CHAPTER VI-MATHEMATICS-NCERT

1
1.
Number In words 16 Sixteen 500 Five hundred
17 Seventeen 600 Six hundred
1 One
18 Eighteen 700 Seven hundred
2 Two
19 Nineteen 800 Eight hundred
3 Three
20 Twenty 900 Nine hundred
4 Four
30 Thirty 1,000 One thousand
5 Five
40 Forty 2,000 Two thousand
6 Six
50 Fifty 3,000 Three thousand
7 Seven
60 Sixty 4,000 Four thousand
8 Eight
70 Seventy 5,000 Five thousand
9 Nine
80 Eighty 6,000 Six thousand
10 Ten
90 Ninety 7,000 Seven thousand
11 Eleven
100 One hundred 8,000 Eight thousand
12 Twelve
200 Two hundred 9,000 Nine thousand
13 Thirteen
300 Three hundred 10,000 Ten thousand
14 Fourteen
400 Four hundred 90,000 Ninety thousand
15 Fifteen

Can you instantly find the greatest and the smallest numbers in each row?
1. 382, 4972, 18, 59785, 750.
Ans. The greatest= 59785 and the smallest.= 18
2. 1473, 89423, 100, 5000, 310.
Ans. The greatest =89423 and the smallest=100
3. 1834, 75284, 111, 2333, 450.
Ans. The greatest=75284 and the smallest=111
4. 2853, 7691, 9999, 12002, 124
Ans. The greatest=12002 and the smallest=124.
(a) 4536, 4892, 4370, 4452.
Ans. The greatest=4892 and the smallest=4370.
(b) 15623, 15073, 15189, 15800.
Ans. The greatest=15800 and the smallest=15073.

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(c) 25286, 25245, 25270, 25210.
Ans. The greatest=25286 and the smallest=25210.
(d) 6895, 23787, 24569, 24659.
Ans. The greatest=24659 and the smallest6895.

1. Use the given digits without repetition and make the greatest and smallest 4-digit numbers.
Digits greatest 4-digit number smallest 4-digit number
(a) 2,8,7,4 8742 2478
(b) 9,7,4,1 9741 1479
(c) 4,7,5,0 7540 4057
(d) 1,7,6,2 7621 1267
(e) 5,4,0,3 5430 3045
2. Now make the greatest and the smallest 4-digit numbers by using any one digit twice
Digits greatest 4-digit number smallest 4-digit number
(a) 3,8,7 8873 3378
(b) 9,0,5 9950 5009
(c) 0,4,9 9940 4009
(d) 8,5,1 8851 1158

3. Make the greatest and the smallest 4-digit numbers using any four different digits with conditions
as given .
Condition greatest 4-digit number smallest 4-digit number
(a) Digit 7 is always at ones place 9867 1027
(b) Digit 4 is always at tens place 9945 1045
(c) Digit 9 is always at hundreds place 9940 1905
(d) Digit 1 is always at thousands place 1987 1021

4. Take two digits, say 2 and 3. Make 4-digit numbers using both the digits equal number of times.
Ans:(i) 3322 (ii) 3223 (iii) 3232 (iv) 2323 (v) 2332 (vi) 2233
3322 is the greatest number and 2233 is the smallest number.
Ascending order: Arrangement from the smallest to the greatest.
Descending order: Arrangement from the greatest to the smallest.
1. Arrange the following numbers in ascending order :
(a) 847, 9754, 8320, 571

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 Ascending order: 571, 847, 8320, 9754
Descending order: 9754, 8320, 847, 571.
(b) 9801, 25751, 36501, 38802
Ascending order: 9801, 25571, 36501, 38802.
Descending order: 38802, 36501, 25571, 9801.

The greatest 4-digit number+1 = 9999 +1=10000 = Ten thousand (Smallest 5- digit number)

Read and expand the numbers.

(i) 20,000 − Twenty thousand
20000 = 2 × 10000
(ii) 26000- Twenty six thousand.
26000=2×10000+6×1000
(iii) 38400-Thirty eight thousand four hundred
38400=3 × 10000 + 8 × 1000+ 4×100
(iv) 65740 -Sixty five thousand seven hundred forty.
65740=6 × 10000 + 5 × 1000 + 7 × 100 + 4 × 10
(v) 89324 -Eighty nine thousand three hundred twenty four
89324=8 × 10000 + 9 × 1000 + 3 × 100 + 2 × 10 + 4 × 1
(vi) 50000- Fifty thousand
50000=5×10000
(vii) 41000-Fortyone thousand.
41000=4×10000+1×1000.
(viii) 47300- Forty seven thousand three hundred.
47300=4×10000+7×1000+3×100.
(ix) 57630- Fifty seven thousand six hundred thirty.
57630=5×10000+7×1000+6×100+3×10
(x) 29485- Twenty nine thousand four hundred eighty five.
29485=2 × 10000 + 9 × 1000 + 4 × 100 + 8 × 10 + 5 × 1
(xi) 29085- Twenty nine thousand eighty five.
29085=2 × 10000 + 9 × 1000 + 8 × 10 + 5 × 1
(xii) 20085- Twenty thousand eighty five.
20085=2 × 10000 + 8 × 10 + 5 × 1
(xiii) 20005- Twenty thousand five.

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 20005=2 × 10000 + 5 × 1

Greatest 5-digit number+1=99,999+1=1,00,000 is named one lakh(Six digit smallest number)

Read and expand the numbers

(i) 3,00,000 − Three lakh
3,00,000 = 3 × 1,00,000
(ii) 3,50,000 − Three lakh fifty thousand
3,50,000 = 3 × 1,00,000 + 5 × 10,000
(iii) 3,53,500 three lakh fifty three thousand five hundred
3,53,500 = 3 × 1,00,000 + 5 × 10,000 + 3 × 1000 + 5 × 100.
(iv) 4,57,928 − Four lakh fifty seven thousand nine hundred twenty eight.
4,57,928 = 4 × 1,00,000 + 5 × 10,000 + 7 × 1000 + 9 × 100 + 2 × 10 + 8 × 1
(v) 4,07,928 − Four lakh seven thousand nine hundred twenty eight.
4,07,928 = 4 × 1,00,000 + 7 × 1000 + 9 × 100 + 2 × 10 + 8 × 1
(vi) 4,00,829 − Four lakh eight hundred twenty eight.
4, 00,829 = 4 × 1,00,000 + 8 × 100 + 2 × 10 + 8 × 1
(vii) 4, 00,029 − Four lakh twenty nine.
4, 00,029 = 4 × 1,00,000 + 2 × 10 + 9 × 1

Complete the pattern :

9 + 1 = 10 99,999 + 1 = 1,00,000
99 + 1 = 100 9,99,999 + 1 =10,00,000
999 + 1 = 1000 99,99,999 + 1 = 1,00,00,000
9,999 + 1 = 10,000

1. 10-1=9 4. 10,000-1=9,999
2. 100-1=99 5. 1,00,000-1=99,999
3. 1,000-1=999 6. 1,00,00,000-1=99,99,999

1. Give five examples where the number of things counted would be more than 6-digit number

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2. Starting from the greatest 6-digit number, write the previous five numbers in descending order.

Ans: 9,99,999 ; 9,99,998 ; 9,99,997 ; 9,99,996 ; 9,99,995 ; 9,99,994

3. Starting from the smallest 8-digit number, write the next five numbers in ascending order and
read them.

Ans: 1,00,00,000 ; 1,00,00,001 ; 1,00,00,002 ; 1,00,00,003 ; 1,00,00,004 ; 1,00,00,005.

Indian system of numeration (hindu-arabic)

Crores Lakhs Thousands Units
TThCr ThCr HCr TCr Cr Tlakh Lakh TTh Th H T O
International system place value chart
Billions Millions Thousands Ones
HBil TBil Bil HMil TMil Mil HTh TTh Th H T O

1. Read these numbers. Write them using placement boxes and then write their expanded forms.
(i) 4,75,320 – Four lakh seventy five thousand three hundred twenty.
4,75,320 = 4 × 1,00,000 + 7 × 10,000 + 5 × 1,000 + 3 × 100 + 2 × 10
(ii) 98,47,215 – Ninety eight lakh forty seven thousand two hundred fifteen.
98,47,215 = 9 × 10,00,000 + 8 × 1,00,000 + 4 × 10,000 + 7 × 1,000 + 2 × 100 + 1 × 10 + 5 × 1
(iii) 9,76,45,310 – Nine crore seventy six lakh forty five thousand three hundred ten.
9,76,45,310 = 9 × 1,00,00,000 + 7 × 10,00,000 + 6 × 1,00,000 + 4 × 10,000
+5 × 1,000 + 3 × 100 + 1 × 10
(iv) 3,04,58,094 − Three crore four lakh fifty eight thousand ninety four.
3,04,58,094 = 3 × 1,00,00,000 + 4 × 1,00,000 + 5 × 10,000 + 8 × 1,0008 + 9 × 10 + 4 × 1
(a) The smallest number=4,75,320
(b) The greatest number=9,76,45,310.
(c) Ascending order: 4,75,320; 98,47,215; 3,04,58,094; 9,76,45,310.
Descending order: 9,76,45,310; 3,04,58,094; 98,47,215; 4,75,320.
2. Read these numbers. Write these numbers using placement boxes and then using commas in
Indian as well as International System of Numeration. Arrange these in ascending and
descending order.
(i) 527864 (ii) 95432 (iii) 18950049 (iv) 70002509

Sol: Indian system of Numeration:

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 (i) 5,27,864 (ii) 95,432 (iii) 1,89,50,049 (iv) 7,00,02,509

International System of Numeration

(i) 527,864 (ii) 95,432 (iii) 18,950,049 (iv) 70,002,509

Ascending order: (i) 95,432 (ii) 5,27,864 (iii) 18,950,049 (iv) 70,002,509

Descending order: (i) 70,002,509 (ii) 18,950,049 (iii) 5,27,864 (iv) 95,432

1. You have the following digits 4, 5, 6, 0, 7 and 8. Using them, make five numbers each with 6 digits.
(a) Put commas for easy reading. (b) Arrange them in ascending and descending order.

Sol: (i) 4,56,078 (ii) 5,60,784 (iii) 6,08,457 (iv) 7,45,086 (v) 8,54,067

Ascending order: (i) 4,56,078 (ii) 5,60,784 (iii) 6,08,457 (iv) 7,45,086 (v) 8,54,067

Descending order: (i) ) 8,54,067 (ii) 7,45,086 (iii) ) 6,08,457 (iv) 5,60,784 (v) 4,56,078

2. Take the digits 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Make any three numbers each with 8 digits. Put commas for
easy reading

Sol: (i) 4,56,57,,489 (ii) 5,67,78,498 (iii) 6,45,54,789

3. From the digits 3, 0 and 4, make five numbers each with 6 digits. Use commas.

Sol: (i) 3,03,430 (ii) 3,04,340 (iii) 4,30,034 (iv) 4,03,330 (v) 4,33,004

1. Fill in the blanks:

(a) 1 lakh = Ten ten thousand.
(b) 1 million = Ten hundred thousand.
(c) 1 crore = Ten ten lakh.
(d) 1 crore = Ten million.
(e) 1 million =Ten lakh
2. Place commas correctly and write the numerals:
(a) Seventy three lakh seventy five thousand three hundred seven.
Ans: 73,75,307
(b) Nine crore five lakh forty one.
Ans: 9,05,00,041
(c) Seven crore fifty two lakh twenty one thousand three hundred two.

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Ans: 7,52, 21,302.
(d) Fifty eight million four hundred twenty three thousand two hundred two.
Ans: 58,423,202.
(e) Twenty three lakh thirty thousand ten.
Ans: 23,30,010
3. Insert commas suitably and write the names according to Indian System of Numeration.
(a) 8,75,95,762
Ans: Eight crore seventy-five lakh ninety-five thousand seven hundred sixty two.
(b) 85,46,283
Ans: Eighty-five lakh forty-six thousand two hundred eighty-three.
(c) 9,99,00,046
Ans: Nine crore ninety-nine lakh forty six
(d) 9,84,32,701
Ans: Nine crore eighty-four lakh, thirty-two thousand seven hundred one.
4. Insert commas suitably and write the names according to International System of Numeration :
(a) 78,921,092
Ans: Seventy-eight million, nine hundred twenty-one thousand, ninety-two
(b) 7,452,283
Ans: Seven million four hundred fifty-two thousand two hundred eighty-three.
(c) 99,985,102
Ans: Ninety-nine million nine hundred eighty-five thousand, one hundred two
(d) 48,049,831
Ans: Forty-eight million forty-nine thousand eight hundred thirty one.

(a) 10 millimetres = 1 centimetre

(b) 1 metre = 100 centimetres= = 1000 millimetres
(c) 1 kilometre = 1000 metres=100,000 centimetres= 10,00,000 millimetres
(d) 1 gram = 1000 milligrams
(e) 1 kilogram = 1000 grams=10, 00,000 milligrams.
(f) 1 litre = 1000 millilitres.

1. How many centimetres make a kilometre?

Sol: 100,000 centimetres=1 kilometre

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2. Name five large cities in India. Find their population. Also, find the distance in kilometres
between each pair of these cities.
Sol:
City Population
Hyderabad 10,801,000
Delhi 32,941,000
Mumbai 21,297,000
Kolakata 15,333,000
Bengaluru 13,608,000
(i)
Two cities Distance
Hyderabad-Delhi 1559 km
Hyderabad-Mumbai 716 km
Hyderabad - Kolkata 1192 km
Hyderabad-Bengaluru 575 km
3. How many milligrams make one kilogram?

Sol: 10,00,000 milligrams=1 kilogram.

4. A box contains 2,00,000 medicine tablets each weighing 20 mg. What is the total weight of all the
tablets in the box in grams and in kilograms?

Sol: Weight of 1 tablet=20 mg

Weight of 2,00,000 tablets =2,00,000×20 mg=40,00,000 mg=4000 g=4 kg.

5. A bus started its journey and reached different places with a speed of 60 km/hour. The journey is
shown on

(i) Find the total distance covered by the bus from A to D.

Sol: AB+BC+CD= 4170 +3410+2160=9740 km
(ii) Find the total distance covered by the bus from D to G.
Sol: DE+EF+FG=8140+4830+2550=15520 km
(iii) Find the total distance covered by the bus, if it starts from A and returns back to A.
Sol: AB+BC+CD+ DE+EF+FG+GA=9740 km+15520km+1290km=26550km
(iv) Can you find the difference of distances from C to D and D to E?
Sol: DE-CD=8140 km-2160 km=5980 km

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 Distance 4170 1
(𝑣) (a) Time taken by the bus to reach A to B = = = 69 hours
Speed 60 2
Distance 2160
(b) Time taken by the bus to reach C to D = = = 36 hours
Speed 60
Distance 4830 + 2550 7380
(c) Time taken by the bus to reach E to G = = = = 123 hours
Speed 60 60
Distance 26550 1
(d) Time taken by the bus to total journey = = = 442 hours
Speed 60 2
6.

(a) Can you find the total weight of apples and oranges Raman sold last year?
Weight of apples = 2457 kg
Weight of oranges = 3004 kg
Therefore, total weight = 2457 kg + 3004 kg = 5461 kg
Answer – The total weight of oranges and apples = 5461 kg.
(b) Can you find the total money Raman got by selling apples?
Ans: The total money Raman got by selling apples=₹40×2457=₹98,280
(c) Can you find the total money Raman got by selling apples and oranges together?
Ans: the total money Raman got by selling apples and oranges together
=₹40×2457+₹30×3004
=₹98,280+₹90,120=₹1,88,400
(d) Make a table showing how much money Raman received from selling each item. Arrange the
entries of amount of money received in descending order. Find the item which brought him the
highest amount. How much is this amount?
Ans:
Things Price sales Amount received
Apples ₹ 40 per kg 2457 kg 40×2457= ₹98,280
Oranges ₹ 30 per kg 3004 kg 30×3004= ₹90,120
Combs ₹ 3 for one 22760 3×22760= ₹68,280

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 Tooth brushes ₹ 10 for one 25367 10×25367= ₹2,53,670
Pencils ₹ 1 for one 38530 1×38,530= ₹38,530
Note books ₹ 6 for one 40002 6×40,002= ₹2,40,012
Soap cakes ₹ 8 for one 20005 8×20005= ₹1,60,040
The highest amount of money is received brought the item is “tooth brushes.
The amount=₹2,53,670.

Example 1 : Population of Sundarnagar was 2,35,471 in the year 1991. In the year 2001 it was found
to be increased by 72,958. What was the population of the city in 2001?

Solu : Population of the city in 2001 = Population in 1991 + Increase in population

= 2,35,471 + 72,958=3,08,429.

Example 2 : In one state, the number of bicycles sold in the year 2002-2003 was 7,43,000. In the year
2003-2004, the number of bicycles sold was 8,00,100. In which year were more bicycles sold? and
how many more?

Sol: the number of bicycles sold in the year 2002-2003=7,43,000

In the year 2003-2004=8,00,100

More bicycles were sold more in the year 2003-2004 than in 2002-2003

The number of more bicycles was sold in the year 2003-2004.

= 8,00,100 − 7,43,000 = 57,100

Example 3 : The town newspaper is published every day. One copy has 12 pages. Everyday 11,980
copies are printed. How many total pages are printed everyday.

Sol: Number of pages in one copy=12

Number of pages in 11,980 copies=12×11,980=1,43,760

Everyday 1,43,760 pages are printed.

Example 4 : The number of sheets of paper available for making notebooks is 75,000. Each sheet
makes 8 pages of a notebook. Each notebook contains 200 pages. How many notebooks can be made
from the paper available?

Sol: One sheet=8 pages

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 75,000 sheets=75,000×8 pages=6,00,000 pages

One note book=200 pages

Number of note books=6,00,000÷200=3000

1. A book exhibition was held for four days in a school. The number of tickets sold at the counter on
the first, second, third and final day was respectively 1094, 1812, 2050 and 2751. Find the total
number of tickets sold on all the four days.

Sol: First day =1,094

Second day =1,812
Third day =2,050
Fourth day =2,751
7,707
The total number of tickets sold on all the four days=7,707

2. Shekhar is a famous cricket player. He has so far scored 6980 runs in test matches. He wishes to
complete 10,000 runs. How many more runs does he need?

Sol: Runs scored by Shekhar=6980

The number of runs he wants to complete=1000

More runs does Shekhar need=1000 − 6980 = 3020

3. In an election, the successful candidate registered 5,77,500 votes and his nearest rival secured
3,48,700 votes. By what margin did the successful candidate win the election?

Sol: Number of votes secured by successful candidate=5,77,500

Number of votes secured by rival candidate=3,48,700

The margin by the successful candidate win the election = 5,77,500 − 3,48,700 = 2,28,800

4. Kirti bookstore sold books worth ₹ 2,85,891 in the first week of June and books worth ₹ 4,00,768
in the second week of the month. How much was the sale for the two weeks together? In which
week was the sale greater and by how much?

Sol: First week =₹ 2,85,891

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 Second week=₹ 4,00,768

Total = ₹6,86,659

The sale for the two weeks together=₹ 6,86,659

The second week sale is the greater.

The greater sale = 4,00,768 − 2,85,891 = ₹1,14,877

5. Find the difference between the greatest and the least 5-digit number that can be written using
the digits 6, 2, 7, 4, 3 each only once.

