss Spelman
triumphantly announced:
"A double sequence, eight; pairs royal, fourteen; that takes me out,
my dear."
"It is a rubber, too," Margaret observed, rising and approaching the
fire. "Now, Doctor James, I have some business to talk over with
you, and you must come with me into the dining-room; or I will put
on my cloak, and we will go out on the piazza."
"It is moonlight out there," remarked Miss Spelman, "if you only
dress warm enough."
"And will the moon retire behind a cloud, if I should insist on
catching cold, aunty? But you need not be afraid; my cloak is very
warm; I will put the hood over my head, and we will walk fast up
and down all the time. Shall we not, Doctor James?"
They proceeded to the piazza, and began their promenade, while
Miss Spelman, taking occasion to go into the dining-room, stood
there in the dark, smiling as she watched their figures pass back and
forth before the window. "It is all going just right," she thought;
"how much they always have to say to each other!"
Meanwhile, as soon as they had stepped out of the window,
Margaret began, "Well, Doctor James, where do you suppose I have
been to-day?"
"To the McNallys', this afternoon, I suppose."
"Very wisely guessed; but where have I been this morning?"
"Really, Miss Lester, you tax my curiosity too far; I am not good at
guessing."
"I have been to see Father Barry."
"Really!" he exclaimed, now surprised indeed, for he had not
imagined she would act so promptly on their talk of the previous
evening. He did not yet understand the energy of her character, her
activity and earnestness, which made a resolve and its fulfilment
almost simultaneous.
"Why are you surprised? Listen, and I will tell you all about it. I had
such a remarkable adventure! You see Miss Burney and I drove to
Sealing this morning, as usual. I did not tell her a word of what I
was going to do; I only worked on her sensibilities a little about the
McNallys; not that I wanted her to do any thing for them, but merely
because I felt like harrowing somebody's feelings. After I had left
her, I took my lesson, shopped a little, paid a visit to those silly
Gleeson girls—putting off the evil day, you see—and then went
straight to Father Barry's house. As I approached, I saw a woman
coming out of the gate, holding in her hand two plates—one turned
upside down —evidently containing something good. She was talking
to herself and saying, 'O God bless him! God bless him!' and did not
seem to see me or any thing else. My curiosity was roused, and I
stopped her by asking, 'God bless whom? And what have you got in
those plates?' She stared at me for a moment, and then exclaimed,
'Oh! but he is a darling man!' 'God bless and reward him!' and so on.
At last I extorted from her that his reverence had given her 'a bit of
lovely steak,' for her sick daughter at home. I was interested, and
hurried past her, up the steps, where I found the door ajar, left so
probably by the woman, in coming out. I was a little curious, I
acknowledge, and hence did not stop to ring. After entering, I
paused to consider what I should do next. There were two closed
doors on one side of the entry, and one half open, on the other. I
approached the one that was partly open, and stood on the
threshold of—what do you suppose? actually the dining-room, with
Father Barry seated at the table, eating bread and butter, with a dish
of potatoes on the table, and before him a saucer containing two
boiled eggs. I understood how things were, at a glance; he had sent
his own dinner away with that woman, and was dining on eggs
instead. Why are you laughing?" Margaret exclaimed, suddenly
breaking off.
"The whole thing is so amusing, and I would say so characteristic.
Your stopping the woman, entering the house as if it belonged to
you, seeing all that poor Father Barry was eating for his dinner, and
then making so complete a story out of the whole affair. Forgive me
for laughing; you can't think how interested I am. Will you not go
on?"
Margaret, who had been perfectly serious herself, after a moment's
pause continued, "I was taken aback, you may be sure, and begged
pardon in a very confused manner; but Father Barry rose, and, with
the utmost politeness, asked me if there was any thing he could
offer me. I thought to myself that there was not much left to offer
any one. So I asked permission to wait till he had finished, and he
showed me into a sort of parlor, where something, which must have
been a confessional, made part of the furniture; and there I sat and
stared at large maps of the county and of Ireland, and pictures of a
pope and of the Virgin, for about ten minutes, when he came and
asked me to excuse him for keeping me waiting. He knew me before
I told him my name, and seemed surprised when I explained what I
had come for. He said he wished he could give me Sunday-school
work to do, but as I was not a Catholic, that was impossible.
However, there was quite enough of other work to be done. He was
very kind, and we soon came to a good understanding. The first
family he spoke of were the McNallys, and he proposed—only think
how sensible!—that I should give John some work to do. He said
shoes were very much needed among his Sunday-school children,
this winter; so he proposed that I should order a number of pairs of
different sizes, and bring them by instalments, for him to distribute
among his children. Altogether, I was very glad I went, and I see
that his advice will be most useful. I am going again on Friday."
"I am sure you have been quite successful. Still, don't undertake
more than you can perform."
"No. Father Barry said the same; I will take care not to overdo things
in the beginning, because I mean to keep it up."
"I found John McNally," said the doctor, "quite overcome by shame
and remorse; he was sure the lady would never trust him again. I
told him he did not deserve that she should. I was very harsh at
first, and only allowed myself to be softened by degrees. At last I
told him that his rent was paid, and that I would try to get him
work."
"And I found Rose sitting up, this afternoon," said Margaret. "She
would like to do a little plain sewing when she is better, and I said I
would get her some. She says they could get along very well, if John
could only have steady work to do; but it is so much easier to buy
shoes in Sealing, that people forget him. Now, Dr. James, I have a
plan of moving them to Sealing, and getting a little shoe-shop for
John, and then they would be sure to prosper, for he is a good
workman, I hear."
"Let me caution you against beginning too impulsively in favor of this
one family. Remember that there are others in want, and you cannot
do so much for all. Besides, I have known a sudden stroke of good
luck to prove the ruin of poor and honest people like these. I think
we can get John more work, and I will take care that other people
do not forget him."
Margaret was reluctantly persuaded to give up the plan of a removal
to Sealing, and only comforted herself by ordering of McNally fifty
pairs of shoes for Father Barry's Sunday-school children.