Sol: The greatest number=76,432 ; The least number=23,467

Difference = 76,432 − 23,467 = 52965

6. A machine, on an average, manufactures 2,825 screws a day. How many screws did it produce in
the month of January 2006? 2825
× 31
Sol: Number of screws manufactured in a day=2,825 2825
8475 ×
Number of screws manufactured in January=31×2,825=87,575 87575

7. A merchant had ₹ 78,592 with her. She placed an order for purchasing 40 radio sets at ₹ 1200
each. How much money will remain with her after the purchase?

Sol: Price of one radio set=1200

Price of 40 radio sets=40×1200=48,000

Money available with merchant=78,592

Money remain after the purchase = 78,592 − 48,000 = 30,592

8. A student multiplied 7236 by 65 instead of multiplying by 56. By how much was his answer
greater than the correct answer?
Sol: The student multiplied by 65-56=9 times more
The answer greater than the correct answer=7236×9=65,124
(or) Incorrect multiplication Correct multiplication
7236 7236
× 65 × 56
36180 43416
43416 × 36180 ×
470340 405216
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 The answer greater than the correct answer = 4,70,340 − 4,05,216 = 65,124

9. To stitch a shirt, 2 m 15 cm cloth is needed. Out of 40 m cloth, how many shirts can be stitched
and how much cloth will remain?

Sol: Total length of cloth= 40m=4000 cm

Cloth needed for one shirt=2 m 15 cm=215 cm

4000 800 26
Now = = 18
215 43 43

Number shirts can be switched=18

The remaining cloth = 4000 − 18 × 125 = 4000 − 3870 = 130 cm = 1 m 30 cm.

10. Medicine is packed in boxes, each weighing 4 kg 500g. How many such boxes can be loaded in a
van which cannot carry beyond 800 kg?

Sol: Weight of one box=4 kg 500 g=4500 g

Capacity of van=800 kg=800000 g

800000 35
Now = 177
4500 45

Number of boxes can be loaded in the van = 177

11. The distance between the school and a student’s house is 1 km 875 m. Everyday she walks both
ways. Find the total distance covered by her in six days.
3750
Sol: Distance covered in one day= 2×1 km 875 m=2×1875 m=3750 m ×6

Distance covered in six days=6×3750 m= 22500 m=22 km 500 m 22500

12. A vessel has 4 litres and 500 ml of curd. In how many glasses, each of 25 ml capacity, can it be
filled?
180
25 4500
Sol: Quantity of curd in vessel=4 litres 500 ml=4500 ml
25
200
Capacity of one glass=25 ml 200
0
Number of glasses to be filled=4500÷25= 180

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 VI-MATHEMATICS-NCERT
CHAPTER
2 PREPARED BY: BALABHADRA SURESH

1. 1, 2, 3, 4,... counting numbers as Natural numbers.

2. Predecessor and successor: Just before number is called predecessor and just after number is
called successor.
3. If you add 1 to a number, we get its successor. If you subtract 1 from a number, you get its
predecessor.

1. Write the predecessor and successor of 19; 1997; 12000; 49; 100000.
Predecessor Number Successor
18 19 20
1996 1997 1998
11999 12000 12001
48 49 50
99999 100000 100001

2. Is there any natural number that has no predecessor?

Sol: The natural number 1 has no predecessor.

3. Is there any natural number which has no successor? Is there a last natural number?

Sol: Every natural numbers has a successor. There is no last natural number.

Whole Numbers
The natural numbers along with zero form the collection of whole numbers.
Whole numbers (W)={0,1,2,3,4,5…}

1. Are all natural numbers also whole numbers?

Sol: Yes, all natural numbers also whole numbers.

2. Are all whole numbers also natural numbers?

Sol: No, 0 is a whole number but not natural number.

3. Which is the greatest whole number?

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Sol: There is no greatest whole number.

In addition move towards right with 1 jump of 1 unit.

Find 4 + 5; 2 + 6; 3 + 5 and 1+6 using the number line

4+5=9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2+6=8
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟕 𝟖 𝟗 𝟏𝟎

3+5=8 𝟏 𝟐 𝟓
𝟎 𝟑 𝟒 𝟔 𝟕 𝟖 𝟗 𝟏𝟎

1+6=7 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟕 𝟖 𝟗 𝟏𝟎

Subtraction on the number line:

In subtraction move towards left with 1 jump of 1 unit.

Find 8 – 3; 6 – 2; 9 – 6 using the number line

8−3=5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

6−2=4 1 2 5
0 3 4 6 7 8 9 10

9−6=3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Multiplication on the number line

Find 2 × 6; 3 × 3; 4 × 2 using the number line.

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2 × 6 = 12

3×3=9

4×2=8

1. Write the next three natural numbers after 10999.

Sol: 11,000; 11,001; 11,002

2. Write the three whole numbers occurring just before 10001.

Sol: 9,998; 9,999; 10,000

3. Which is the smallest whole number?

Sol: 0(zero)

4. How many whole numbers are there between 32 and 53?

Sol: (53 − 32) − 1 = 21 − 1 = 20

5. Write the successor of

(a) 2440701 (b) 100199 (c) 1099999 (d) 2345670

Sol: (a) Successor of 2440701 is 2440701+1=2440702

(b) Successor of 100199 is 100199+1=100200

(c) Successor of 1099999 is 1099999+1=1100000

(d) Successor of 2345670 is 2345670+1=2345671

6. Write the predecessor of :

(a) 94 (b) 10000 (c) 208090 (d) 7654321

Sol: (a) predecessor of 94 is 94 − 1 = 93.

(b) Predecessor of 10000 is 10,000 − 1 = 9,999.

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 (c) Predecessor of 208090 is 2,08,090 − 1 = 2,08,089.

(d) Predecessor of 7654321 is 7654321 − 1 = 7654320.

7. In each of the following pairs of numbers, state which whole number is on the left of the other
number on the number line. Also write them with the appropriate sign (>, <) between them.
(a) 530, 503 (b) 370, 307 (c) 98765, 56789 (d) 9830415, 10023001
Sol: (a) 530 > 503 (b) 370 > 307 (c) 98765 > 56789 (d) 9830415<10023001
8. Which of the following statements are true (T) and which are false (F) ?
(a) Zero is the smallest natural number. (F)
(1 is the smallest natural number)
(b) 400 is the predecessor of 399. (F)
(400 is the successor of 399)
(c) Zero is the smallest whole number. (T)
(d) 600 is the successor of 599. (T)
(e) All natural numbers are whole numbers. (T)
(f ) All whole numbers are natural numbers.
(g) The predecessor of a two digit number is never a single digit number. (F)
(The predecessor of 10 is 9 a single digit number)
(h) 1 is the smallest whole number.(F)
(0 is the smallest whole number)
(i) The natural number 1 has no predecessor. (T)
(j) The whole number 1 has no predecessor. (F)
(0 is the predecessor of 1)
(k) The whole number 13 lies between 11 and 12. (F)
(No whole numbers between 11 and 12)
(l) The whole number 0 has no predecessor. (T)
(m) The successor of a two digit number is always a two digit number.(F)
( The successor of 99 is 100 a three digit number)

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 4

 CHAPTER VI-MATHEMATICS-NCERT

3. PLAYING WITH NUMBERS (notes)

3 PREPARED BY: BALABHADRA SURESH

1. Factor: A factor of a number is an exact divisor of that number.

1 1 8 1,2,4,8 15 1,3,5,15
2 1,2 9 1,3,9 16 1,2,4,8,16
3 1,3 10 1,2,5,10 17 1,17
4 1,2,4 11 1,11 18 1,2,3,6,9,18
5 1,5 12 1,2,3,4,6,12 19 1,19
6 1,2,3,6 13 1,13 20 1,2,4,5,10,20
7 1,7 14 1,2,7,14 21 1,3,7,21
2. 1 is a factor of every number.
3. Every number is a factor of itself.
4. Every factor is less than or equal to the given number.
5. Number of factors of a given number are finite
6. Multiple: A number multiplied by 1,2,3,4,…we get multiples of that number
Number Multiples
1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,…
2 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14,…..
3 3, 6, 9, 12, 15,18,…
4 4, 8,12,16,20,24,…
5 5,10,15,20,25,30,..
6 6,12,18,24,30,36,…
7 7,14,21,28,35,42,49,56,63,70,.
7. Every multiple of a number is greater than or equal to that number
8. The number of multiples of a given number is infinite.
9. Every number is a multiple of itself.

A number for which sum of all its factors is equal to twice the number is called a perfect number.

Ex: (i) Factors of 6 are 1,2,3,6

Sum of factors of 6=1+2+3+6=12=2×6

6 is a perfect number

(ii) Factors of 28 are 1,2,4,7,14,28.

Sum of factors of 28=1+2+4+714+28=56=2×28

28 is a perfect number

(iii) Next perfect number=496

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 1

Find the possible factors of 45, 30 and 36.
(i) 45=1×45
=3×15
=5×9
Factors of 45 are:1,3,5,9,15,45
(ii) 30=1×30 (iii) 36=1×36
=2×15 =2×18
=3×10 =3×12
=5×6 =4×9
Factors of 30 are:1,2,3,5,6,10,15,30. =6×6
Factors of 36 are:1,2,3,4,6,9,12,18,36.
Example 1 : Write all the factors of 68.

Sol: 68 = 1 × 68
= 2 × 34
= 4 × 17
The factors of 68 are 1, 2, 4,17,34, 68.

Example 2 : Find the factors of 36.

Sol: 36 = 1 × 36
= 2 × 18
= 3 × 12
=4×9
=6×6
The factors of 68 are 1, 2, 3,4,6,9,12,18,36.

Example 3 : Write first five multiples of 6.

Sol: First 5 multiples of 6 are: 6 × 1,6 × 2,6 × 3,6 × 4,6 × 5

i.e. 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30.

1. Write all the factors of the following numbers :

(a) 24
Sol:24 = 1 × 24
= 2 × 12
=3×8
=4×6
Factors of 24 are : 1,2,3,4,6,8,12,24
(b) 15
Sol: 15=1×15=3×5
Factors of 15 are: 1,3,5,15.
(c) 21

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 2

Sol:21=1×21
=3×7
Factors of 21 are:1,3,7,21
(d) 27 (g) 18
Sol: 27=1×27 Sol: 18=1×18
=3×9 =2×9
Factors of 27 are: 1,3,9,27. =3×6
(e) 12 Factors of 18 are 1,2,3,6,9,18.
Sol: 12=1×12 (h) 23
=2×6 Sol: 23=1×23
=3×4 Factors of 23 are 1,23.
Factors of 12 are:1,2,3,4,6,12 (i) 36
(f) 20 Sol: 36=1×36
Sol: 20=1×20 =2×18
=2×10 =3×12
=4×5 =6×6
Factors of 20 are 1,2,4,5,10,20. Factors of 36 are 1,2,3,6,12,18,36
2. Write first five multiples of :
(a) 5 (b) 8 (c) 9
Sol: (a) First 5 multiples of 5 are:5,10,15,20,25.
(b) First 5 multiples of 8 are: 8,16,24,32,40.
(c) First 5 multiples of 9 are: 9,18,27,36,45.
3. Match the items in column 1 with the items in column 2.
(i) 35 (b) Multiple of 7
(ii) 15 (d) Factor of 30
(iii) 16 (a) Multiple of 8
(iv) 20 (f) Factor of 20
(v) 25 (e) Factor of 50
4. Find all the multiples of 9 upto 100.

Sol: Multiples of 9 are: 9,18,27,36,45,54,63,72,81,90,99

Prime and Composite Numbers

Number Factors No. of factors Number Factors No. of factors

1 1 1 11 1,11 2
2 1,2 2 12 1,2,3,4,6,12 6
3 1,3 2 13 1,13 2
4 1,2,4 3 14 1,2,7,14 4
5 1,5 2 15 1,3,5,15 4
6 1,2,3,6 4 16 1,2,4,8,16 5
7 1,7 2 17 1,17 2
8 1,2,4,8 4 18 1,2,3,6,9,18 6
9 1,3,9 3 19 1,19 2
10 1,2,5,10 4 20 1,2,4,5,10,20 6

The numbers having exactly two factors are .

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 3

 Numbers having more than two factors are called
1 is neither a prime nor a composite number
Prime numbers up to 100 ( 25 numbers)
2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,47,53,59,61,67,71,73,79,83,89,97.
Twin primes:
Two prime numbers whose difference is 2 are called twin primes
Ex: 3,5; 5,7; 11,13; 17,19; 71,73;

Observe that 2 × 3 + 1 = 7 is a prime number. Here, 1 has been added to a multiple of 2 to get a
prime number. Can you find some more numbers of this type?

(i) 2×5+1=11 is a prime number

(ii) 2×6+1=13 is a prime number

(iii) 2×8+1=17 is a prime number

(iv) 2×9+1=19 is a prime number

(v) 2×11+1=23 is a prime number

Example 4 : Write all the prime numbers less than 15

Sol: 2,3,5,7,11,13

Even and odd numbers .

The multiples of 2 are called even numbers. The rest of natural numbers are called odd numbers

Even numbers: 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,….

Odd Numbers: 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,……

1. 2 is the even prime number.

2. Every prime number except 2 is odd.

1. What is the sum of any two (a) Odd numbers? (b) Even numbers?

Sol: (a) (i) 1+3=4 (ii) 3+7=10 (iii) 5+7=12

Sum of two odd numbers is even number.

(b) (i) 2+4=6 (ii) 4+12=16 (iii) 8+12=20

Sum of two even numbers is even number.

2. State whether the following statements are True or False:

(a) The sum of three odd numbers is even. (F)
(b) The sum of two odd numbers and one even number is even. (T)
(c) The product of three odd numbers is odd. (T)

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 4

(d) If an even number is divided by 2, the quotient is always odd. (F)
(e) All prime numbers are odd. (F)
(f) Prime numbers do not have any factors. (F)
(g) Sum of two prime numbers is always even. (F)
(h) 2 is the only even prime number. (T)
(i) All even numbers are composite numbers. (F)
(j) The product of two even numbers is always even. (T)
3. The numbers 13 and 31 are prime numbers. Both these numbers have same digits 1 and 3. Find
such pairs of prime numbers upto 100

Sol: 17,71; 37,73; 79,97.

4. Write down separately the prime and composite numbers less than 20.

Sol: Prime numbers less than 20: 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19.

Composite numbers less than 20: 4,6,8,9,10,12,14,15,16,18.

5. What is the greatest prime number between 1 and 10?

Sol: 7

6. Express the following as the sum of two odd primes.

(a) 44 (b) 36 (c) 24 (d) 18

Sol: (a) 44=3+41=7+37=13+31

(b) 36=5+31=7+29=13+23=17+19

(c) 24=5+19=7+17=11+13

(d) 18=5+13=7+11

7. Give three pairs of prime numbers whose difference is 2

Sol: (i) 5,7 (ii) 11,13 (iii) 17,19 (iv) 27,29 (v) 41,43

8. Which of the following numbers are prime?

(a) 23 (b) 51 (c) 37 (d) 26

Sol: (a) 23 (c) 37

9. Write seven consecutive composite numbers less than 100 so that there is no prime number
between them.

Sol: 90,91,92,93,94,95,96.

10. Express each of the following numbers as the sum of three odd primes:
(a) 21 (b) 31 (c) 53 (d) 61

Sol: (a) 21=3+5+13=3+7+11

(b) 31=5+7+19=7+11+13

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 5

 (c) 53=13+17+23=11+19+23

(d) 61=11+13+37=11+19+31

11. Write five pairs of prime numbers less than 20 whose sum is divisible by 5.

Sol: (i) 2,3 (ii) 2,13 (iii) 3,7 (iv) 3,17 (v) 7,13

12. Fill in the blanks :

(a) A number which has only two factors is called a Prime number.
(b) A number which has more than two factors is called a Composite number.
(c) 1 is neither Prime nor Composite.
(d) The smallest prime number is 2.
(e) The smallest composite number is 4.
(f) The smallest even number is 2.
Tests for Divisibility of Numbers
1. Divisibility by 10: If a number has 0 in the ones place then it is divisible by 10.
Ex: 10,30,500,420,6000,… are divisible by 10
2. Divisibility by 5: A number which has either 0 or 5 in its ones place is divisible by 5.
Ex: 15,20,35,545,6020,215,…are divisible by 5.
3. Divisibility by 2 : A number is divisible by 2 if it has any of the digits 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8 in its ones
place.
Ex: 48,50,64,848,520,362,…
4. Divisibility by 3: If the sum of the digits is a multiple of 3, then the number is divisible by 3
Ex: 36,54,153,642,… are divisible by 3.
5. Divisibility by 6: if a number is divisible by 2 and 3 both then it is divisible by 6 also.
6. Divisibility by 4: A number with 3 or more digits is divisible by 4 if the number formed by its last
two digits (i.e. ones and tens) is divisible by 4.
7. Divisibility by 8 : A number with 4 or more digits is divisible by 8, if the number formed by the
last three digits is divisible by 8.
8. Divisibility by 9 : If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by 9, then the number itself is
divisible by 9
9. Divisibility by 11: Find the difference between the sum of the digits at odd places (from the
right) and the sum of the digits at even places (from the right) of the number. If the difference is
either 0 or divisible by 11, then the number is divisible by 11.

1. Using divisibility tests complete the table.

Number Divisible by
2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11
128 Yes No Yes No No Yes No No No
990 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes
1586 Yes No No No No No No No No
275 No No No Yes No No No No Yes
6686 Yes No No No No No No No No
639210 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes
429714 Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No No
2856 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 6

 3060 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No
406839 No Yes No No No No No No No

2. Using divisibility tests, determine which of the following numbers are divisible by 4; by 8
If the last two digit number is divisible by 4 then the number is divisible by 4.
If the last three digit number is divisible by 8 then the number is divisible by 8.
(a) 572
Sol: Number formed by last two digits=72 =4×18 which is divisible by 4
So, 572 is divisible by4
Number formed last three digits=572 is not divisible by 8
So, 572 is not divisible by 8
(b) 726352
Sol: Number formed by last two digits =52 =4×13 which is divisible by 4
So, 726352 is divisible by4
Number formed last three digits =352 =44×8 which is divisible by 8
So, 726352 is divisible by 8
(c) 5500
Sol: Number formed by last two digits =00
So, 5500 is divisible by 4
Number formed last three digits =500 is not divisible by 8
So, 5500 is not divisible by 8
(d) 6000
Sol: Number formed by last two digits =00
So, 6000 is divisible by 4
Number formed last three digits =000 is divisible by 8
So, 6000 is divisible by 8
(e) 12159
Sol: Number formed by last two digits =59 is not divisible by 8
So, 12159 is divisible by 4
Number formed by last three digits =159 is not divisible by 8
So, 12159 is not divisible by 8
(f) 14560
Sol: Number formed by last two digits =60=4×15
So, 14560 is divisible by 4
Number formed by last three digits =560=8×70 is divisible by 8
So, 14560 is divisible by 8
(g) 21084
Sol: Number formed by last two digits =00
So, 5500 is divisible by 4
Number formed last three digits =500 is not divisible by 8
So, 5500 is not divisible by 8
(h) 31795072
Sol: Number formed by last two digits =72(=4×18 ) is divisible by 4
So, 31795072 is divisible by 4
Number formed last three digits =072=72(=8×9) is divisible by 8
So, 31795072 is divisible by 8

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 7

 (i) 1700
Sol: Number formed by last two digits =00
So, 1700 is divisible by 4
Number formed last three digits =700 is not divisible by 8
So, 1700 is not divisible by 8
(j) 2150.
Sol: Number formed by last two digits =50 is not divisible by 4
So, 2150 is not divisible by 4
Number formed last three digits =150 is not divisible by 8
So, 2150 is not divisible by 8
3. Using divisibility tests, determine which of following numbers are divisible by 6:
If a number is divisible by 2 and 3 both then it is divisible by 6 also.
(a) 297144
Sol: Last digit=4 . So, 297144 is divisible by 2
Sum of digits=2+9+7+1+4+4=27 is divisible by3
So, 297144 is divisible by 3
Now 297144 is divisible by 2 and 3 .So, 297144 is divisible by 6
(b) 1258
Sol: Last digit=4 . So, 297144 is divisible by 2
Sum of digits=2+9+7+1+4+4=27 is divisible by3
So, 297144 is divisible by 3
Now 297144 is divisible by 2 and 3 .So, 297144 is divisible by 6
(c) 4335
Sol: Last digit=4 . So, 297144 is divisible by 2
Sum of digits=2+9+7+1+4+4=27 is divisible by3
So, 297144 is divisible by 3
Now 297144 is divisible by 2 and 3 .So, 297144 is divisible by 6
(d) 61233
Sol: Last digit=4 . So, 297144 is divisible by 2
Sum of digits=2+9+7+1+4+4=27 is divisible by3
So, 297144 is divisible by 3
Now 297144 is divisible by 2 and 3 .So, 297144 is divisible by 6
(e) 901352
Sol: Last digit=2 . So, 901352 is divisible by 2
Sum of digits=9+0+1+3+5+2=20 is not divisible by3
So, 901352 is not divisible by 3
Now 901352 is divisible by 2 and not divisible by 3 .So, 901352 is not divisible by 6.
(f) 438750
Sol: Last digit=0 . So, 438750 is divisible by 2
Sum of digits=4+3+8+7+5+0=27 is divisible by3
So, 438750 is divisible by 3
Now 438750 is divisible by 2 and 3 .So, 438750 is divisible by 6
(g) 1790184
Sol: Last digit=4 . So, 1790184 is divisible by 2
Sum of digits=1+7+9+0+1+8+4=30 is divisible by3
So, 1790184 is divisible by 3
BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 8
 Now 1790184 is divisible by 2 and 3 .So, 1790184 is divisible by 6
(h) 12583
Sol: Last digit=3 . So, 297144 is not divisible by 2
Now 297144 is not divisible by 2 .So, 297144 is not divisible by 6
(i) 639210
Sol: Last digit=0 . So, 639210 is divisible by 2
Sum of digits=6+3+9+2+1+0=21 is divisible by3
So, 639210 is divisible by 3
Now 639210 is divisible by 2 and 3 .So, 639210 is divisible by 6
(j) 17852.
Sol: Last digit=4 . So, 17852 is divisible by 2
Sum of digits=1+7+8+5+2=23 is not divisible by3
So, 17852 is not divisible by 3
Now 17852 is divisible by 2 and not divisible by 3 .So, 17852 is not divisible by 6.

4. Using divisibility tests, determine which of the following numbers are divisible by 11:
(If the difference between the sum of the digits at odd places and the sum of the digits at even
places of the number is either 0 or divisible by 11 then the number is divisible by 11)
(a) 5445
Sol: Sum of the digits at odd places=5+4=9
Sum of the digits at even places=4+5=9
Difference=9-9=0
5445 is divisible by 11

(b) 10824
Sol: Sum of the digits at odd places=4+8+1=13
Sum of the digits at even places=2+0=2
Difference=13-2=11
10824 is divisible by 11

(c) 7138965
Sol: Sum of the digits at odd places=5+9+3+7=24
Sum of the digits at even places=6+8+1=15
Difference=24-15=9
7138965 is not divisible by 11

(d) 70169308
Sol: Sum of the digits at odd places=8+3+6+0=17
Sum of the digits at even places=0+9+1+7=17
Difference=17-17=0
70169308 is divisible by 11

(e) 10000001
Sol: Sum of the digits at odd places=1+0+0+0=1
Sum of the digits at even places=0+0+0+1

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 9

 Difference=1-1=0
10000001 is divisible by 11

(f) 901153
Sol: Sum of the digits at odd places=3+1+0=4
Sum of the digits at even places=5+1+9=15
Difference=15-4=11
901153 is divisible by 11

5. Write the smallest digit and the greatest digit in the blank space of each of the following numbers
so that the number formed is divisible by 3 :
(a) __ 6724
Sol: Sum of digits=6+7+2+4=19
If we add 2 the number is 21 is divisible by 3
Required smallest digit is 2
If we add 8 the number is 27 is divisible by 3
Required greatest digit=8
(b) 4765 __ 2
Sol: Sum of digits=4+7+6+5+2=24
If we add 0 the number is 24 is divisible by 3
Required smallest digit is 0
If we add 9 the number is 33 is divisible by 3
Required greatest digit=9

6. Write a digit in the blank space of each of the following numbers so that the number formed is
divisible by 11
(a) 92 __ 389
Sol: Sum of digits at odd places=9+3+2=14
Sum of digits at even places=8+x+9=17+x
Difference=17+x-14=3+x
3+x=0 or 11or 22…
3+x=11
X=8
(b) 8 __ 9484
Sol: Sum of digits at odd places=4+4+x=8+x
Sum of digits at even places=8+9+8=25
Difference=25-8-x=17-x
17-x=0 or 11or 22…
17-x=11
X=6
Common Factors and Common Multiples.

Find the common factors of

(a) 8, 20

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 10

 Sol: Factors of 8: 1,2,4,8

Factors of 20: 1,2,4,5,10,20

Common factors of 8,20 : 1,2,4

(b) 9, 15 (d) 4,15

Sol: Factors of 9: 1,3,9 Sol: Factors of 4: 1,2,4.

Factors of 15: 1,3,5,15 Factors of 15: 1,3,5,15

Common Factors of 9,15 : 1,3 Common Factors of 9,15 : 1

(c) 4,18 (e) 4,12,16

Sol: Factors of 4: 1,2,4 Sol: Factors of 4 : 1,2,4.

Factors of 18: 1,2,3,6,9,18. Factors of 12: 1,2,3,4,6,12.

Common Factors of4,18 : 1,2 Factors of 16: 1,2,4,8,16.

Common Factors of 4,12,16 : 1,2,4

Co-prime numbers:
Two numbers having only 1 as a common factor are called co-prime numbers.

Ex: (i) 4,15 (ii) 7,8 (iii) 12,49 (iv) 18,23

Exp 5 : Find the common factors of 75, 60 and 210

Sol: Factors of 75 are 1, 3, 5, 15, 25 and 75.

Factors of 60 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 30 and 60.

Factors of 210 are 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 14, 15, 21, 30, 35, 42, 70, 105 and 210.

Thus, common factors of 75, 60 and 210 are 1, 3, 5 and 15.

Exp 6 : Find the common multiples of 3, 4 and 9.

Sol : Multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48, ....

Multiples of 4 are 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48,...

Multiples of 9 are 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, ...

Clearly, common multiples of 3, 4 and 9 are 36, 72, 108,...

1. Find the common factors of :

(a) 20 and 28
Sol: Factors of 20 are 1,2,4,5,10,20.

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 11

 Factors of 28 are 1,2,4,7,14,28.
Common factors of 20 and 28 are 1,2,4.
(b) 15 and 25
Sol: Factors of 15 are 1,3,5,15.
Factors of 25 are 1,5,25.
Common factors of 15 and 25 are 1,5.
(c) 35 and 50
Sol: Factors of 35 are 1,5,7,35.
Factors of 50 are 1,2,5,10,25,50.
Common factors of 35 and 50 are 1,5.
(d) 56 and 120
Sol: Factors of 56 are 1,2,4,7,8,14,28,56.
Factors of 120 are 1,2,4,5,6,8,10,12,15,20,30,40,60,120.
Common factors of 56 and 120 are 1,2,4,8.
2. Find the common factors of :
(a) 4, 8 and 12
Sol: Factors of 4 are 1,2,4.
Factors of 8 are 1,2,4,8.
Factors of 12 are 1,2,3,4,6,12.
Common Factors of 4,8,12 are 1, 2, and 4
(b) 5, 15 and 25
Sol: Factors of 5 are 1, 5.
Factors of 15 are 1, 3, 5.
Factors of 25 are 1,5,25.
Common Factors of 5, 15, 25 are 1 and 5.
3. Find first three common multiples of :
(a) 6 and 8
Sol: Multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42 ,48, 54, 60, 66, 72, 78, 84, …..
Multiples of 8 are 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48,56, 64, 72, 80,…….
First three common multiples of 6 and 8 are 24,48 and 72
(b) 12 and 18
Sol: Multiples of 12 are 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132,…
Multiples of 18 are 18, 36, 54, 72, 90, 108, 126, 144,…
First three common multiples of 12 and 18 are 36,72 and 108.
4. Write all the numbers less than 100 which are common multiples of 3 and 4.

Sol: Common multiples of 3 and 4 (multiples of 12) less than 100 are 12,24,36,48,60,72,84,96

5. Which of the following numbers are co-prime?

(a) 18 and 35
Sol: Factors of 18 are 1,2,3,6,9,18

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 12

 Factors of 35 are 1,5,7,35
Common factor of 18 and 35 is 1
18 and 35 are co-primes

(b) 15 and 37
Sol: Factors of 15 are 1,3,5,15
Factors of 35 are 1,37
Common factor of 15 and 37 is 1
15 and 37 are co-primes

(c) 30 and 415

Sol: Factors of 30 are 1,2,3,5,6,10,15,30.
Factors of 415 are 1,5,83,415
Common factor s of 30 and 415 are 1,5
30 and 415 are not co-primes

(d) 17 and 68
Sol: Factors of 17 are 1,17.
Factors of 68 are 1,2,4,17,34,68
Common factors of 17 and 68 are 1,17
17 and 68 are not co-primes.

(e) 216 and 215

Sol: Factors of 216 are 1,2,3,4,6,8,9,12,18,24,27,36,54,72,108,216
Factors of 215 are 1,5,43,215.
Common factor of 18 and 35 is 1
18 and 35 are co-primes

(f) 81 and 16
Sol: Factors of 18 are 1,2,3,6,9,18
Factors of 35 are 1,5,7,35
Common factor of 216 and 215is 1
216 and 215are co-primes

6. A number is divisible by both 5 and 12. By which other number will that number be always
divisible?

Sol: The number divisible by 5 and 12 is 5×12=60 and multiples of 60

The required number is 60.

7. A number is divisible by 12. By what other numbers will that number be divisible?

Sol: If a number divisible by 12 then the number divisible by the factors of 12 also.

The number will also divisible by 1,2,3,4,6 and 12

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 13
 A number is expressed as a product of prime numbers the factorisation is called prime
factorisation.
1. Write the prime factorisations of 16,28,38

Sol: 16=2×2×2×2.

28=2×2×7

38=2×19

Expl 7 : Find the prime factorisation of 980.

Sol: 980=2×2×5×7×7

1. Here are two different factor trees for 60. Write the missing numbers.

2. Which factors are not included in the prime factorisation of a composite number?

Sol: 1 and itself are not included in the prime factorisation of a composite number.

3. Write the greatest 4-digit number and express it in terms of its prime factors.

Sol: The greatest 4-digit number=9999

9999=3×3×11×101

4. Write the smallest 5-digit number and express it in the form of its prime factors.

Sol: The smallest 5-digit number=10000

10000=2×2×2×2×5×5×5×5

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 14

5. Find all the prime factors of 1729 and arrange them in ascending order. Now state the relation, if
any; between two consecutive prime factors.

Sol: 1729=7×13×19

Difference between two consecutive prime factors is 6

13 − 7 = 6 and 19 − 13 = 6

6. The product of three consecutive numbers is always divisible by 6. Verify this statement with the
help of some examples.

Sol: Exp 1: 8,9,10 are three consecutive numbers

Product of the numbers=8×9×10=720

720=6×120 is divisible by 6

Exp 2: 13,14,15

Product of the numbers=13×14×15=2730=6×455 is divisible by 6

7. The sum of two consecutive odd numbers is divisible by 4. Verify this statement with the help of
some examples.

Sol: (i) Two consecutive odd numbers :7,9

Sum of the numbers=7+9=16=4×4 is divisible by 4.

(ii) 13,15

Sum of the numbers=13+15=28=4×7 is divisible by 4.

8. In which of the following expressions, prime factorisation has been done?

(a) 24 = 2 × 3 × 4
Sol: prime factorisation has not been done. Since 4 is not a prime number
(b) 56 = 7 × 2 × 2 × 2
Sol: prime factorisation has been done.
(c) 70 = 2 × 5 × 7
Sol: prime factorisation has been done
(d) 54 = 2 × 3 × 9
Sol: prime factorisation has not been done. Since 9 is not a prime number

9. 18 is divisible by both 2 and 3. It is also divisible by 2 × 3 = 6. Similarly, a number is divisible by

both 4 and 6. Can we say that the number must also be divisible by 4 × 6 = 24? If not, give an
example to justify your answer

Sol: 12 is divisible by 4 and 6 but 12 is not divisible by 24

10. I am the smallest number, having four different prime factors. Can you find me?

Sol: Required number=2×3×5×7=210

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 15

 Highest Common Factor (HCF)
The Highest Common Factor (HCF) of two or more given numbers is the highest (or greatest) of
their common factors.

Find the HCF of the following:

(i) 24 and 36

Sol: Factors of 24 are 1,2,3,4,6,8,12,24.

Factors of 36 are 1,2,3,4,6,9,12,18,36

Common factors of 24 and 36 are 1,2,3,4,6,12

HCF of 24 and 36 =12

(ii) 15, 25 and 30

Sol: Factors of 15:1,3,5,15

Factors of 25:1,5,25

Factors of 30:1,2,3,5,6,10,15,30

Common factors of 15, 25 and 30 are 1,5

HCF of 15, 25 and 30=5

(iii) 8 and 12

Sol: Factors of 8:1,2,4,8

Factors of 12:1,2,3,4,6,12

Common factors of 8 and 12 are 1,2,4

HCF of 8 and 12 =4

(iv) 12, 16 and 28

Sol: Factors of 12:1,2,3,4,6,12

Factors of 16:1,2,4,8,16

Factors of 28:1,2,4,7,14,28

Common factors of 12,16 and 28 are 1,2,4.

HCF of 12,16 and 28 =4

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 16

 Finding HCF by prime factorisation .
1. Find HCF of 20,28,36 by prime factorisation.

Sol:

HCF of 20, 28 and 36 is 2 × 2 = 4

1. Find the HCF of the following numbers :

(a) 18, 48
Sol: 18=2×3×3
48=2×2×2×2×3
HCF of 18,48 = 2×3=6
(b) 30, 42
Sol: 30=2×3×5
42=2×3×7
HCF of 30,42=2×3=6
(c) 18, 60
Sol: 18=2×3×3
60=2×2×3×5
HCF of 18,60=2×3=6
(d) 27, 63
Sol: 27=3×3×3
63=3×3×7
HCF of 27,63=3×3=9
(e) 36, 84
Sol:36=2×2×3×3
84=2×2×3×7
HCF of 36,84=2×2×3=12
(f) 34, 102
Sol:34=2×17
102=2×3×17
HCF of 34,102=2×17=54
(g) 70, 105, 175
Sol: 70=2×5×7
105=3×5×7
175=5×5×7
HCF of 70,105,175=5×7=35
(h) 91, 112, 49
Sol: 91=7×13
112=2×2×2×2×7
49=7×7
BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 17
 HCF of 91,112,49=7
(i) 18, 54, 81
Sol: 18=2×3×3
54=2×3×3×3
81=3×3×3×3
HCF of 18,54,81=3×3=9
(j) 12, 45, 75
Sol: 12=2×2×3
45=3×3×5
75=3×5×5
HCF of 12,45,75=3
2. What is the HCF of two consecutive (a) numbers? (b) even numbers? (c) odd numbers?

Sol: (a) HCF of two consecutive numbers=1

(b) HCF of two even numbers=2

(c) HCF of two odd numbers=1

3. HCF of co-prime numbers 4 and 15 was found as follows by factorisation :

4 = 2 × 2 and 15 = 3 × 5 since there is no common prime factor, so HCF of 4 and 15 is 0. Is the
answer correct? If not, what is the correct HCF?

Sol: The answer is incorrect.

The HCF of 4 and 15=1

Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)

The Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of two or more given numbers is the lowest (or smallest or
least) of their common multiples.

Exp 8 : Find the LCM of 12 and 18.

Sol: Multiples of 12 are 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 120, …

Multiples of 18 are 18, 36, 54,72, 90, 108,…..

Common multiples of 12 and 18 are 36, 72, 108, ….

LCM of 12 and 18=36

Finding LCM by prime factorisation:

The LCM of the two numbers is the product of the prime factors counted the maximum number
of times they occur in any of the numbers

Example 9 : Find the LCM of 24 and 90.

Sol: 24=2×2×2×3

90=2×3×3×5

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 18

 LCM of 24 and 90= (2 × 2 × 2) × (3 × 3) × 5 = 360

Example 10 : Find the LCM of 40, 48 and 45

Sol: 40 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5

48 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3

45 = 3 × 3 × 5

LCM = (2 × 2 × 2 × 2)×(3 × 3) × 5 = 720

Example 11 : Find the LCM of 20, 25 and 30

Sol: LCM = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 5=300

Some Problems on HCF and LCM:

Example 12 : Two tankers contain 850 litres and 680

litres of kerosene oil respectively. Find the maximum
capacity of a container which can measure the
kerosene oil of both the tankers when used an exact
number of times.

Sol:

The HCF of 850 and 680 = 2 × 5 × 17 = 170 .

Maximum capacity of the required container is 170 litres.

Example 13 : In a morning walk, three persons step off together. Their steps measure 80 cm, 85 cm
and 90 cm respectively. What is the minimum distance each should walk so that all can cover the
same distance in complete steps?

Sol: LCM of 80, 85 and 90 = 12240

The required minimum distance is 12240 cm.

Example 14 : Find the least number which when divided by 12,

16, 24 and 36 leaves a remainder 7 in each case.

Sol: LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 144

The required number is 7 more than 144.

The required least number = 144 + 7 = 151.

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 19

1. Renu purchases two bags of fertiliser of weights 75 kg and 69 kg. Find the maximum value of
weight which can measure the weight of the fertiliser exact number of times.

Sol: we will find the HCF of 75 and 69

75=3×5×5

69=3×23

HCF of 75, 69=3

The required maximum value of weight=3 kg.

2. Three boys step off together from the same spot. Their steps measure 63 cm, 70 cm and 77 cm
respectively. What is the minimum distance each should cover so that all can cover the distance in
complete steps?

Sol: We will find the LCM of 63, 70, 77

LCM of 63, 70, 77=7×9×10×11=6930

The minimum distance each should cover so that all can cover the
distance in complete steps =6930 cm

3. The length, breadth and height of a room are 825 cm, 675 cm and 450 cm
respectively. Find the longest tape which can measure the three dimensions of the room exactly.

Sol: We will find HCF of 825,675,450.