CHAPTER XIII.
A PROOF OF FRIENDSHIP.
There is no need of describing more fully the three winter months
that Margaret passed at Shellbeach. The time went faster than ever,
after she had offered her services to Father Barry. Under his
direction, she did great good; more indeed than any one knew of,
for she had obtained a promise from the good priest that he would
not speak of her charities. So when Dr. James once or twice tried to
lead his friend to speak about the matter, Father Barry, desirous that
she should not lose the reward of the "Father who seeth in secret,"
only smiled and said, "She knows all about it, you must go to her."
As for the McNallys, Margaret still considered them as her protégés,
and cherished in private the project for improving their condition.
Then she had done something else, a thing of which she was very
proud, and of which she often afterward boasted—she had taught a
roomful of children in the public school at Sealing! Old Mr. Burney
was growing more and more infirm, and seemed threatened with the
entire loss of his mind. It became every day more difficult to leave
him; and one morning, Margaret, on calling as usual for her friend,
found that her father had had a shock of paralysis, and could not be
left. Martha had planned to send an excuse by Margaret for her
absence; but she could think of no person to supply her place, and
she was completely surprised by Margaret's announcing her
intention to try her hand at managing the children! All remonstrance
was in vain, and having received a few brief directions, Margaret
drove rapidly away to Sealing. How her fashionable friends in New
York would have opened their eyes, had they been favored with a
sight of Miss Lester hearing two or three dozen children recite the
multiplication-table!
She returned in the afternoon, radiant, and, as she herself said,
"hungry as a bear." She gave glowing accounts to Martha of her
success, and begged to be allowed to try the experiment again on
the morrow. Some of the boys, she remarked, evidently "took her
measure;" but after trying a little impertinence, they gave it up as a
bad job, and every thing went as well as Martha could have desired.
For three days, Margaret kept this up, and gained the hearts of even
the most obdurate of her scholars. How delighted she was with her
success! At the end of that period, as old Mr. Burney had grown
better, Margaret's school duties came to a close.

CHAPTER XIV.
MARGARET'S COURAGE.
It was early spring. The buds were swelling, the birds beginning to
sing, and a week of mild weather had filled every one's heart with a
longing for out-of-door life, when an excursion was planned by a few
of the Sealing young people, to a wild and beautiful spot called the
Glen, a few miles inland, a favorite resort for picnic parties. There
were a dozen in all, and they were to go in a large open wagon with
four seats, and take their provisions with them. It was the custom of
the place for the young men to have the nominal getting-up of these
excursions; that is, they incurred the expense of the "team" and the
trouble of invitations, while the girls prepared the eatables. There
was always to be an equal number of ladies and gentlemen; the
couples were arranged beforehand, and each youth was in duty
bound to devote himself to his companion unremittingly, during the
drive and at the place of the picnic.
Dr. James had agreed to join this party, an almost unheard-of thing
for him to do, and the committee of arrangements had assigned him
to Margaret, as her escort. This was disinterested on the part of the
other ladies; for although they were not supposed to have a voice in
the distribution of the gentlemen, their influence was certainly felt,
as one or two of the committee very conveniently had sisters, who
gave their advice at home, and communicated to their intimate
friends the results of their important deliberations. It was
disinterested in them, then, to allow Miss Lester to have as her
escort the doctor, who was a great favorite, and by far the most
desirable man, in the towns of Sealing and Shellbeach combined, for
an escort, a partner, a husband, or what not. Added to this, it was
quite an honor to have him devote so much of his precious time to
their picnic; he was, in fact, the lion of the party, and perhaps no
one else could have been selected for his companion without
exciting disapprobation, to say the least, in the minds of many of the
others. So it seemed to be a wise as well as a magnanimous plan
which gave to Margaret the privilege of the exclusive attention of Dr.
James for one whole afternoon.
A perception of the state of the case dawned upon her, as the great
wagon stopped at Miss Spelman's door, and she inwardly smiled
when, after seeing her contribution to the feast safely packed away,
she took her place between the doctor and a young man, who was
usually accounted for as being "in the bank," though what office he
held in that important institution was left rather uncertain.
She resolved to repay the politeness of the rest of the party by
making herself generally agreeable, and monopolizing her escort as
little as possible. In this she succeeded admirably, and the whole
company were in high spirits and enjoying themselves to the utmost
when they reached the Glen, and began to walk through pastures
and over rough and broken ground, before reaching the bed of the
brook, where the picnic proper was to be held. All the provisions
were set down on the high, flat rock which answered for a table, and
then the party broke up into couples, as the girls expressed their
inclinations, some to sit down on the rocks and others to explore the
woods or follow up the stream to its source.
Margaret, to whom every thing was new and interesting, wished to
go through the Glen, and proposed that they should climb the
wooded bank above them, follow the stream through the woods,
and return by the rocks. Dr. James was very willing, and they set out
on their scramble up the bank, and then along the edge, catching at
branches or roots of trees for support, and slipping frequently on the
wet last year's leaves and damp earth. It was all fun to Margaret;
she laughed with an almost childish delight at every difficulty,
refused all assistance, and kept generally ahead of her companion,
who seemed inclined to take the rough climbing more leisurely, and
was not enraptured when the treacherous leaves landed him in a
hole, or a seemingly firm bough which he grasped gave way in his
hand, and almost made him lose his balance and fall.
At last the head of the Glen was reached; a turn had hidden the rest
of the party from them, and their voices sounded faint and distant.
"Now we will go down to those lovely green meadows," said
Margaret. "But, O Dr. James! what is that?"
"Only a bridge across, made of a great pine log. You see the top has
been smoothed."
"A bridge! Then it is meant to be crossed. Come, let us cross it."
"Certainly, if you wish. I have been foolish enough to cross it before,
and am willing to do so again."
"Why was it foolish?"
"Because it is dangerous. It is only a few steps across, I
acknowledge. But look down; how would you like to fall among
those rocks?"
At this moment three or four of the party came round a huge rock
which had hidden them from sight, and evidently noticed the two
standing by the bridge.
"You need not try to frighten me, Dr. James; my nerves are not
easily shaken. Come, shall I go first?"
"If you please. Your stick may be a sort of balance-pole; imagine
yourself on the tight-rope, and look steadily at that little tree before
you; don't look down. I am in earnest, Miss Lester."
Margaret looked at him, laughed, and stepped on the little bridge.
The people who were looking at them were frightened, and the girls
turned away their faces. Margaret made three steady steps, then
paused.
"Do you see what a lovely green that water is, just below us?"
Two steps more and her stick dropped, she staggered, and put her
hands to her head.
"I am falling!"
But she felt a strong hand on each of her shoulders, and a voice of
command said,
"Fix your eyes on that tree, and walk straight on." She obeyed, and
three more steps brought her to firm ground. Instantly, almost
before her feet touched the bank, the doctor withdrew his hands,
and without a word, with a displeased and gloomy face, preceded
her down the bank. He was saying to himself,
"Now we shall have a scene, and she will say she owes her life to
me, and call me her preserver, or some such nonsense."
Margaret leaned for a moment against the little tree she had been
told to look at so steadfastly, and then followed her companion
through the woods. He walked so fast that she was soon out of
breath trying to overtake him. When she had done so, she said in a
low voice,
"I am vain and contemptible. I despise myself more than I can
express. Forgive me for giving you so much trouble."
Dr. James turned; his face was clear, and he smiled upon her with a
smile that was sunshine itself; he did not reply, but walked slowly by
her side, then stooped, and holding something out to her, said,
"See, here are the first flowers; the little hepatica ventures out
before all the rest. Will you take it? How pretty it is! how delicate the
colors are; and the stem is covered with fur. Notice the green and
brown leaves, too; they add to its beauty and singularity. It is my
favorite flower."
The deep flush in Margaret's face had died away, and her voice had
resumed its usual tone when they joined the rest of the party, and
sat down to the feast; but her gayety was gone, and it seemed as if
nothing could recall it. She was abstracted and serious, and not in
accordance with the merriment around her. At last she arose, and
went to a rock, on which she leaned, and watched the little minnows
darting about in a green pool of water, when she was startled by the
doctor's voice close beside her. He held toward her a small silver
tumbler, filled with iced claret and water, and said in an undertone,
"Miss Lester, how can you let a trifle weigh so on your mind, and
cloud all your enjoyment?" He was smiling in a friendly way; but she
looked at him reproachfully, and said,
"How can you call it a trifle? It might have cost me my life."
"You are right," he replied gravely; "nothing ought to be called a
trifle whose consequences might be serious; though attendant
circumstances make us look at the same thing in such different
lights at different times. On the bridge, and when I felt angry with
you afterward, your conduct seemed to me a most weighty matter;
now I can with difficulty recall any thing except the honesty and
courage of your apology. Having seen and humbly acknowledged
your fault, will you not now confer a favor on the whole party by
forgetting what is past?"
Margaret smiled, and saying, "I will, at least, forget myself,"
accompanied him back to the party.
She did her part very well, and, owing in a great measure to her
efforts, the rest of the picnic and the moonlight drive home were
quite as pleasant as the setting out had been.
"She is a brave woman," the doctor said to himself that night in his
study; but Margaret was quite unconscious that his opinion of her
had been raised instead of lowered, by the occurrences of the picnic
party at the Glen.