825=3×5×5×11

675=3×3×3×5×5

450=2×3×3×5×5

HCF of 825,675,450=3×5×5=75

Required longest tape=75 cm

4. Determine the smallest 3-digit number which is exactly divisible by 6, 8 and 12.

Sol: We will find LCM of 6,8,12

LCM of 6,8,12=2×2×2×3=24

Multiples of 24 are 24,48,72,96,120,…

The smallest 3-digit number which is exactly divisible by 6, 8 and 12=120

5. Determine the greatest 3-digit number exactly divisible by 8, 10 and 12.

Sol: LCM of 8 10 and 12=2×2×2×3×5=120

Multiples of 120 are 120, 240, 360, 480, 600, 720, 840, 960, 1080,..

The greatest 3-digit number exactly divisible by 8, 10 and 12=960

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 20

6. The traffic lights at three different road crossings change after every 48 seconds, 72 seconds and
108 seconds respectively. If they change simultaneously at 7 a.m., at what time will they change
simultaneously again?

Sol: We will find LCM of 48,72,108

LCM of 48,72 and 108=2×2×2×2×3×3×3

=432

The required time=432 sec

=7×60+12=7 minutes 12 seconds

7. Three tankers contain 403 litres, 434 litres and 465 litres of diesel
respectively. Find the maximum capacity of a container that can measure the diesel of the three
containers exact number of times.

Sol: We find HCF of 403, 434 and 465.

403=13×31

434=2×7×31

465=3×5×31

HCF of 403,434 and 465=31

Required maximum capacity of container=31 litres.

8. Find the least number which when divided by 6, 15 and 18 leave remainder 5 in each case.

Sol:

LCM of 6,15 and 18=2×3×3×5=90

Remainder=5

Required number=90+5=95

9. Find the smallest 4-digit number which is divisible by 18, 24 and 32.

Sol: LCM of 18,24 and 32=2×2×2×2×2×3×3=288

Multiples of 288 are 288,576,864,1152,..

The smallest 4-digit number which is divisible by 18, 24 and 32=1152

10. Find the LCM of the following numbers : Observe a common property in the obtained LCMs. Is LCM
the product of two numbers in each case?
(a) 9 and 4
Sol: LCM of 9 and 4= 2×2×3×3=36

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 21

Product of 9 and 4=9×4=36

(b) 12 and 5
Sol: LCM of 12 and 5= 2×2×3×5=60
Product of 12 and 5=12×5=60

(c) 6 and 5
Sol: LCM of 6 and 5=2×3×5=30
Product of 6 and 5=6×5=30

(d) 15 and 4.
Sol: LCM of 15 and 4=2×2×3×5=60
Product of 15 and 4=15×4=60
Common property is the LCM of given numbers=Product of given numbers.
(This property holds only the given numbers have no common prime factors)
11. Find the LCM of the following numbers in which one number is the factor of the other. What do
you observe in the results obtained?
(a) 5, 20
Sol: LCM of 5,20=5×2×2=20
(b) 6, 18
Sol: LCM of 6,18=2×3×3=18
(c) 12, 48
Sol: LCM of 12,48= 2×2×2×2×3=48
(d) 9, 45
Sol: LCM of 9,45= 3×3×5=45
We observe that , in two numbers
one number is factor of another number then LCM of the numbers =The larger number.

https://t.me/suresh_mathmaterial

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 22

 VI-MATHEMATICS-NCERT
CHAPTER

4 PREPARED BY: BALABHADRA SURESH

1. The term ‘Geometry’ is the English equivalent of the Greek word ‘Geometron’. ‘Geo’ means Earth
and ‘metron’ means Measurement
2. Point: A point determines a location. It is usually denoted by a capital letter A, B, C, …

1. With a sharp tip of the pencil, mark four points on a paper and name them by the letters A,C,P,H.
Try to name these points in different ways. One such way could be this.

Sol:

2. A star in the sky also gives us an idea of a point. Identify at least five such situations in your daily
life.

Sol: (i) The tip of a pencil.

(ii) The tip of a pen

(iii) The pointed end of the tooth pic

(iv) The sharp tip of compass.

(v) A small bindi.

A Line Segment: This shortest join of point A to B (including A and B) is a line segment. It is denoted
by ̅̅̅̅
AB or ̅̅̅̅
BA

The points A and B are called the end points of the segment.

1. Name the line segments in the figure 4.2. Is A, the end point of
each line segment?

Sol: ̅̅̅̅
AB and ̅̅̅̅
AC

A Line : Aline segment extended both directions without any end point we get a line .
⃡
The line AB written as 𝐀𝐁

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 1

 Sometimes a line is denoted by a letter like 𝒍, 𝒎, 𝒏 …

Intersecting Lines: Two distinct lines meeting at a point are called intersecting lines.

If two lines have one common point, they are called intersecting lines.

Parallel Lines: If two lines have no common points, they are called parallel

lines.

Two lines in a plane are said to be parallel if they do not meet.

Ray: A ray is a portion of a line. It starts at one point (called starting point or initial point) and goes
endlessly in a direction.

𝑨 𝑷
Ray AP is denote by 𝐴𝑃

1. Name the rays given in this picture (Fig 4.8)

Sol: TA, TN or TB

2. Is T a starting point of each of these rays?

Sol: T starting point of the rays TA, TN or TB But not NB

1. Use the figure to name :

(a) Five points : B,C,D,E,O
⃡ or
(b) A line : 𝐵𝐷
(c) Four rays : 𝑂𝐶 , 𝑂𝐵 , 𝐷𝐵 , 𝐸𝐵
̅̅̅̅ , 𝑂𝐶
(d) Five line segments: 𝑂𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ , ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅, 𝐷𝐵
𝐷𝐸 , 𝐸𝑂 ̅̅̅̅
2. Name the line given in all possible (twelve) ways, choosing only two letters at a time from the
four given.

Sol: ⃡𝐴𝐵 , ⃡𝐴𝐶 , ⃡𝐴𝐷 , ⃡𝐵𝐴, 𝐵𝐶

⃡ , ⃡𝐵𝐷 , ⃡𝐶𝐴, 𝐶𝐵
⃡ , ⃡𝐶𝐷, ⃡𝐷𝐴, ⃡𝐷𝐵 , ⃡𝐷𝐶 .

3. Use the figure to name :

⃡ or BE
(a) Line containing point E : AE ⃡ or DE
⃡ or EF
⃡

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 2

 (b) Line passing through A: ⃡AB, AD
⃡ , AE
⃡ , BD ⃡ , DE
⃡ , AE ⃡

(c) Line on which O lies: ⃡OC, ⃡OD, ⃡CD

(d) Two pairs of intersecting lines: ⃡OC, ⃡AE ; ⃡OF, ⃡AE
4. How many lines can pass through (a) one given point? (b) two given points?

Sol: (a) Infinite lines (b) One line.

5. Draw a rough figure and label suitably in each of the following cases:
𝑿
(a) Point P lies on AB.
𝑨 𝒑 𝑩 𝑸
𝑴
⃡ and ⃡𝐏𝐐 intersect at M.
(b) 𝐗𝐘
𝑷 𝒀

𝑫
(c) Line 𝒍 contains E and F but not D.
𝒍
𝑬 𝑭

𝑷
𝐎
⃡ and 𝐎𝐐
(d) 𝐎𝐏 ⃡ meet at O.
𝑸

6. Consider the following figure of line MN . Say whether following statements are true or false in
context of the given figure.
⃡
(a) Q, M, O, N, P are points on the line 𝑀𝑁 . ( True)
(b) M, O, N are points on a line segment ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝑁 . ( True)
(c) M and N are end points of line segment ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝑁 . ( True)
̅̅̅̅ . ( False)
(d) O and N are end points of line segment 𝑂𝑃
̅̅̅̅ . ( False)
(e) M is one of the end points of line segment 𝑄𝑂
(f) M is point on ray 𝑂𝑃 . ( False)
(g) Ray 𝑂𝑃 is different from ray 𝑄𝑃 . ( True)
(h) Ray 𝑂𝑃 is same as ray 𝑂𝑀 . ( False)
(i) Ray 𝑂𝑀 is not opposite to ray 𝑂𝑃 . ( False)
(j) O is not an initial point of 𝑂𝑃 . ( False)

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 3

 (k) N is the initial point of 𝑁𝑃 and 𝑁𝑀 . ( True)

Any drawing (straight or non-straight) done without lifting the pencil may be called a curve. In this
sense, a line is also a curve.

(i) If a curve does not cross itself, then it is called a simple curve.
(ii) A simple curve is one that does not cross itself.
(iii) A curve is said to be closed if its ends are joined; otherwise it is said to be open
(iv) The interior of a curve together with its boundary is called its “region”.

A polygon is a simple closed curve made up of line segments.

(i) The line segments forming a polygon are called its sides.

̅̅̅̅, BC
AB ̅̅̅̅, CD
̅̅̅̅, DE ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅, EA

(ii) Any two sides with a common end point are called the
adjacent sides.

̅̅̅̅
AB, ̅̅̅̅
BC; ̅̅̅̅
BC, ̅̅̅̅
CD ; ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅;
CD, DE ̅̅̅̅, ̅̅̅̅
DE EA; ̅̅̅̅
EA, ̅̅̅̅
AB.

(iii) The meeting point of a pair of sides is called a vertex.

A, B, C, D, E.

(iv) The end points of the same side are adjacent vertices.

A, B; B, C; C, D; D, E; E, A .

(v) The join of any two non-adjacent vertices is a diagonal.

̅̅̅̅
AC, ̅̅̅̅̅
AD, ̅̅̅̅̅
BD, ̅̅̅̅
BE

1. Classify the following curves as (i) Open or (ii) Closed.

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 4

Sol: (a) , (c) are Open curves.

(b),(d) and (e) are closed curves.

2. Draw rough diagrams to illustrate the following :

(a) Open curve (b) Closed curve.

Sol:

3. Draw any polygon and shade its interior.

Sol:

4. Consider the given figure and answer the questions :

(a) Is it a curve? (b) Is it closed?

Sol: (a) Yes, it is a curve. (b) Yes, it is closed.

5. Illustrate, if possible, each one of the following with a rough diagram:

(a) A closed curve that is not a polygon.

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 5

 (b) An open curve made up entirely of line segments.

(c) A polygon with two sides.

Sol: Not possible.

1. An angle is made up of two rays starting from a common starting/initial point.

2. The two rays forming the angle are called the arms or sides of the
angle.
3. The common initial point is the vertex of the angle.
4. Two rays 𝐎𝐏 and 𝐎𝐐 make ∠𝐏𝐎𝐐(or also called QOP). O is vertex.
5. An angle leads to three divisions of a region: On the angle, the
interior of the angle and the exterior of the angle.

1. Name the angles in the given figure

Sol: ∠ABC, ∠BCD, ∠CDA, ∠DAB

2. In the given diagram, name the point(s)

(a) In the interior of DOE
Sol: A
(b) In the exterior of EOF
Sol: A,D,C
(c) On EOF
Sol: E,B,O,F
3. Draw rough diagrams of two angles such that they have.
(a) One point in common.

∠AOB and ∠COD have one common point O

(b) Two points in common.

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 6

∠AOB and ∠COD have two common points O, B

(c) Three points in common.

∠AOB and ∠COD have three common points O, B, 𝐷

(d) Four points in common.

∠AOB and ∠COD have four common points O, B, D, E

(e) One ray in common.

∠AOB and ∠COD have one ray OB in common.

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 7

 VI-MATHEMATICS-NCERT-2023-24
CHAPTER

5 REPARED BY: BALABHADRA SURESH

1. All the shapes we see around us are formed using curves or lines.
2. The ruler is marked along one of its edges. It is divided into 15 parts. Each of these 15 parts is of
length 1cm.
3. Millimetre= mm; Centimetre=cm.
4. 10 mm=1 cm.
5. 1mm=0.1 cm.
6. 2.3 cm=2 cm and 3 mm.
̅̅̅̅=5.8 cm then we write AB=5.8 cm
7. length of AB

1. What is the disadvantage in comparing line segments by mere observation?

Sol: The disadvantage of comparing the lengths of two line segments by mere observation is that the
lengths might not be accurate. Hence, a divider is used to compare the lengths of the line segments

2. Why is it better to use a divider than a ruler, while measuring the length of a line segment?

Sol: The thickness of the ruler may cause difficulties in reading off the marks on it. Errors can happen due to
angular viewing. So, it is better to use a divider than a ruler, while measuring the length of a line
segment.

3. Draw any line segment, say AB. Take any point C lying in between A and B. Measure the lengths of
AB, BC and AC. Is AB = AC + CB?

Sol: Yes, AB = AC + CB

4. If A,B,C are three points on a line such that AB = 5 cm, BC = 3 cm and AC = 8 cm, which one of
them lies between the other two?

Sol: B lie between A and C.

5. Verify, whether D is the mid-point of AG

Sol: AD= DG=3 units . So, D is the mid-point of AG.

̅̅̅̅ and C is the mid point of 𝑩𝑫

6. If B is the mid point of 𝑨𝑪 ̅̅̅̅̅, where A,B,C,D lie on a straight line, say
why AB = CD?

̅̅̅̅ then AB=BC(1)

Sol: If B is the mid-point of 𝐴𝐶

If C is the mid-point of ̅̅̅̅

𝐵𝐷 then BC=CD(2)

From (1) and (2) : AB=CD.

7. Draw five triangles and measure their sides. Check in each case, if the sum of the lengths of any
two sides is always less than the third side.

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 1

Sol: The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle can never be less than the length of the third side.

1. What is the angle name for half a revolution?

Sol: straight angle.

2. What is the angle name one-fourth revolution?

Sol: Right angle.

3. Draw five other situations of one-fourth, half and three-fourth revolution on a clock

Sol:

1. What fraction of a clockwise revolution does the hour hand of a clock turn through, when it goes
from.
1 1 3
(𝐚) 𝟑 𝐭𝐨 𝟗 (A) (𝐜)𝟕 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟎 (A) (𝐞) 𝟏 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟎 (A)
2 4 4
1 3 3
(𝐛)𝟒 𝐭𝐨 𝟕 (A) (𝐝) 𝟏𝟐 𝐭𝐨 𝟗 (A) (𝐟)𝟔 𝐭𝐨 𝟑 (A)
4 4 4
2. Where will the hand of a clock stop if it
𝟏
(𝒂)𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐭 𝟏𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐤𝐰𝐢𝐬𝐞?
𝟐
Sol: 6
𝟏
(𝒃)𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐭 𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐤𝐰𝐢𝐬𝐞?
𝟐
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 8
BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 2
 𝟏
(𝒄)𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐭 𝟓 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐤𝐰𝐢𝐬𝐞?
𝟒
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 8
𝟑
(𝒅) 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐭 𝟓 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐤𝐰𝐢𝐬𝐞?
𝟒
Sol: 2
3. Which direction will you face if you start facing
𝟏
(𝒂) 𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐤𝐰𝐢𝐬𝐞?
𝟐
Sol: West.
𝟏
(𝒃)𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐞 𝟏 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐤𝐰𝐢𝐬𝐞?
𝟐
𝑆𝑜𝑙: West.
𝟑
(𝒄)𝐰𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐢 − 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐤𝐰𝐢𝐬𝐞?
𝟒
𝑆𝑜𝑙: North.
(𝒅) 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐡 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐞 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐟𝐮𝐥𝐥 𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧?
Sol: South.
4. What part of a revolution have you turned through if you stand facing.
(a) east and turn clockwise to face north?
3
𝑆𝑜𝑙:
4
(b) south and turn clockwise to face east?
3
𝑆𝑜𝑙:
4
(c) west and turn clockwise to face east?
1
𝑆𝑜𝑙:
2
5. Find the number of right angles turned through by the hour hand of a clock when it goes from
(𝒂)𝟑 𝒕𝒐 𝟔 (A) 1 right angle.
(𝐛)𝟐 𝐭𝐨 𝟖 (A) 2 right angles.
(𝐜)𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟏 (A) 2 right angles.
(𝐝)𝟏𝟎 𝐭𝐨 𝟏 (A) 1 right angle.
(𝐞)𝟏𝟐 𝐭𝐨 𝟗 (A) 3 right angles.
(𝐟)𝟏𝟐 𝐭𝐨 𝟔 (A) 2 right angles.
6. How many right angles do you make if you start facing
(a) south and turn clockwise to west?
Sol: 1 right angle.
(b) north and turn anti-clockwise to east?
Sol: 3 right angles.
(c) west and turn to west?
Sol: 4 right angles.
(d) south and turn to north?
Sol: 2 right angles.
7. Where will the hour hand of a clock stop if it starts.
(a) from 6 and turns through 1 right angle?
Sol: 9

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 3

 (b) from 8 and turns through 2 right angles?
Sol: 2
(c) from 10 and turns through 3 right angles?
Sol: 7
(d) from 7 and turns through 2 straight angles?
Sol: 7

Angles – ‘Acute’, ‘Obtuse’ and ‘Reflex

1. An angle smaller than a right angle is called an acute angle.

2. If an angle is larger than a right angle, but less than a straight angle, it is called an obtuse angle.
3. A reflex angle is larger than a straight angle.

1. Match the following :

(i) Straight angle (a) Less than one-fourth of a revolution
(ii) Right angle (b) More than half a revolution
(iii) Acute angle (c) Half of a revolution
(iv) Obtuse angle (d) One-fourth of a revolution
1 1
(v) Reflex angle (e) Between 4and 2 of a revolution
(f) One complete revolution

Sol: (i)(c); (ii)(d); (iii)(a); (iv)(e); (v)(b)

2. Classify each one of the following angles as right, straight, acute, obtuse or reflex :

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 4

Sol: (a)Acute angle; (b)Obtuse angle; (c) Right angle; (d) Reflex angle;

(e) Straight angle; (f) Acute angle.

The measure of angle

One complete revolution is divided into 360 equal parts. Each part is a degree. We write 360° to say
‘three hundred sixty degrees’.
1. Right angle=900
2. Straight angle=1800
3. We use Protractor to measure angles

1. What is the measure of (i) a right angle? (ii) a straight angle?

Sol: (i) 900 (ii) 1800.
2. Say True or False :
(a) The measure of an acute angle < 90°.(True)
(b) The measure of an obtuse angle < 90°. (False)
(c) The measure of a reflex angle > 180°. (True)
(d) The measure of one complete revolution = 360°. (True)
(e) If m A = 53° and m B = 35°, then m A > m B (True)
3. Write down the measures of
(a) Some acute angles. (b) Some obtuse angles
0 0 0
Sol:40 , 60 ,89 Sol:1450, 1200,1600

4. Measure the angles given below using the Protractor and write down the measure.

2
1

Sol: (a) 450; (b) 1200; (c) 900; (d) ∠1 = 60°, ∠2 = 90°, ∠3 = 125°

5. Which angle has a large measure? First estimate and then

measure.
Measure of Angle A = 400
Measure of Angle B = 500
6. From these two angles which has larger measure? Estimate and then confirm by measuring them.

Sol: (i) 450; (ii) 600

7. Fill in the blanks with acute, obtuse, right or straight :

(a) An angle whose measure is less than that of a right angle is acute.
(b) An angle whose measure is greater than that of a right angle is obtuse.

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 5

 (c) An angle whose measure is the sum of the measures of two right angles is straight.
(d) When the sum of the measures of two angles is that of a right angle, then each one of them is
acute.
(e) When the sum of the measures of two angles is that of a straight angle and if one of them is
acute then the other should be an obtuse angle..
8. Find the measure of the angle shown in each figure. (First estimate with your eyes and then find
the actual measure with a protractor).

9. Find the angle measure between the hands of the clock in each figure :

Sol: (i) 900 ; (ii) 300 ; (iii) 1800.

10. In the given figure, the angle measures 30°. Look at the same figure through a magnifying glass.
Does the angle becomes larger? Does the size of the angle
change?

Sol: The measure of angle does not change.

11. Measure and classify each angle :

Angle Measure Type

AOB 400 Acute angle
AOC 1250 Obtuse angle
BOC 850 Acute angle
DOC 950 Obtuse angle
DOA 1400 Obtuse angle
DOB 1800 Straight angle

1. When two lines intersect and the angle between them is a right angle, then the lines are said to
be perpendicular
2. If a line AB is perpendicular to CD, we write AB CD .

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 6

3. If AB CD , then CD AB also.
⃡
4. 𝑀𝑁 ̅̅̅̅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 MN divide AB into two equal parts. we say MN is the perpendicular bisector of AB
⊥ 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅

1. Which of the following are models for perpendicular lines :

(a) The adjacent edges of a table top.
(b) The lines of a railway track.
(c) The line segments forming the letter ‘L’.
(d) The letter V.

Sol: (a) and (c) are models for perpendicular lines

2. Let ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ . Let ̅̅̅̅

𝐏𝐐 be the perpendicular to the line segment 𝐗𝐘 𝐏𝐐 and XY intersect in the point A. What
is the measure of PAY ?
Sol: PAY=900.

3. There are two set-squares in your box. What are the measures of the
angles that are formed at their corners? Do they have any angle
measure that is common?

Sol: (i) 300, 600, 900.

(ii) 450, 450, 900

4. Study the diagram. The line l is perpendicular to line m

(a) Is CE = EG?
Sol: Yes, CE = EG.
(b) Does PE bisect CG?
Sol: Yes, CE=EG=2 units
(c) Identify any two line segments for which PE is
the perpendicular bisector.
DF; ̅̅̅̅
Sol: ̅̅̅̅ CG; ̅̅̅̅
BH
(d) Are these true?
(i) AC > FG
Sol: AC =2 unit, FG=1 unit.
Hence, AC> FG is true.
(ii) CD = GH
Sol: CD =1 unit, GH=1 unit.
Hence CD = GH is true.
(iii) BC < EH
Sol: BC =1 unit, EH=3 units .
Hence BC < EH is true.

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 7

Naming triangles based on sides.

(i) A triangle having all three unequal sides is called a Scalene Triangle.
(ii) A triangle having two equal sides is called an Isosceles Triangle.
(iii) A triangle having three equal sides is called an Equilateral Triangle

Naming triangles based on angles

(i) If each angle is less than 90°, then the triangle is called an acute angled triangle
(ii) If anyone angle is a right angle then the triangle is called a right angled triangle.
(iii) If anyone angle is greater than 90°, then the triangle is called an obtuse angled triangle.

Try to draw rough sketches of

(a) a scalene acute angled triangle.

(b) an obtuse angled isosceles triangle.

(c) a right angled isosceles triangle.

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 (d) a scalene right angled triangle.

Do you think it is possible to sketch Think, discuss and write your conclusions.
(a) an obtuse angled equilateral triangle ?
Sol: Not possible.
(b) a right angled equilateral triangle ?
Sol: Not possible
(c) a triangle with two right angles?
Sol: Not possible

1. Name the types of following triangles :

(a) Triangle with lengths of sides 7 cm, 8 cm and 9 cm.
Sol: Scalene triangle.
(b) ABC with AB = 8.7 cm, AC = 7 cm and BC = 6 cm.
Sol: Scalene triangle.
(c) PQR such that PQ = QR = PR = 5 cm.
Sol: Equilateral triangle.
(d) DEF with m D = 90°
Sol: Right angled triangle.
(e) XYZ with m Y = 90° and XY = YZ.
Sol: Isosceles right triangle.
(f) LMN with m L = 30°, m M = 70° and m N = 80°
Sol: Acute-angled triangle.
2. Match the following :
Measures of Triangle Type of Triangle
(i) 3 sides of equal length (e) Equilateral
(ii) 2 sides of equal length (g) Isosceles
(iii) All sides are of different length (a) Scalene
(iv) 3 acute angles (f) Acute angled
(v) 1 right angle (d) Right angled
(vi) 1 obtuse angle (c) Obtuse angled

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 9

 (vii) 1 right angle with two sides of equal length (b) Isosceles right triangled
3. Name each of the following triangles in two different ways: (you may judge the nature of the angle
by observation)

Sol: (a) Acute-angled and isosceles. (b) Right-angled and scalene. (c) Obtuse-angled and isosceles.

(d) Right-angled and isosceles triangle. (e) Equilateral and acute angled. (f) Obtuse-angled and Scalene.

4. Try to construct triangles using match sticks. Some are shown here. Can you make a triangle with
given and name the type of triangle in each case. If you cannot make a triangle, think of reasons for
it.
(a) 3 matchsticks?
Sol: Equilateral triangle.
(b) 4 matchsticks?
Sol: Not possible.
(c) 5 matchsticks?
Sol: Isosceles triangle.
(d) 6 matchsticks?
Sol: Equilateral triangle.

A quadrilateral is a polygon which has four sides.

(i) The sides of the quadrilateral are AB, BC , CD,DA.
(ii) The 4 angles of quadrilateral are BAD , ADC, DCB and ABC.
(iii) The diagonals are AC and BD.
1. Using four unequal sticks, as you did in the above activity, see if you can
form a quadrilateral such that
(a) all the four angles are acute.
Sol: Not possible.
(b) one of the angles is obtuse.
Sol: Yes.
(c) one of the angles is right angled.

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 10

Sol: Yes.
(d) two of the angles are obtuse.
Sol: Yes.
(e) two of the angles are right angled.
Sol: Yes.
(f) the diagonals are perpendicular to one another.
Sol: Not possible.

Types of Quadrilaterals:

Quadrilateral Figure Properties

Trapezium 1. One pair of parallel lines
A quadrilateral with a pair
of parallel sides.
Parallelogram: 1. Opposite sides are equal.
A quadrilateral with each 2. Opposite angles are equal.
pair of opposite sides 3. Diagonals not equal and bisect one
parallel another.
4. Adjacent angles are supplementary
Rhombus: A parallelogram 1. All sides are equal.
with sides of equal length. 2. Opposite angles are equal
3. Diagonals are not equal and
perpendicularly bisect one another.
4. Adjacent angles are supplementary
Rectangle: A parallelogram 1. Opposite sides are equal
with a right angle 2. All angles are equal( right
angle=900).
3. Diagonals are equal and bisect one
another.
Square: A rectangle with 1. All sides are equal.
sides of equal length. 2. Each of the angles is a right angle.
3. Diagonals are equal and
perpendicularly bisect one another.
Kite: A quadrilateral with 1. The diagonals are perpendicular to
exactly two pairs of equal one another.
consecutive sides 2. One of the diagonals bisects the other.

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 11

1. Say True or False :
(a) Each angle of a rectangle is a right angle.
Sol: True.
(b) The opposite sides of a rectangle are equal in length.
Sol: True.
(c) The diagonals of a square are perpendicular to one another.
Sol: False.
(d) All the sides of a rhombus are of equal length.
Sol: True.
(e) All the sides of a parallelogram are of equal length.
Sol: False.
(f) The opposite sides of a trapezium are parallel.
Sol: False
2. Give reasons for the following :
(a) A square can be thought of as a special rectangle.
Sol: A rectangle with all sides equal becomes a square.
(b) A rectangle can be thought of as a special parallelogram.
Sol: A parallelogram with each angle a right angle becomes a rectangle.
(c) A square can be thought of as a special rhombus.
Sol: A rhombus with each angle a right angle becomes a square.
(d) Squares, rectangles, parallelograms are all quadrilaterals.
Sol: All these are four-sided polygons made of line segments.
(e) Square is also a parallelogram.
Sol: The opposite sides of a square are parallel, so it is a parallelogram.
3. A figure is said to be regular if its sides are equal in length and angles are equal in measure. Can
you identify the regular quadrilateral?

Sol: A square is a 'regular' quadrilateral

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 12

1. Examine whether the following are polygons. If any one among them is not, say why?

Sol: (a) is not a closed figure and hence is not a polygon.

(b) is a polygon of six sides.

(c) and (d) are not polygons since they are not made of line segments

2. Name each polygon and Make two more examples of each of these.

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 13

Sol: (a) A Quadrilateral (b) A Triangle (c) A Pentagon (5-sided) (d) An Octagon (8-sided)

3. Draw a rough sketch of a regular hexagon. Connecting any three of its vertices, draw a triangle.
Identify the type of the triangle you have drawn.

Sol: An isosceles triangle can be drawn.

4. Draw a rough sketch of a regular octagon. (Use squared paper if you wish). Draw a rectangle by
joining exactly four of the vertices of the octagon.

Sol:

5. A diagonal is a line segment that joins any two vertices of the polygon and is not a side of the
polygon. Draw a rough sketch of a pentagon and draw its diagonals.

Sol:

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 14

 VI-MATHEMATICS-NCERT(2023-24)
CHAPTER
6 INTEGERS (Notes)
6 REPARED BY: BALABHADRA SURESH

1. The collection of numbers..., – 4, – 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... is called integers. So, – 1, – 2, – 3, – 4, ...

called negative numbers are negative integers and 1, 2, 3, 4, ... called positive numbers are the
positive integers.
2. Representation of integers on a number line

3. One more than given number gives a successor and one less than given number gives
predecessor

Write the succeeding number of the following : (Successor= Just After number)
Number Successor
10 11
8 9
−5 −4
−3 −2
0 1
Now write the preceding number of the following :( Predecessor=Just before number)
Number Predecessor
10 9
8 7
5 4
3 2
0 -1

Profit and loss are opposite situations and if profit is represented by ‘+’ sign, loss can be
represented by ‘–’ sign.
Name of Profit Loss Representation with proper
items sign
Mustard oil ₹ 150 ₹ 150
Rice ₹ 250 −₹ 𝟐𝟓𝟎
Black pepper ₹ 225 ₹ 225
Wheat ₹ 200 ₹ 200
Groundnut ₹ 330 −₹ 𝟑𝟑𝟎
oil

Write the following numbers with appropriate signs :

(a) 100 m below sea level. Ans: −𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎
(b) 25°C above 0°C temperature. Ans: +250C
(c) 15°C below 0°C temperature. Ans: −𝟏𝟓𝟎𝐂

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 1

 (d) Any five numbers less than 0 Ans: −𝟓, −𝟒, −𝟑, −𝟐, −𝟏

Mark 3, 7, –4, –8, –1 and – 3 on the number line.

4. Fill in the boxes using > and < signs.

> >
> >
< <

Compare the following pairs of numbers using > or<

> >
> <
< <

From the above exercise, Rohini arrived at the following conclusions : Do you agree with her? Give
examples.
(a) Every positive integer is larger than every negative integer.
Sol: Yes, the positive integers are right to negative integers and every right integer is larger to left
integer on number line.
(b) Zero is less than every positive integer.
Sol: Yes, zero is left to all positive integers
(c) Zero is larger than every negative integer.
Sol: Yes, zero is right to all negative integers.
(d) Zero is neither a negative integer nor a positive integer.
Sol: Yes.
(e) Farther a number from zero on the right, larger is its value.
Sol: Yes,
(f) Farther a number from zero on the left, smaller is its value.
Sol: Yes.

Example 1 : By looking at the number line, answer the following questions : Which integers lie
between – 8 and – 2? Which is the largest integer and the smallest integer among them?

Solu: Integers between – 8 and – 2 are – 7, – 6, – 5, – 4, – 3.

The integer – 3 is the largest and – 7 is the smallest.

Example 2 : (a) One button is kept at – 3. In which direction and how many steps should we move to
reach at – 9?

(b) Which number will we reach if we move 4 steps to the right of – 6.

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 2

Solu : (a) We have to move six steps to the left of – 3

(b) We reach – 2 when we move 4 steps to the right of – 6.

1. Write opposites of the following :

(a) Increase in weight
Sol: Decrease in weight
(b) 30 km north
Sol: 30 km south
(c) 80 m east
Sol: 80 m west
(d) Loss of Rs 700
Sol: Profit of Rs 700
(e) 100 m above sea level
Sol: 100 m below sea level
2. Represent the following numbers as integers with appropriate signs.
(a) An aeroplane is flying at a height two thousand metre above the ground.
Sol: +2000 m
(b) A submarine is moving at a depth, eight hundred metre below the sea level.
Sol: −800𝑚
(c) A deposit of rupees two hundred.
Sol: +₹700
(d) Withdrawal of rupees seven hundred.
Sol:−₹700
3. Represent the following numbers on a number line :
(a) + 5 (b) – 10 (c) + 8 (d) – 1 (e) – 6

4. Adjacent figure is a vertical number line, representing integers. Observe it and locate
the following points :
(a) If point D is + 8, then which point is – 8?
Sol: F
(b) Is point G a negative integer or a positive integer?
Sol: Negative integer.
(c) Write integers for points B and E.
Sol: B is +4 and E is −10
(d) Which point marked on this number line has the least value?
Sol: E
(e) Arrange all the points in decreasing order of value.
Sol: D, C, B, A, H, G, F, E.
5. Following is the list of temperatures of five places in India on a particular day of the
year
(a) Write the temperatures of these places in the form of integers in the blank column.

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 3

 Place Temperature
Siachin 10°C below 0°C −10°𝐶
Shimla 2°C below 0°C −2°𝐶.
Ahmedabad 30°C above 0°C +30°𝐶
Delhi 20°C above 0°C 20°𝐶
Srinagar 5°C below 0°C −5°𝐶

(b) Following is the number line representing the temperature in degree Celsius. Plot the name of the
city against its temperature.

(c) Which is the coolest place?

Sol: Siachin is the coolest place.
(d) Write the names of the places where temperatures are above 10°C.
Sol: Delhi and Ahmedabad.
6. In each of the following pairs, which number is to the right of the other on the number line?
(a) 2, 9 (b) – 3, – 8 (c) 0, – 1 (d) – 11, 10 (e) – 6, 6 (f) 1, – 100

Sol: (a) 9 (b) -3 (c) 0 (d) 10 (e) 6 (f) 1

7. Write all the integers between the given pairs (write them in the increasing order.)
(a) 0 and – 7
Sol: −6, −5, −4, −3, −2, −1
(b) – 4 and 4
Sol: −3, −2, −1,0,1,2,3
(c) – 8 and – 15
Sol: −14, −13, −12, −11, −10, −9
(d) – 30 and – 23
Sol: −29, −28, −27, −26, −25, −24
8. (a) Write four negative integers greater than – 20.

Sol: −19, −18, −17, −16, −15, −14, −13, −12, −11, −10, . . (𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟)

(b) Write four integers less than – 10.

Sol: −11, −12, −13, −14, −15, −16, −17, −18, −19, … (𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟)

9. For the following statements, write True (T) or False (F). If the statement is false, correct the
statement.
(a) – 8 is to the right of – 10 on a number line.
Sol: True
(b) – 100 is to the right of – 50 on a number line.
Sol: False.

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 4

 Correct statement:– 100 is to the left of – 50 on number line.

(c) Smallest negative integer is – 1.

Sol: False.
Correct statement: Greatest negative integer is – 1.
(d) – 26 is greater than – 25.
Sol: False.
Correct statement: – 26 is smaller than – 25.
10. Draw a number line and answer the following :

(a) Which number will we reach if we move 4 numbers to the right of – 2.

Sol: 2
(b) Which number will we reach if we move 5 numbers to the left of 1.
Sol: −4
(c) If we are at – 8 on the number line, in which direction should we move to reach – 13?
Sol: To the left.
(d) If we are at – 6 on the number line, in which direction should we move to reach – 1?
Sol: To the right.

(i) When two positive integers are added, we get a positive integer

[e.g. (+ 3) + ( + 2) = + 5]

(ii) When two negative integers are added, we get a negative integer

[e.g. (–2) + ( – 1) = – 3].

(iii) When you have one positive and one negative integer, you must subtract, but answer will take
the sign of the bigger integer.

Find the answers of the following additions:

(𝒂) (– 𝟏𝟏) + (– 𝟏𝟐) = −23 (𝒂) (– 𝟕) + (+ 𝟖) = +1

(𝒃) (+ 𝟏𝟎) + (+ 𝟒) = +14 (𝒃) (– 𝟗) + (+𝟏𝟑) = +4

(𝒄) (– 𝟑𝟐) + (– 𝟐𝟓) = −57 (𝒄) (+ 𝟕) + (– 𝟏𝟎) = −3

(𝒅) (+ 𝟐𝟑) + (+ 𝟒𝟎) = +63 (𝒅) (+𝟏𝟐) + (– 𝟕) = +5

Addition of integers on a number line

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To add a positive integer we move towards the right on a number line and for adding a negative
integer we move towards left.