CHAPTER XV.
A CHANGE.
This little mortification—and it really was one to Margaret's high
spirit, owing to her anxiety to stand well in Dr. James's opinion—
should have been a lesson to her to give up contradicting him, and
opposing her own will to his, and for a time it was so; and yet that
very wish to please, of which she was conscious and ashamed, made
her often dispute with and appear to oppose him, when she would
have liked to agree and do as he advised.
She began to realize something else, too, that had the effect of
making her surround herself, as it were, with an armor of prickles
and thorns; so that her intercourse with the doctor was far from
peaceful or pleasant. She felt that the work she was doing among
the poor was wholly with and for Father Barry; she was helping him,
not Dr. James; and this, she felt, was the doing of the latter, and not
without a reason. At first, when he had recommended her to take
the priest as her adviser, she had felt a cooling of enthusiasm; still,
having said she meant to persevere, she would not draw back.
It would have been sweet to her, she knew it now, to help the
doctor; to be his friend, confidant, coadjutor; to feel that she was
making his labor, which she revered and sympathized with, easier
and pleasanter. But he had made that impossible; he had directed
her to go to some one else for help, for counsel, for support, while
he stood alone as before, and had never again applied to her for
assistance for his patients, though she had once or twice asked if
she could not relieve them. She understood the pride which
prevented him from accepting her money, or placing himself under
obligations to her. "He does not like me well enough to let me help
him," she said to herself; and she soon abandoned all those efforts
to make herself agreeable to him, which at first came so naturally to
her.
The picnic lesson, therefore, though by no means forgotten, had
ceased to influence her actions; and when the real spring-time
came, with mild air, and young, fresh green, as May drew to its close
and June was at hand, Margaret had managed to quarrel with Dr.
James several times, and had made herself unhappy and him far
from comfortable. He began to come less often to his old friend,
Miss Spelman's, and to hear less of Margaret's plans and doings.
Miss Selina was much puzzled at the turn things were taking, and
yet, when they disputed, she was half the time uncertain whether
they were in fun or in earnest; and it did no good to remonstrate
with Margaret; for the incomprehensible girl agreed with all she said,
and acknowledged the doctor to be perfectly right.
The friendship with Martha Burney continued, however, and at her
house Margaret always appeared to the best advantage, even before
Dr. James. She seemed to stand somewhat in awe of her older
friend, and was desirous to please; and besides, she had made a
kind of agreement with herself that when she met the doctor there,
she might allow herself to be as pleasant and conciliatory as her
inclinations led her to be. She was in a peculiar frame of mind, and
this curious compromise can be better described than explained.
In the mean time, old Mr. Burney gradually became more and more
feeble; soon he lost his mind to such a degree as not to be able
even to recognize his faithful daughter; and at last, early in May, he
died. Margaret could not understand how Martha could grieve as she
did at his loss; knowing his character and former misdoings, and
seeing him a broken-down, witless old man, the daughter's sorrow
seemed to her unreasonable; but when Martha talked of him as he
was once, when his wife was living, handsome and brave and
generous, the idol of those two fond women, it made her think of
her own dear and noble father, lying alone in his quiet resting-place
in the little Swiss graveyard, and she found she could give the
sympathy and comfort which before were impossible.
His death made little apparent difference. Martha, after the funeral,
went quietly on with her school duties, till she "could think of
something more useful to do," she said; and her little household was
as quiet and homely as usual, only, as it seemed to other people,
much pleasanter. But Martha said,
"Oh! it was such a difference; she could not work with half the spirit
now that it was only for herself; she had always had some one to
live for, and now she could not feel any interest in what she did."
Margaret often went for her in her phaeton and brought her back to
her aunt's to tea, and there grew up between them a sympathy and
affection that was destined to last for life.
TO BE CONTINUED.
 THE SANITARY TOPOGRAPHY OF
NEW YORK CITY.
The rapid growth of New York City is at present exciting universal
interest throughout the country; and as a place of residence, or in a
business point of view, it would be difficult to over-estimate the vast
advantages it possesses. Nature has lavished upon the island its
choicest gifts; surrounded on one side by the East and Harlem
rivers, on the other by the beautiful Hudson, the "Rhine of America,"
as an entirety, its advantages for natural drainage and general
healthfulness cannot be surpassed. But eighteen miles from the