Try These

1. Find the solution of the following additions using a number line :

(𝒂) (– 𝟐) + 𝟔 = 𝟒

Start at -2 and move 6 steps to right

(𝒃) (– 𝟔) + 𝟐 = −𝟒

Start at -6 and move 2 steps to right

2. Find the solution of the following without using number line :

(𝒂) (+ 𝟕) + (– 𝟏𝟏) = −4

(𝒃) (– 𝟏𝟑) + (+ 𝟏𝟎) = −3

(𝒄) (– 𝟕) + (+ 𝟗) = +2

(𝒅) (+ 𝟏𝟎) + (– 𝟓) = +5

Example 3 : Using the number line, write the integer which is

(a) 4 more than –1

Sol: (−1) + 4 = 3

(b) 5 less than 3

𝑆𝑜𝑙: 3 + (−5) = −2

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Example 4 : Find the sum of (– 9) + (+ 4) + (– 6) + (+ 3)

Sol: (– 9) + (+ 4) + (– 6) + (+ 3)

= (– 9) + (– 6) + (+ 3) + (+ 4)

= (– 15) + (+7) = −8

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓 ∶ 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 (𝟑𝟎) + (– 𝟐𝟑) + (– 𝟔𝟑) + (+ 𝟓𝟓)

Solution ∶ (30) + (+ 55) + (– 23) + (– 63)

= 85 + (– 86) = – 1

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟔 ∶ 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 (– 𝟏𝟎), (𝟗𝟐), (𝟖𝟒)𝐚𝐧𝐝 (– 𝟏𝟓)

Solution ∶ (– 10) + (92) + (84) + (– 15)

= (– 10) + (– 15) + 92 + 84

= (– 25) + 176 = 151

EXERCISE 6.2

1. Using the number line write the integer which is :

(a) 3 more than 5

(b) 5 more than –5

(c) 6 less than 2

(d) 3 less than –2

2. Use number line and add the following integers :

(𝒂)𝟗 + (– 𝟔) = 3

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 (𝒃)𝟓 + (– 𝟏𝟏) = −6

(𝒄) (– 𝟏) + (– 𝟕) = −8

(𝒅) (– 𝟓) + 𝟏𝟎 = 5

(𝒆) (– 𝟏) + (– 𝟐) + (– 𝟑) = −6

(𝒇) (– 𝟐) + 𝟖 + (– 𝟒) = 2

3. Add without using number line :

(𝒂) 𝟏𝟏 + (– 𝟕) = 4
(𝒃) (– 𝟏𝟑) + (+ 𝟏𝟖) = +5
(𝒄) (– 𝟏𝟎) + (+ 𝟏𝟗) = +9
(𝒅) (– 𝟐𝟓𝟎) + (+ 𝟏𝟓𝟎) = −100
(𝒆) (– 𝟑𝟖𝟎) + (– 𝟐𝟕𝟎) = −650
(𝒇) (– 𝟐𝟏𝟕) + (– 𝟏𝟎𝟎) = −317
4. Find the sum of :
(𝒂) 𝟏𝟑𝟕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 – 𝟑𝟓𝟒
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 137 + (−354) = −217
(𝒃) – 𝟓𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟓𝟐
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (−52) + 52 = 0
(𝒄) – 𝟑𝟏𝟐, 𝟑𝟗 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏𝟗𝟐
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (−312) + 39 + 192
= (−312) + 231 = −81
(𝒅) – 𝟓𝟎, – 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (−50) + (−200) + 300
= (−250) + 300 = 50

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5. Find the sum :
(𝐚) (– 𝟕) + (– 𝟗) + 𝟒 + 𝟏𝟔
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (– 7) + (– 9) + 4 + 16
= (−16) + 20 = 4
(𝐛) (𝟑𝟕) + (– 𝟐) + (– 𝟔𝟓) + (– 𝟖)
Sol: (37) + (– 2) + (– 65) + (– 8)
= 37 + (−75) = −38
Subtraction of Integers with the help of a Number Line
−(−) = +
Example 7 : Find the value of – 8 – (–10) using number line
𝑆𝑜𝑙: – 8 – (– 10) = −8 + 10 = 2

Example 8 : Subtract (– 4) from (– 10)

𝑠𝑜𝑙: (−10) − (−4) = −10 + 4 = −6

1. Find
(𝒂) 𝟑𝟓 – (𝟐𝟎)
= 35 − 20 = 15
(𝒃) 𝟕𝟐 – (𝟗𝟎)
= 72 − 90 = −18
(𝒄) (– 𝟏𝟓)– (– 𝟏𝟖)
= −15 + 18 = 3
(𝒅) (– 𝟐𝟎)– (𝟏𝟑)
= −20 − 13 = −33
(𝒆) 𝟐𝟑 – (– 𝟏𝟐)
= 23 + 12 = 35
(𝒇) (– 𝟑𝟐)– (– 𝟒𝟎)
= −32 + 40 = 8
2. Fill in the blanks with >, < or = sign
(𝒂) (– 𝟑) + (– 𝟔) < (– 𝟑) − (– 𝟔)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (– 3) + (– 6) = −9
(– 3) − (– 6) = −3 + 6 = 3
(𝒃) (– 𝟐𝟏)– (– 𝟏𝟎) > (– 𝟑𝟏) + (– 𝟏𝟏)
𝑠𝑜𝑙: (– 21)– (– 10) = −21 + 10 = −11
(– 31) + (– 11) = −41
(𝒄) 𝟒𝟓 – (−𝟏𝟏) > 𝟓𝟕 + (– 𝟒)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 45 – (−11) = 45 + 11 = 56
57 + (– 4) = 53
(𝒅) (– 𝟐𝟓) – (– 𝟒𝟐) > (– 𝟒𝟐) – (– 𝟐𝟓)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (– 25)– (– 42) = −25 + 42 = 17
(– 42)– (– 25) = −42 + 25 = −17
3. Fill in the blanks.

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 9

 (𝒂) (– 𝟖) + _____ = 𝟎
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (−8) + 8 = 0
(𝒃) 𝟏𝟑 + ___ = 𝟎
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 13 + (−13) = 0
(𝒄) 𝟏𝟐 + (– 𝟏𝟐) = ___
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 12 + (– 12) = 0
(𝒅) (– 𝟒) + ____ = – 𝟏𝟐
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (– 4) + (−8) = – 12
(𝒆) ____ – 𝟏𝟓 = – 𝟏0
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 5– 15 = – 10
4. Find
(𝒂) (– 𝟕)– 𝟖 – (– 𝟐𝟓)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (– 7)– 8 – (– 25)
= −7 − 8 + 25
= −15 + 25 = 10
(𝒃) (– 𝟏𝟑) + 𝟑𝟐 – 𝟖 – 𝟏
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (– 13) + 32 – 8 – 1
= (– 13) – 8 – 1 + 32
= −22 + 32 = 10
(𝒄) (– 𝟕) + (– 𝟖) + (– 𝟗𝟎)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (– 7) + (– 8) + (– 90)
= (−15) + (−90)
= −105
(𝒅) 𝟓𝟎 – (– 𝟒𝟎) – (– 𝟐)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 50 – (– 40)– (– 2)
= 50 + 40 + 2
= 92

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 10

 CHAPTER VI-MATHEMATICS-NCERT
7. FRACTIONS (Notes)
7
PREPARED BY: BALABHADRA SURESH

1. A fraction is a number representing a part of a whole. This whole may be a single object or a
group of objects
2. When expressing a situation of counting parts to write a fraction, it must be ensured that all
parts are equal.
5
3. In , 5 is called the numerator and 7 is called the denominator.
7

1. Write the fraction representing the shaded portion.

2 8 4 1 3 3 10 4 4 1
Sol: (𝑖) (𝑖𝑖) (𝑖𝑖𝑖) (𝑣𝑖) (𝑣) (𝑣𝑖) (𝑣𝑖𝑖) (𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖) (𝑖𝑥) (𝑥)
4 9 8 4 7 12 10 9 8 2
2. Colour the part according to the given fraction.

3. Identify the error, if any.

Sol: Each figure not divided equal parts. So, shaded portions do not represent the given fractions.

4. What fraction of a day is 8 hours?

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 1
Sol: 1 day=24 hours

8
Fraction of a day is 8 hours =
24
5. What fraction of an hour is 40 minutes?

Sol: 1 hour=60 minutes.

40
Fraction of an hour is 40 minutes =
60
6. Arya, Abhimanyu, and Vivek shared lunch. Arya has brought two sandwiches, one made of
vegetable and one of jam. The other two boys forgot to bring their lunch. Arya agreed to share his
sandwiches so that each person will have an equal share of each sandwich.
(a) How can Arya divide his sandwiches so that each person has an equal share?
(b) What part of a sandwich will each boy receive?

Sol: (a) Arya will divide each sandwich into 3 equal parts, and give one part of each sandwich to
each one of them.

1
(𝑏)Each boy receive part of sand wich.
3
7. Kanchan dyes dresses. She had to dye 30 dresses. She has so far finished 20 dresses. What fraction
of dresses has she finished?

Sol: Total number of dresses Kanchan has to dye=30

Number of dresses she has finished=20

20 2
Required fraction = =
30 3
8. Write the natural numbers from 2 to 12. What fraction of them are prime numbers?

Sol: Natural numbers from 2 to 12 are 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12

Prime numbers are 2,3,5,7,11

Total given natural numbers 5

Required fraction = =
Number of prime numbers 11

9. Write the natural numbers from 102 to 113. What fraction of them are prime numbers?

Sol: Natural numbers from 102 to 113 are 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110,111,112,113

Prime numbers are 103,107,109,113

Total given natural numbers 4
Required fraction = = 12
Number of prime numbers

10. What fraction of these circles have X’s in them?

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 2

Sol: Total number of circles=8

Number of circles having X’s in them=4

4
The required fraction =
8
11. Kristin received a CD player for her birthday. She bought 3 CDs and received 5 others as gifts.
What fraction of her total CDs did she buy and what fraction did she receive as gifts?

Sol: Number of CDs Kristin buy=3

Number of CDs received as gift=5

Total number of CDs Kristin has=3+5=8

3 5
Fraction of CDs she bought = ; Fraction of CDs received as gifts =
8 8
Fraction on the Number Line.

𝟑
1. Show 𝟓on a number line

𝟏 𝟎 𝟓 𝟏𝟎
2. Show 𝟏𝟎 , 𝟏𝟎 , 𝟏𝟎 , 𝒂𝒏𝒅 on a number line.
𝟏𝟎

3. Can you show any other fraction between 0 and 1? Write five more fractions that you can show
and depict them on the number line
𝟑 𝟓 𝟏
(𝐚)𝐒𝐡𝐨𝐰 , , 𝐨𝐧 𝐚 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 3

4. How many fractions lie between 0 and 1? Think, discuss and write your answer?

Sol: There are infinite number of fractions lie between 0 and 1.

Proper Fractions:

In a fraction the numerator is always less than the denominator is called Proper fraction.

Proper fraction value always less than 1.

1. Give a proper fraction :

(a) whose numerator is 5 and denominator is 7.
5
Sol:
7
(b) whose denominator is 9 and numerator is 5.
5
Sol:
9
(c) whose numerator and denominator add up to 10. How many fractions of this kind can you make?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Sol: , , , , , , , ,
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 9 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

(d) whose denominator is 4 more than the numerator. (Give any five. How many more can you
make?)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Sol: , , , , , , … . . We write infinite fractions.
5 6 7 8 9 10

2. A fraction is given. How will you decide, by just looking at it, whether, the fraction is (a) less than
1? (b) equal to 1?

Sol: (a) If the numerator is less than denominator then the fraction is less than 1.

(b)If the numerator and denominator are equal then the fraction is equal to 1.

3. Fill up using one of these : ‘>’, ‘<’ or ‘=’

1 3 7 4 2005
(𝑎) < 1 (𝑏) < 1 (𝑐) 1 > (𝑑) = 1 (𝑒) =1
2 5 8 4 2005

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 Improper and Mixed Fractions
The fractions, where the numerator is bigger than the denominator are called improper
fractions.
3 12 15
E𝑥: , , , ..
2 7 9

1. Write five improper fractions with denominator 7.

10 11 12 13 14
Sol: , , , ,
7 7 7 7 7
2. Write five improper fractions with numerator 11.

11 11 11 11 11
Sol: , , , , ,
2 3 4 5 6
Mixed Fractions:
A mixed fraction has a combination of a whole and a part ( Whole number and proper fraction)
3 5 7
𝐸𝑥: 2 , 3 , 4 , … ..
5 9 11
Remainder
The mixed fraction will be written as Quotient .
Divisor
Example 1 : Express the following as mixed fractions :

17 1
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑎) =4
4 4

11 2
(𝑏) =3
3 3

27 2
(𝑐) =5
5 5

7 1
(𝑑) =2
3 3
Alternate method:

17 16 + 1 16 1 1 1
(𝑎) = = + =4+ =4
4 4 4 4 4 4
11 9 + 2 9 2 2 2
(𝑏) = = + =3+ =3
3 3 3 3 3 3

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 27 25 + 2 25 2 2 2
(𝑐) = = + =5+ =5
5 5 5 5 5 5
7 6+1 6 1 1 1
(𝑑) = = + = 2+ = 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
Mixed fractions as improper fraction:

Numerator (Whole × Denominator) + Numerator

Whole =
Denominator Denominator
Example 2 : Express the following mixed fractions as improper fractions:

3 (2 × 4) + 3 8 + 3 11 3 (5 × 7) + 3 35 + 3 38
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑎) 2 = = = . (𝑏) 5 = = =
4 4 4 4 7 7 7 7
1 (7 × 9) + 1 63 + 1 64
(𝑏) 7 = = =
9 9 9 9

1. Draw number lines and locate the points on them :

1 1 3 4 1 2 3 7 2 3 8 4
(𝑎) , , , (𝑏) , , , (𝑐) , , ,
2 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 5 5 5 5

2. Express the following as mixed fractions :

20 2 28 3
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑎) =6 (𝑑) =5
3 3 5 5

17 3
(𝑐) =2
11 1 7 7
(𝑏) =2 19 1
5 5 (𝑒) =3
6 6

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 35 8
(𝑓) =3
9 9
3. Express the following as improper fractions :

3 (7 × 4) + 3 28 + 3 31 3 (10 × 5) + 3 50 + 3 53
Sol: (a)7 = = = (d) 10 = = =
4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5
6 (5 × 7) + 6 35 + 6 41 3 (9 × 7) + 3 63 + 3 66
(b) 5 = = = (e) 9 = = =
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
5 (2 × 6) + 5 12 + 5 17 4 (8 × 9) + 4 72 + 4 76
(c) 2 = = = (f) 8 = = =
6 6 6 6 9 9 9 9

To find an equivalent fraction of a given fraction, you may multiply or divide both the numerator
and the denominator of the given fraction by the same number.

Find five equivalent fractions of each of the following:

𝟐
(𝐢)
𝟑
2 2×2 2×3 2×4 2×5 2×6
Sol: = = = = = = ⋯.
3 3×2 3×3 3×4 3×5 3×6
2 4 6 8 10 12
= = = = = =⋯
3 6 9 12 15 18
𝟏
(𝐢𝐢)
𝟓
1 1×2 1×3 1×4 1×5 1×6
Sol: = = = = = = ⋯.
5 5×2 5×3 5×4 5×5 5×6
1 2 3 4 5 6
= = = = = =⋯
5 10 15 20 25 30
𝟑
(𝐢𝐢𝐢)
𝟓
3 3×2 3×3 3×4 3×5 3×6
Sol: = = = = = = ⋯.
5 5×2 5×3 5×4 5×5 5×6

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 7

 3 6 9 12 15 18
= = = = = =⋯
5 10 15 20 25 30
𝟓
(𝐢𝐯)
𝟗
5 5×2 5×3 5×4 5×5 5×6
Sol: = = = = = = ⋯.
9 9×2 9×3 9×4 9×5 9×6
5 10 15 20 25 30
= = = = = =⋯
9 18 27 36 45 54
𝟐
Example 3 : Find the equivalent fraction of 𝟓 with numerator 6.

2 2×3 6
Sol: = =
5 5 × 3 15
𝟏𝟓
Example 4 : Find the equivalent fraction of 𝟑𝟓 with denominator 7.

15 15 ÷ 5 3
Sol: = =
35 35 ÷ 5 7
𝟐
Example 5 : Find the equivalent fraction of 𝟗 with denominator 63.

2 𝑥 9 × 𝑥 = 9 × 14
Sol: =
9 63
𝑥 = 14
9 × 𝑥 = 63 × 2
2 14
9×𝑥 = 9×7×2 =
9 63
Simplest Form of a Fraction:

A fraction is said to be in the simplest (or lowest) form if its numerator and denominator have no
common factor except 1.

1. Write the simplest form of :

15 15 ÷ 5 3÷3 1 42 42 ÷ 2 21 ÷ 7 3
Sol: (i) = = = (iv) = = =
75 75 ÷ 5 15 ÷ 3 5 28 28 ÷ 2 14 ÷ 7 2
16 16 ÷ 8 2 80 80 ÷ 8 10
(ii) = = (v) = =
72 72 ÷ 8 9 24 24 ÷ 8 3
17 17 ÷ 17 1
(iii) = =
51 51 ÷ 17 3
𝟒𝟗
2. Is 𝟔𝟒 in its simplest form?

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 8

 49
Sol: is in simplest form.
64
Because there is no common factor to 49 and 64 except 1.

1. Write the fractions. Are all these fractions equivalent?

All fractions are equivalent

Expect 5th fraction remaining are all equivalent fractions

2. Write the fractions and pair up the equivalent fractions from each row.

1 4 2 3 1 2 1 3
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑎) (𝑏) = (𝑐) = (𝑑) = (𝑒)
2 6 3 9 3 8 4 4
6 1 4 1 12 3 8 2 4 1
(𝑖) = (𝑖𝑖) = (𝑖𝑖𝑖) = (𝑖𝑣) = (𝑣) =
18 3 8 2 16 4 12 3 16 4
Pair of equivalent fractions ∶ (a), (ii); (b), (iv); (c), (v); (d), (v); (e), (iii)

3. Replace in each of the following by the correct number :

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 9

 2 2×4 8 45 45 ÷ 3 15
Sol: (a) = = (d) = =
7 7×4 28 60 60 ÷ 3 20

5 5×2 10 18 18 ÷ 6 3
(b) = = (e) = =
8 8×2 16 24 24 ÷ 6 4

3 3×4 12
(𝑐) = =
5 5×4 20
𝟑
4. Find the equivalent fraction of 𝟓 having.
(a) Denominator 20 (c) Denominator 30
3 3 × 4 12 3 3 × 6 18
Sol: = = Sol: = =
5 5 × 4 20 5 5 × 6 30
(b) Numerator 9 (d) Numerator 27
3 3×3 9 3 3 × 9 27
Sol: = = Sol: = =
5 5 × 3 15 5 5 × 9 45
𝟑𝟔
5. Find the equivalent fraction of with
𝟒𝟖
(a) numerator 9 (b) denominator 4

𝟑𝟔 36 ÷ 4 9 𝟑𝟔 36 ÷ 12 3
Sol: (𝑎) = = (𝑏) = =
𝟒𝟖 48 ÷ 4 12 𝟒𝟖 48 ÷ 12 4
6. Check whether the given fractions are equivalent :
𝟓 𝟑𝟎 𝟑 𝟏𝟐 𝟕 𝟓
(𝒂) , (𝒃) , (𝒄) ,
𝟗 𝟓𝟒 𝟏𝟎 𝟓𝟎 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟏
sol:

5 5 × 6 30 7 7×5 35
(𝑎) = = (𝑐) = = ,
9 9 × 6 54 13 13 × 5 65
5 30 5 5×7 35
= = =
9 54 11 11 × 7 77
3 3×4 12 7 5
(𝑏) = = ≠
10 10 × 4 40 13 11
3 12
≠
10 50

7. Reduce the following fractions to simplest form :

48 150 84 12 7
(𝑎) (𝑏) (𝑐) (𝑑) (𝑒)
60 60 98 52 28
48 48 ÷ 12 4 84 84 ÷ 2 42 ÷ 7 6
Sol: (𝑎) = = (c) = = =
60 60 ÷ 12 5 98 98 ÷ 2 49 ÷ 7 7
150 150 ÷ 10 15 ÷ 3 5 12 12 ÷ 4 3
(b) = = = (𝑑) = =
60 60 ÷ 10 6÷3 2 52 52 ÷ 4 13

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 10

 7 7÷7 1
(𝑒) = =
28 28 ÷ 7 4
8. Ramesh had 20 pencils, Sheelu had 50 pencils and Jamaal had 80 pencils. After 4 months, Ramesh
used up 10 pencils, Sheelu used up 25 pencils and Jamaal used up 40 pencils. What fraction did
each use up? Check if each has used up an equal fraction of her/his pencils?

Sol:

Ramesh Sheelu Jammal

Used pencils 10 25 40
Total pencils 20 50 80
10 1
Fraction of pencils uesd by Ramesh = =
20 2
25 1
Fraction of pencils uesd by Sheelu = =
50 2
40 1
Fraction of pencils uesd by Jammal = =
80 2
All students used equal fraction of pencils.

9. Match the equivalent fractions and write two more for each.

250 25 5 180 18 9 660 66 6 2

Sol: (𝑖) = = (𝑖𝑖) = = (𝑖𝑖𝑖) = = =
400 40 8 200 20 10 990 99 9 3
180 18 2 1 220 22 2
(𝑖𝑣) = = = , (𝑣) = =
360 36 4 2 550 55 5
(𝑖) → (𝑑); (𝑖𝑖) → (𝑒); (𝑖𝑖𝑖) → (𝑎); (𝑖𝑣) → (𝑐); (𝑣) → (𝑏)

Like Fractions and unlike fractions.

Fractions with same denominators are called like fractions.

1 2 3 8
Ex: , , , ,…
15 15 15 15
Fractions with different denominators are called unlike fractions.

2 7 5
E𝑥: , , , ..
9 27 28
Comparing Like Fractions:
In two like fractions (the denominators are same) the greater numerator fraction is greater.

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 11

 3 2 3 5
E𝑥: (𝑖) > (𝑖𝑖) <
5 5 7 7

1. Which is the larger fraction? Why are these comparisons easy to make?

𝟕 𝟖 8 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟑 13 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟐 17
Sol: (𝑖) 𝒐𝒓 𝐴𝑛𝑠: (𝑖𝑖) 𝒐𝒓 𝐴𝑛𝑠: (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝒐𝒓 𝐴𝑛𝑠:
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 10 𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒 24 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟐 102
These are like fractions.

2. Write these in ascending and also in descending order.

𝟏 𝟓 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟒 𝟑 𝟕
(𝒂) , , (𝒃) , , , ,
𝟖 𝟖 𝟖 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
1 3 5 1 3 4 7 11
Sol: Ascending order: , , Sol: Ascending order: , , , , .
8 8 8 5 5 5 5 5
5 3 1 11 7 4 3 1
Descending order: , , Descending order: , , , , .
8 8 8 5 5 5 5 5
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟏 𝟕
(𝒄) , , , ,
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
1 3 7 11 13 13 11 7 3 1
Sol: Ascending order: , , , , . Descending order: , , , , .
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Comparing unlike fractions
(i) If the numerator is the same in two fractions, the fraction with the smaller denominator is
greater of the two’
3 3 4 4
𝐸𝑥: (𝑖) > (𝑖𝑖) <
5 7 11 9

1. Arrange the following in ascending and descending order :

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(𝒂) , , , , , , .
𝟏𝟐 𝟐 𝟓 𝟕 𝟓𝟎 𝟗 𝟏𝟕
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sol: Ascending order: , , , , , ,
50 17 12 9 7 5 2
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
(𝒃) , , , , , , .
𝟕 𝟏𝟏 𝟓 𝟐 𝟏𝟑 𝟒 𝟏𝟕
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Sol: Ascending order: , , , , , , .
17 13 11 7 5 4 2
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
(𝒄) , , , , , , .
𝟕 𝟖 𝟓 𝟔 𝟏𝟗 𝟒 𝟏𝟕
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Sol: Ascending order: , , , , , ,
19 17 8 7 16 5 4

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 12

 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
(𝒅) , , , , , , .
𝟕 𝟏𝟏 𝟓 𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟕
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Sol: Ascending order: , , , , , ,
17 15 13 11 7 5 3
When we compare two unlike fractions, we first get their equivalent fractions with a denominator
which is a common multiple (prefer LCM) of the denominators of both the fractions.
𝟒 𝟓
Example 6 : Compare 𝟓 and 𝟔 .

Sol: LCM of 5,6 = 30

4 4 × 6 24 5 5 × 5 25
= = ; = =
5 5 × 6 30 6 6 × 5 30
25 24 5 4
> so, >
30 30 6 5
𝟓 𝟏𝟑
Example 7 : Compare 𝟔 and 𝟏𝟓 .

Sol: LCM of 6,15=30

5 5 × 5 25 13 13 × 2 26
= = ; = =
6 6 × 5 30 15 15 × 2 30
26 25 13 5
> 𝑆𝑜, >
30 30 15 6

1. Write shaded portion as fraction. Arrange them in ascending and descending order using correct
sign ‘<’, ‘=’, ‘>’ between the fractions:

3 6 4 1 8 4 3 6
Sol: Fractions: , , , Sol: Fractions: , , ,
8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9
1 3 4 6 3 4 6 8
Ascending order: < < < Ascending order: < < <
8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9
6 4 3 1 8 6 4 3
Descending order: > > > Descending order: > > >
8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9
𝟐 𝟒 𝟖 𝟔
(c) Show 𝟔 , 𝟔 , 𝟔 , 𝒂𝒏𝒅 on the number line. Put appropriate signs between the fractions given
𝟔

5 2 3 1 6 8 5
> , > 0, < , >
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
2. Compare the fractions and put an appropriate sign.

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 13

 3 5 1 1 4 5 3 3
(𝑎) < (𝑏) < (𝑐) < (𝑑) >
6 6 7 4 5 5 5 7
3. Make five more such pairs and put appropriate signs.

Sol:

4. Look at the figures and write ‘<’ or ‘>’, ‘=’ between the given pairs of fractions.

1 1 3 2 2 2 6 3 5 5
(𝑎) < (𝑏) = (𝑐) > (𝑑) = (𝑒) <
6 3 6 4 3 4 6 3 6 5
5. How quickly can you do this? Fill appropriate sign. ( ‘<’,’=’,’>’)

𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥
 , are two fractions (𝑖) 𝐼𝑓𝑎 × 𝑦 = 𝑏 × 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 =
𝑏 𝑦 𝑏 𝑦
𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥
(𝑖𝑖)𝑎 × 𝑦 > 𝑏 × 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 > (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑎 × 𝑦 < 𝑏 × 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 <
𝑏 𝑦 𝑏 𝑦
1 1 3 6 3 7
(𝑎) > (𝑒) < (𝑖) <
2 5 5 5 4 8
2 3 7 3 6 3
(𝑏) = (𝑓) > (𝑗) =
4 6 9 9 10 5
3 2 1 2 5 15
(𝑐) < (𝑔) = (𝑘) =
5 3 4 8 7 21
3 2 6 4
(𝑑) > (ℎ) <
4 8 10 5
6. The following fractions represent just three different numbers. Separate them into three groups
of equivalent fractions, by changing each one to its simplest form.

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 14

 2 2÷2 1 10 10 ÷ 10 1 12 12 ÷ 3 4
(𝑎) = = (𝑒) = = (𝑖) = =
12 12 ÷ 2 6 60 60 ÷ 10 6 75 75 ÷ 3 25
3 3÷3 1 15 15 ÷ 15 1 12 12 ÷ 12 1
(𝑏) = = (𝑓) = = (𝑗) = =
15 15 ÷ 3 5 75 75 ÷ 15 5 72 72 ÷ 12 6
8 8÷2 4 12 12 ÷ 12 1 3 3÷3 1
(𝑐) = = (𝑔) = = (𝑘) = =
50 50 ÷ 2 25 60 60 ÷ 12 5 18 18 ÷ 3 6
16 16 ÷ 4 4 16 16 ÷ 16 1 4
(𝑑) = = (ℎ) = = (𝑙)
100 100 ÷ 4 25 96 96 ÷ 16 6 25
Group 1: (a), (e), (h),(j),(k)
Group 2: (b), (f), (g)
Group 3: (c), (d), (i), (l)
7. Find answers to the following. Write and indicate how you solved them.
Sol:
𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥
 , 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 (𝑖) 𝐼𝑓𝑎 × 𝑦 = 𝑏 × 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 =
𝑏 𝑦 𝑏 𝑦

𝟓 𝟒
(𝐚) 𝐈𝐬 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐨
𝟗 𝟗
Sol: 5 × 9 = 45 and 9 × 4 = 36 are not equal.

5 4
𝑆𝑜, ≠
9 9
𝟗 𝟓
(𝐛) 𝐈𝐬 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐨
𝟏𝟔 𝟗
Sol: 9 × 9 = 81 𝑎𝑛𝑑 16 × 5 = 80 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙.

9 5
𝑆𝑜, ≠
16 9
𝟒 𝟏𝟔
(𝐜) 𝐈𝐬 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐨
𝟓 𝟐𝟎
Sol: 4 × 20 = 80 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5 × 16 = 80 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙.

4 16
𝑆𝑜, =
5 20
𝟏 𝟒
(𝐝) 𝐈𝐬 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐨
𝟏𝟓 𝟑𝟎
Sol: 1 × 30 = 30 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4 × 15 = 60 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙.

1 4
𝑆𝑜, ≠
15 30
𝟐
8. Ila read 25 pages of a book containing 100 pages. Lalita read 𝟓 of the same book. Who read less?

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 15

Sol: Total pages in book=100

Number of pages read by Ila=25

25 1
Ila read by = of the book
100 4
2
Lalita read by 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘
5
1 2
We know that < . So, Ila read less than lalita.
4 5
𝟑 𝟑
9. Rafiq exercised for of an hour, while Rohit exercised for of an hour. Who exercised for a longer
𝟔 𝟒
time?

3 3
Sol: We know that > . So, Rohit exercised for a longer time.
4 6
10. In a class A of 25 students, 20 passed with 60% or more marks; in another class B of 30 students,
24 passed with 60% or more marks. In which class was a greater fraction of students getting with
60% or more marks?

20 4
Sol: Fraction of class A = =
25 5
24 4
Fraction of class B = =
30 5
Two fractions are equal.

1. Add with the help of a diagram

𝟏 𝟏
(𝒊) +
𝟖 𝟖

𝟐 𝟑
(𝒊𝒊) +
𝟓 𝟓

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 16

 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) + +
𝟔 𝟔 𝟔

𝟏 𝟏
2. Add 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 .How will we show this pictorially? Using paper folding? (use grid paper)

Sol:

3. Make 5 more examples of problems given in 1 and 2 above . Solve them with your friends

(i) For adding two like fractions, the numerators are added and the denominator remains the
same
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 1 2 1+2 3
+ = 𝐸𝑥: + = =
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 5 5 5 5
(ii) For subtraction of two like fractions, the numerators are subtracted and the denominator
remains the same
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥−𝑦 5 2 5−2 3
− = 𝐸𝑥: − = =
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 7 7 7 7

𝟕 𝟑
1. Find the difference between 𝟖 and 𝟖 .

7 3 7−3 4
Sol: − = =
8 8 8 8
2. Mother made a gud patti in a round shape. She divided it into 5 parts. Seema ate one piece from it.
If I eat another piece then how much would be left?

1 1
Sol: Seema ate = and I ate =
5 5
1 1 2
Total part eaten = + =
5 5 5

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 17

 2 5 2 3
The left part = 1 − = − =
5 5 5 5
3. My elder sister divided the watermelon into 16 parts. I ate 7 out them. My friend ate 4. How
much did we eat between us? How much more of the watermelon did I eat than my friend? What
portion of the watermelon remained?

7 4
Sol: I ate = , My friend ate =
16 16
7 4 11
We both eat = + =
16 16 16
7 4 3
More I eat than my friend = − =
16 16 16
11 16 11 5
Remaining portion = 1 − = − =
16 16 16 16
4. . Make five problems of this type and solve them with your friends.

1. Write these fractions appropriately as additions or subtractions :

1 2 3
𝑆𝑜𝑙: + =
5 5 5

5 3 2
𝑆𝑜𝑙: − =
5 5 5

2 3 5
𝑆𝑜𝑙: + =
6 6 6
2. Solve :
1 1 1+1 2 1 8 3 8 + 3 11
(𝑎) + = = = (𝑏) + = =
18 18 18 18 9 15 15 15 15

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 18

 7 5 7−5 2 2 3 2 3−2 1
(𝑐) − = = (𝑔) 1 − = − = =
7 7 7 7 3 3 3 3 3

1 21 1 + 21 22 1 0 1+0 1
(𝑑) + = = =1 (ℎ) + = =
22 22 22 22 4 4 4 4

12 7 12 − 7 5 1 12 15 12 15 − 12 3
(𝑒) − = = = (𝑖) 3 − = − = =
15 15 15 15 3 5 5 5 5 5

5 3 5+3 8
(𝑓) + = = =1
8 8 8 8
𝟐 𝟏
3. Shubham painted of the wall space in his room. His sister Madhavi helped and painted of the
𝟑 𝟑
wall space. How much did they paint together?

2 1
Sol: Shubham painted = and Madhavi painted =
3 3
2 1 3
Total painted together = + = =1
3 3 3
So, they painted complete wall together

4. Fill in the missing fractions.

7 4 3 8 3 5 6 3 3 7 5 12
(𝑎) − = (𝑏) − = (𝑐) (= 1) − = (𝑑) + =
10 10 10 21 21 21 6 6 6 27 27 27

𝟓
5. Javed was given 𝟕 of a basket of oranges. What fraction of oranges was left in the basket?

5
Sol: Fraction of oranges given =
7
5 7 5 2
Fraction of oranges left = 1 − = − =
7 7 7 7
Adding and subtracting unlike fractions:
For adding and subtracting unlike fractions first we convert in to like fractions and follow like
fractions rule.
𝟑 𝟓
Example 8 : Subtract 𝟒 from 𝟔 .
Sol: LCM of 4,6=12
5 3 5 × 2 3 × 3 10 9 10 − 9 1
− = − = − = =
6 4 6 × 2 4 × 3 12 12 12 12
𝟐 𝟏
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟗 ∶ 𝐀𝐝𝐝 𝐭𝐨
𝟓 𝟑
Sol: LCM of 5 and 3 =15
2 1 2×3 1×5 6 5 6 + 5 11
+ = + = + = =
5 3 5 × 3 3 × 5 15 15 15 15
𝟑 𝟕
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏𝟎 ∶ 𝐒𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐲 −
𝟓 𝟐𝟎

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 19

Sol: LCM of 5,20=20
3 7 3×4 7 12 7 12 − 7 5 1
− = − = − = = =
5 20 5 × 4 20 20 20 20 20 4

𝟐 𝟑
𝟏. 𝐀𝐝𝐝 𝐚𝐧𝐝 .
𝟓 𝟕
Sol: LCM of 5,7=35

2 3 2 × 7 3 × 5 14 15 14 + 15 29
+ = + = + = =
5 7 5 × 7 7 × 5 35 35 35 35
𝟐 𝟓
𝟐. 𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 .
𝟓 𝟕
Sol: LCM of 5,7=35

5 2 5 × 5 2 × 7 25 14 25 − 14 11
− = − = − = =
7 5 7 × 5 5 × 7 35 35 35 35
𝟒 𝟓
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏𝟏 ∶ 𝐀𝐝𝐝 𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟑
𝟓 𝟔
Sol: LCM of 5,6=30

4 5 4×6 5×5 24 25 24 + 25 49 19
+ = + = + = = = 1+
5 6 5 × 6 6 × 5 30 30 30 30 30
4 5 4 5 19 19 19
2 + 3 =2+3+( + )=5+1+ =6+ =6
5 6 5 6 30 30 30
𝟐 𝟏
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏𝟐 ∶ 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝟒 −𝟐 .
𝟓 𝟓
2 1 2 1 1 1
sol: 4 − 2 = (4 − 2) + ( − ) = 2 + = 2
5 5 5 5 5 5
𝟏 𝟓
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏𝟑 ∶ 𝐒𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐲: 𝟖 −𝟐
𝟒 𝟔
1 5
Sol: 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 <
4 6
1 5 33 17 33 × 3 17 × 2 99 34 99 − 34 65 5
8 −2 = − = − = − = = =5
4 6 4 6 4×3 6×2 12 12 12 12 12

1. Solve
𝟐 𝟏
(𝒂) +
𝟑 𝟕
Sol: LCM of 3,7=21

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 20

 2 1 2 × 7 1 × 3 14 3 14 + 3 17
+ = + = + = =
3 7 3 × 7 7 × 3 21 21 21 21
𝟑 𝟕
(𝒃) +
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟓
Sol: LCM of 10,15=30
3 7 3×3 7×2 9 14 9 + 14 23
+ = + = + = =
10 15 10 × 3 15 × 2 30 30 30 30
𝟒 𝟐
(𝒄) +
𝟗 𝟕
Sol: LCM of 9,7=63
4 2 4 × 7 2 × 9 28 18 28 + 18 46
+ = + = + = =
9 7 9 × 7 7 × 9 63 63 63 63
𝟓 𝟏
(𝒅) +
𝟕 𝟑
Sol: LCM of 7,3=21
5 1 5 × 3 1 × 7 15 7 15 + 7 22 1
+ = + = + = = =1
7 3 7 × 3 3 × 7 21 21 21 21 21
𝟐 𝟏
(𝒆) +
𝟓 𝟔
Sol: LCM of 5,6=30
2 1 2 × 6 1 × 5 12 5 17
+ = + = + =
5 6 5 × 6 6 × 5 30 30 30
𝟒 𝟐
(𝒇) +
𝟓 𝟑
Sol: LCM of 5,3=15
4 2 4 × 3 2 × 5 12 10 22
+ = + = + =
5 3 5 × 3 3 × 5 15 15 15
𝟑 𝟏
(𝐠) −
𝟒 𝟑
Sol: LCM of 4,3=12
3 1 3×3 1×4 9 4 5
− = − = − =
4 3 4 × 3 3 × 4 12 12 12
𝟓 𝟏
(𝐡) −
𝟔 𝟑
Sol: LCM of 6,3=6
5 1 5 1×2 5 2 3 1
− = − = − = =
6 3 6 3×2 6 6 6 2
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
(𝐢) + +
𝟑 𝟒 𝟐
Sol: LCM of 3,4,2=12
2 3 1 2×4 3×3 1×6 8 9 6 23 11
+ + = + + = + + = =1
3 4 2 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(𝐣) + +
𝟐 𝟑 𝟔
Sol: LCM of 2,3,6=6
1 1 1 1×3 1×2 1 3 2 1 6
+ + = + + = + + = =1
2 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 21

 𝟏 𝟐
(𝐤) 𝟏 + 𝟑
𝟑 𝟑
1 2 3
Sol: + = = 1
3 3 3
1 2 1 2
1 +3 =1+3+( + )=4+1=5
3 3 3 3
𝟐 𝟏
(𝐥) 𝟒 + 𝟑
𝟑 𝟒
2 1 2×4 1×3 8 3 11
Sol: + = + = + =
3 4 12 12 12 12 12
2 1 2 1 11 11 95
4 +3 =4+3+( + )=7+ =7 =
3 4 3 4 12 12 12
𝟏𝟔 𝟕
(𝐦) −
𝟓 𝟓
16 7 9
Sol: − =
5 5 5
𝟒 𝟏
(𝐧) −
𝟑 𝟐
4 1 4×2 1×3 8 3 5
Sol: − = − = − =
3 2 6 6 6 6 6
𝟐 𝟑
2. Sarita bought 𝟓 metre of ribbon and Lalita 𝟒 metre of ribbon. What is the total length of the ribbon
they bought?

2
Sol: Sarita = m
5
3
Lalita = m
4
2 3
Total length of the ribbon they bought = +
5 4
2×4 3×5 8 15 23
= + = + = 𝑚
20 20 20 20 20
𝟏 𝟏
3. Naina was given 𝟏 𝟐 piece of cake and Najma was given 𝟏 𝟑 piece of cake. Find the total amount of
cake was given to both of them.