Atlantic Ocean, with an admirable harbor, the nations of the earth
already vie with each other in pouring into the lap of this infant giant
their most costly productions and most beautiful works of art. It is
now the most populous city and the greatest commercial emporium
of the western hemisphere, and stands with its youthful vigor a
proud rival of the largest cities of the old world. With the vast
undeveloped wealth of free America, and the energy and ambition of
her sturdy sons to press it forward, is it not easy to foreshadow the
prospective importance of this metropolis of the Union?
But one subject of uneasiness presents itself in this glance at the
future, and that is the rather limited space which nature's barriers
have allowed us, and which threatens eventually to stop the
progress of the city. "Manhattan Island is but thirteen and one half
miles long, and has an average width of one and three fifths miles.
This gives an area of twenty-two square miles, or fourteen hundred
acres."[62]
We may consider the city as pretty solidly built up as far north as
Fifty-ninth street, the border of Central Park. The census of next
year will probably show the population to number between thirteen
and fourteen hundred thousand souls; and the rate of increase is
estimated to be between six and seven per cent per annum. Thus
the population of the island in 1880 will number far above two
millions, and the city be extended as far northward as Ninetieth
street. There are but "37,244 lots of full size, that is, twenty-five by
one hundred feet, between Eighty-sixth and One Hundred and Fifty-
fifth street."[63] This shows conclusively that before many more such
decades of years roll round, every available portion of the island will
be built upon, and our further expansion apparently prevented. But
this, we hope, will be obviated by the erection of the East River
bridge, and other modes of rapid transit to our sister city, Brooklyn,
and the Jersey shore; thus enabling us to bring within our limits all
the territory that will be required.
For the present, the rapidly increasing number of our commercial
houses and the consequent greed for space shown by trade in the
lower part of the city, as well as our constantly augmenting
population, show conclusively that the better class of residents now
occupying locations south of Thirty-fourth street will be obliged to
look elsewhere for homes. That this is to be the case no one can
doubt, who has studied the progress of business marts in their up-
town march, during the last two years. The invasion of Union
Square, the magnificent buildings on Broadway between Eighteenth
and Nineteenth streets, the "Grand Hotel," and, more than all else,
the appropriation of the lower end of Fifth Avenue for public
galleries, attest this fact, and warn us that no prominent location
below Thirty-fourth street will, in a short time, be safe from the all-
powerful grasp of this insatiable demand. With this fact before us,
the question arises, What portion of the island offers the greatest
prospective permanency for private residences, and at the same
time the best inducements for the happiness and physical well-being
of the people?
That tract of the island bounded on the south by Thirty-fourth street,
on the east by Lexington avenue, on the west by Sixth avenue, and
on the north by Fifty-seventh street, is undoubtedly very desirable
property; but with our rapid growth it is impossible to tell what it will
be twenty years hence; and besides, we are lured past this portion
by the many advantages offered by the section north of it.
We have now before us the Central Park, extending from Fifth
Avenue on the east, to Eighth avenue on the west; and stretching
out in picturesque beauty from Fifty-ninth to One Hundred and Tenth
street. To the east and west of this, we find topographically a very
different character of country. On the east side from Fifty-ninth to
Ninetieth street, the surface is very uneven; in some parts ledges of
rock run up one hundred and twenty feet above tide-water, and then
abruptly descend into valleys almost on a level with tide-water; and
here are found the beds of old streams, so many of which formerly
rolled their sluggish waters through this portion of the island into the
East River. The general fall is eastward, though not sufficiently so to
make natural drainage into the river good. From Ninetieth street to
the Harlem River, we have a perfectly flat plain; unbroken, with the
exception of Mount Morris Square, by any marked elevation. The
land lies but little above tide-water, and presents every appearance
of being to a great extent "made ground." This supposition is further
strengthened by the alluvial character of the soil. Many suppose that
a branch of the Hudson once flowed across the island at
Manhattanville to Hell Gate; but we believe that originally the upper
portion of Manhattan was a distinct island, and have no doubt the
waters of the Hudson washed freely between the two, and in time
the amount of soil gradually deposited on either bank limited and
eventually closed the gap, thus giving us our present formation.
On the west side of the park we have a very different topography.

"From Fifty-ninth to One Hundred and Fourth street, the Eighth

avenue is nearly the central ridge of the Island. Its average
height is twenty to thirty feet above the Fifth avenue. At Fifty-
ninth street, the elevation of the Eighth avenue above the tide-
level is seventy-six feet four inches, increasing to ninety feet at
Seventieth street, reaching one hundred and twenty feet at
Eighty-fifth street and one hundred and twenty-two feet at
 Ninety-second street; descending, it is eighty-nine feet at One
Hundred and Fourth street, and gradually falls off to the general
low level of Harlem plains.
"At One Hundred and Sixth street, the ridge extends north-
westwardly, leaving the Eighth avenue, running nearly along the
Ninth avenue to One Hundred and Twentieth street; then
bending westwardly, and forming the southern hill-side of the
Manhattan valley to the Hudson River. The new grade of the
Eighth avenue already established, by keeping up elevations and
filling depressions, will gradually ascend to and then descend
from its summit at Ninety-second street, and make the finest
possible grade for any avenue on the island."[64]

To appreciate, one must see the romantic beauty presented by the

bold bluff of rocky formation against which the crystal waters of the
Hudson dash in ceaseless waves and eddies. At points forming
ascents from seventy to one hundred and forty feet above tide-
water, it stretches away, with varying elevation and constantly
changing scenery until it reaches Manhattanville. There, as if to
make space to cradle the village in its rocky embrace, for a few
blocks it disappears, only to rise in more stately proportions beyond,
forming its crowning glory of landscape grandeur at Washington
Heights.

"There is a high table-land between the Eighth and Ninth

avenue ridge on the east, and the Hudson River bank on the
west. The surface of this table-land is broken; it has high rocky
ridges and mounds in central locations reaching these
elevations. At

Ninth avenue and Sixty-sixth street 89 feet.

Ninth avenue and Seventieth street 98 "
Ninth avenue and Eighty-fourth street 120 feet.
Ninth avenue and Ninety-first street 121 "
Ninth avenue and One Hundred and Fifth street 117 "