1 1
Sol: Naina = 1 piece of cake; Najma = 1 piece of cake.
2 3
1 1 1 1
Total amount of cake given to both = 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 + ( + )
2 3 2 3
1×3+1×2 5 5
=2+ = 2+ = 2
6 6 6
4. Fill in the boxes :
5 1
(𝑎) 𝑥 − =
8 4
5 2
𝑥− =
8 8

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 22

 7 5 2
− =
8 8 8
7
Required fraction =
8
1 1 1 1
(𝑏) 𝑥 − = (𝑐) −𝑥 =
5 2 2 6
1×2 1×5 1×3 1
𝑥− = −𝑥 =
5×2 2×5 2×3 6
2 5 3 1
𝑥− = −𝑥 =
10 10 6 6
7 2 5 3 2 1
− = − =
10 10 10 6 6 6
7 2 1
Required fraction = Required fraction = =
10 6 3

5. Complete the addition-subtraction box.

(a) Addition Subtraction

2 4 2+4 6 2 1 2−1 1
+ = = =2 − = =
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 1+2 3 4 2 4−2 2
+ = = =1 − = =
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 1+2 3 6 3 6−3 3
+ = = =1 − = = =1
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

(b) Addition Subtraction

1 1 1×3 1×2 3 2 5 1 1 1×3 1×2 3 2 1

+ = + = + = − = − = − =
2 3 2×3 3×2 6 6 6 2 3 2×3 3×2 6 6 6
1 1 1×4 1×3 4 3 7 1 1 1×4 1×3 4 3 1
+ = + = + = − = − = − =
3 4 3 × 4 4 × 3 12 12 12 3 4 3 × 4 4 × 3 12 12 12
1 1 1×2 1 2 1 3 1 1 1×2 1 2 1 3
+ = + = + = − = − = − =
6 12 6 × 2 12 12 12 12 6 12 6 × 2 12 12 12 12
𝟕 𝟏
6. A piece of wire 𝟖 metre long broke into two pieces. One piece was 𝟒 metre long. How long is the
other piece?

7
Sol: Total length of wire = m
8

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 23

 1
Length of one piece = m
4
7 1 7 1×2 7 2 5
Length of other piece = − = − = − = 𝑚
8 4 8 4×2 8 8 8
𝟗 𝟏
7. Nandini’s house is 𝟏𝟎km from her school. She walked some distance and then took a bus for 𝟐km
to reach the school. How far did she walk?

9
Sol: Total distance = 𝑘𝑚
10
1
Distance covered by bus = km
2
9 1 9 1×5 9 5 4 2
Distance walked by Nandini = − = − = − = = km
10 2 10 2 × 5 10 10 10 5
𝟓
8. Asha and Samuel have bookshelves of the same size partly filled with books. Asha’s shelf is 𝟔 th
𝟐
full and Samuel’s shelf is 𝟓 th full. Whose bookshelf is more full? By what fraction?

5
Sol: Fraction of books in Asha′ s shelf = 6

2
Fraction of books in Samuel′s shelf =
5
5 2
We know that >
6 5

 Asha’s bookshelf is more full.

5 2 5 × 5 − 6 × 2 25 − 12 13
Fraction = − = = =
6 5 30 30 30
𝟏 𝟕
9. Jaidev takes 𝟐 minutes to walk across the school ground. Rahul takes minutes to do the same.
𝟓 𝟒
Who takes less time and by what fraction?
1 11
Sol: Time taken by Jaidev = 2 5 = minutes
5

7
Time taken by Rahul = minutes
4
11 7
we know that >
5 4
Rahul takes less time.

11 7 11 × 4 − 7 × 5 44 − 35 9
Fraction = − = = =
5 4 20 20 20
9
Rahul takes 20 minutes less than Jaidev.

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 24

 CHAPTER VI-MATHEMATICS-NCERT-2023-24

8 PREPARED BY: BALABHADRA SURESH

1. Fractions with denominator 10, 100, 1000, etc. (known as decimal fractions) can be
written in a form using a decimal point.
2. A decimal has two parts-whole number part and decimal part. ...
2 4 4857
= 0.2, = 0.04, = 485.7
10 100 1000
13 27 756
= 1.3, = 0.27, = 0.756,
10 100 1000
257 358 5642
= 2.57 = 3.58. = 5.642
10 100 1000
5 8
32.58 = 30 + 2 + +
10 100

First we compare the whole part, if whole parts are equal we compare decimal part.

Example 1 : Which is greater?

(a) 1 or 0.99 (b) 1.09 or 1.093

Sol: 1.00 > 0.99 . Sol: 1.090 < 1.093 .

So, 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 So, 1.093 is greater

EXERCISE 8.1

1. Which is greater?
(𝒂) 𝟎. 𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟒 (𝒆) 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝟏. 𝟐
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 0.3 < 0.4 𝑆𝑜𝑙: 1.23 > 1.20
So, 0.4 is greater So, 1.23 is greater
(𝒃) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 (𝒇) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟗 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 0.07 > 0.02 𝑆𝑜𝑙: 0.099 < 0.190
So, 0.07 is greater So, 0.190 is greater
(𝒄) 𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟖 (𝒈) 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒐𝒓 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 3.0 > 0.8 𝑆𝑜𝑙: 1.50 = 1.50
So, 3.0 is greater (𝒉) 𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗𝟎
(𝒅) 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝑆𝑜𝑙: 1.431 < 1.490
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 0.50 > 0.05 So, 1.490 is greater
So, 0.5 is greater (𝒊) 𝟑. 𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝟑. 𝟑𝟎𝟎

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 1

 𝑆𝑜𝑙: 3.300 = 3.300 𝑆𝑜𝑙: 5.640 > 5.603
(𝒋) 𝟓. 𝟔𝟒 𝒐𝒓 𝟓. 𝟔𝟎𝟑 So, 5.640 is greater
Money:

100 paise = ₹ 1 65
65 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑒 = ₹ = ₹ 0.65
100
1
1 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑒 = ₹ = ₹ 0.01 105 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑒 = ₹1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑒 = ₹1.05
100

(i) Write 2 rupees 5 paise and 2 rupees 50 paise in decimals.

Sol: 2 rupees 5 paise= ₹2.05

2 rupees 50 paise=₹2.50

(ii) Write 20 rupees 7 paise and 21 rupees 75 paise in decimals?

Sol: 20 rupees 7 paise=₹20.07

21 rupees 75 paise=₹21.75

Length: (mm=millimetre, cm= centimetre, m= metre, km=kilometre)

1 𝑐𝑚 = 10 𝑚𝑚 1𝑚 = 100 𝑐𝑚
1 1
1 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑐𝑚 1 𝑐𝑚 = 𝑚 = 0.01 𝑚
10 100
56
156 𝑐𝑚 = 100 𝑐𝑚 + 56 𝑐𝑚 = 1 𝑚 + 𝑚 = 1.56 𝑚
100
1000 𝑚 = 1 𝑘𝑚 1
1𝑚 = 𝑘𝑚
1000

1. Can you write 4 mm in ‘cm’ using decimals?

1 4
Sol: 1 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑐𝑚 = 0.1 𝑐𝑚 ; 4 mm = 𝑐𝑚 = 0.4 𝑐𝑚
10 10
2. How will you write 7cm 5 mm in ‘cm’ using decimals?

5
Sol: 7cm 5 mm = 7 cm + 𝑐𝑚 = 7.5 𝑐𝑚
10
3. Can you now write 52 m as ‘km’ using decimals? How will you write 340 m as ‘km’ using
decimals? How will you write 2008 m in ‘km’?

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 2

 1
52 1𝑚 = 𝑘𝑚
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 52 𝑚 = 𝑘𝑚 = 0.052 𝑘𝑚 1000
1000

Weight: (g= gram ,kg=kilogram )

1000 g = 1 kg
1
1g= kg = 0.001 kg
1000
350
2350 𝑔 = 2000 𝑔 + 350 𝑔 = 2 𝑘𝑔 + 𝑔 = 2.350 𝑘𝑔
1000

1. Can you now write 456g as ‘kg’ using decimals?

456
Sol: 456g = 𝑔 = 0.456 𝑔
1000
2. How will you write 2kg 9g in ‘kg’ using decimals?
9
Sol: 2kg 9g = 2 kg + 9 g = 2 kg + 𝑔 = 2.009 𝑔
1000

1. Express as rupees using decimals.

5 (𝒅)𝟓𝟎 𝒓𝒖𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒔 𝟗𝟎 𝒑𝒂𝒊𝒔𝒆 = ₹ 50.90
(𝒂)𝟓 𝒑𝒂𝒊𝒔𝒆 = ₹ = ₹ 0.05
100 (𝒆)𝟕𝟐𝟓 𝒑𝒂𝒊𝒔𝒆 = 700 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑒 + 25 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑒
75
(𝒃)𝟕𝟓 𝒑𝒂𝒊𝒔𝒆 = ₹ = ₹ 0.75 25
100 = ₹7 + ₹ = ₹7.25
20 100
(𝒄)𝟐𝟎 𝒑𝒂𝒊𝒔𝒆 = ₹ = ₹ 0.20
100

2. Express as metres using decimals.

15
(𝒂)𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎 = 𝑚 = 0.15 𝑚
100
6
(𝒃)𝟔 𝒄𝒎 = 𝑚 = 0.06 𝑚
100
45
(𝒄)𝟐 𝒎 𝟒𝟓 𝒄𝒎 = 2 𝑚 + 𝑚 = 2𝑚 + 0.45𝑚 = 2.45 𝑚
100
7
(𝒅)𝟗 𝒎 𝟕 𝒄𝒎 = 9 𝑚 + 7 𝑐𝑚 = 9𝑚 + 𝑚 = 9𝑚 + 0.07 𝑚 = 9.07 𝑚
100
19
(𝒆)𝟒𝟏𝟗 𝒄𝒎 = 400 𝑐𝑚 + 19 𝑐𝑚 = 4 𝑚 + 𝑐𝑚 = 4 𝑚 + 0.19 𝑚 = 4.19 𝑚
100
3. Express as cm using decimals.
5 60
(𝒂)𝟓 𝒎𝒎 = 𝑐𝑚 = 0.5 𝑐𝑚 (𝒃)𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎 = 𝑐𝑚 = 6 𝑐𝑚
10 10
BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 3
 164 93
(𝒄)𝟏𝟔𝟒 𝒎𝒎 = 𝑐𝑚 = 16.4 𝑐𝑚 (𝒆)𝟗𝟑 𝒎𝒎 = 𝑐𝑚 = 9.3 𝑐𝑚
10 10
8
(𝒅)𝟗 𝒄𝒎 𝟖 𝒎𝒎 = 9𝑐𝑚 + 𝑐𝑚
10
= 9𝑐𝑚 + 0.8 𝑐𝑚 = 9.8 𝑐𝑚
4. Express as km using decimals.
8 5
(𝒂)𝟖 𝒎 = 𝑘𝑚 = 0.008 𝑘𝑚 (𝒅)𝟕𝟎 𝒌𝒎 𝟓 𝒎 = 70 𝑘𝑚 + 𝑘𝑚
1000 1000
88 = 70 𝑘𝑚 + 0.005 𝑘𝑚
(𝒃)𝟖𝟖 𝒎 = 𝑘𝑚 = 0.088 𝑘𝑚
1000 = 70.005 𝑘𝑚
8888
(𝒄)𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒎 = 𝑘𝑚 = 8.888 𝑘𝑚
1000
5. Express as kg using decimals.
2 (𝒅)𝟓 𝒌𝒈 𝟖 𝒈 = 5 𝑘𝑔 + 8 𝑔
(𝒂)𝟐 𝒈 = 𝑘𝑔 = 0.002 𝑘𝑔
1000 8
100 = 5 𝑘𝑔 + 𝑔 = 5.008 𝑘𝑔
(𝒃)𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒈 = 𝑘𝑔 = 0.100 𝑘𝑔 1000
1000 50
3750 (𝒆)𝟐𝟔 𝒌𝒈 𝟓𝟎 𝒈 = 26 𝑘𝑔 + 𝑘𝑔
(𝒄)𝟑𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝒈 = 𝑘𝑔 = 3.750 𝑘𝑔 1000
1000 = 26.050 𝑘𝑔

To add two or more unlike decimals, we first have to convert them into like decimals and
write one by one having same place.

Find

(𝑖)0.29 + 0.36 = 065 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)1.54 + 1.80 = 3.34

(𝑖𝑖)0.7 + 0.08 = 078 (𝑖𝑣 )2.66 + 1.85 = 4.51

Example 2 : Lata spent₹9.50 for buying a pen and₹2.50 for one pencil. How much money did she
spend?

Solu : Money spent for pen =₹9.50

Money spent for pencil =₹2.50

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 4

 Total money spent =₹12.00

Example 3 : Samson travelled 5 km 52 m by bus, 2 km 265 m by car and the rest 1km 30 m he
walked. How much distance did he travel in all?

Solu: Distance travelled by bus = 5 km 52 m = 5.052 km

Distance travelled by car = 2 km 265 m = 2.265 km

Distance travelled on foot = 1 km 30 m = 1.030 km

Total distance travelled is= 8.347 km

Example 4 : Rahul bought 4 kg 90 g of apples, 2 kg 60 g of grapes and 5 kg 300 g of mangoes.

Find the total weight of all the fruits he bought.

Solu : Weight of apples = 4 kg 90 g = 4.090 kg

Weight of grapes = 2 kg 60 g = 2.060 kg

Weight of mangoes = 5 kg 300 g = 5.300 kg

Total weight of the fruits bought = 11.450 kg

1. Find the sum in each of the following :

(a) 0.007 + 8.5 + 30.08 =38.587 (d) 25.65 + 9.005 + 3.7=38.355

(b) 15 + 0.632 + 13.8 =29.432

(e) 0.75 + 10.425 + 2 =13.175

(c) 27.076 + 0.55 + 0.004=27.630

(f) 280.69 + 25.2 + 38=343.89

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 5

2. Rashid spent₹35.75 for Maths book and₹32.60 for Science book. Find the total amount
spent by Rashid.

Sol: Maths book=₹35.75

Science book=₹32.60

The total amount spent by Rashid= ₹ 68.35

3. Radhika’s mother gave her₹10.50 and her father gave her₹15.80, find the total amount
given to Radhika by the parents.

Sol: Mother given amount=₹10.50

Father given amount=₹ 15.80

The total amount given to Radhika by the parents=₹ 26.30

4. Nasreen bought 3 m 20 cm cloth for her shirt and 2 m 5 cm cloth for her trouser. Find the
total length of cloth bought by her.

Sol: Shirt cloth= 3.20 m

Trouser cloth= 2.05 m

The total length of cloth bought by Nasreen= 5.25 m= 5 m 25 cm

5. Naresh walked 2 km 35 m in the morning and 1 km 7 m in the evening. How much distance
did he walk in all?

Sol: Distance walked in the morning=2 km 35 m=2.035 km

Distance walked in the evening=1 km 7 m=1.007 km

Total distance walked in all= 3.042 km=3 km 42 m

6. Sunita travelled 15 km 268 m by bus, 7 km 7 m by car and 500 m on foot in order to reach
her school. How far is her school from her residence?

Sol: Distance travelled by bus=15 km 268 m=15.268 km

Distance travelled by car=7 km 7 m=7.007 km

Distance travelled on foot= 500 m=0.500 km

Total distance from school and residence=22 km 775 m

7. Ravi purchased 5 kg 400 g rice, 2 kg 20 g sugar and 10 kg 850g flour. Find the total weight
of his purchases.

Sol: Weight of rice=5 kg 400 g=5.400 kg

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 6

 Weight of sugar=2 kg 20 g=2.020 kg

Weight of flower=10 kg 850g=10.850 kg

The total weight of his purchases= 18.270 kg=18 kg 270 g

Write the decimals in column with the decimal points directly below each other. So, those tenths
come under tenths, hundredths come under hundredths and so on.

1. Subtract 1.85 from 5.46 ; 3. Subtract 0.95 from 2.29 ;

Sol: 5.46-1.85= 3.61 Sol: 2.29-0.95=1.34

4. Subtract 2.25 from 5.68.

2. Subtract 5.25 from 8.28 ;
Sol: 5.68-2.25=3.43
Sol: 8.28-5.25=3.03

Example 5 :Abhishek had₹7.45. He bought toffees for₹5.30. Find the balance amount left with
Abhishek.

Solution : Total amount of money =₹7.45 7. 4 5

−5 . 3 0
Amount spent on toffees =₹5.30 2 .1 5
Balance amount of money =₹7.45 –₹5.30 =₹2.15

Example 6 : Urmila’s school is at a distance of 5 km 350 m from her house. She travels 1 km 70
m on foot and the rest by bus. How much distance does she travel by bus?

Solution : Total distance of school from the house = 5.350 km

Distance travelled on foot = 1.070 km

Therefore, distance travelled by bus = 5.350 km – 1.070 km = 4.280 km

Example 7 : Kanchan bought a watermelon weighing 5 kg 200 g. Out of this she gave 2 kg 750 g
to her neighbour. What is the weight of the watermelon left with Kanchan?

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 7

 11
Solution : Total weight of the watermelon = 5.200 kg 4 1 10
5. 200
Watermelon given to the neighbour = 2.750 kg −2 . 7 5 0
Therefore, weight of the remaining watermelon = 5.200 kg – 2.750 kg 2. 450

= 2.450 kg

EXERCISE 8.4

1. Subtract :
(a) ₹18.25 from₹20.75
𝑆𝑜𝑙: ₹20.75 − ₹18.25 = ₹2.50 (d) 2.051 km from 5.206 km
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 5.206 𝑘𝑚 − 2.051𝑘𝑚 = 3.155 𝑘𝑚

(b) 202.54 m from 250 m

𝑆𝑜𝑙: 250𝑚 − 202.54𝑚 = 47.46 𝑚 (e) 0.314 kg from 2.107 kg
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 2.107𝑘𝑔 − 0.314 𝑘𝑔 = 1.739 𝑘𝑔

(c) ₹5.36 from₹8.40

𝑆𝑜𝑙: 8.40 − 5.36 = ₹3.04

2. Find the value of :

(a) 9.756 – 6.28 = 3.476

(c) 18.5 – 6.79 =11.71

(b) 21.05 – 15.27 =5.78

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(d) 11.6 – 9.847=1.753
3. Raju bought a book for₹35.65. He gave₹50 to the shopkeeper. How much money did he get
back from the shopkeeper?

4 9 9 10
Sol: Money given to the shopkeeper=₹50
50. 00
−3 5 . 6 5
Cost of book=₹ 35.65
14. 35
Money get back from the shopkeeper=₹50-₹ 35.65=₹ 14.35

4. Rani had₹18.50. She bought one ice-cream for₹11.75. How much money does she have
now?
7 14 10
Sol: Money with Rani=₹18.50 1 8. 5 0
−1 1 . 7 5
Cost of ice-cream=₹11.75
6. 75

Money left with Rani=₹18.50-₹11.75=₹ 6.75

5. Tina had 20 m 5 cm long cloth. She cuts 4 m 50 cm length of cloth from this for making a
curtain. How much cloth is left with her?
1 9 10
Sol: Total length of cloth=20 m 5 cm=20.05 m
20. 0 5
−4. 5 0
Length of cloth used=4 m 50 cm=4.50 m
1 5. 5 5
Cloth left with Tina=20.05 𝑚 − 4.50 𝑚 = 15.55 𝑚

6. Namita travels 20 km 50 m every day. Out of this she travels 10 km 200 m by bus and the
rest by auto. How much distance does she travel by auto?

Sol: Total distance travel by Namita=20 km 50 m=20.050k m

1 9 10
Distance travelled by bus= 10 km 200 m=10.200 km 20. 0 50
−10. 2 00
Distance travelled by auto= 20.050 𝑘𝑚 − 10.200 𝑘𝑚 = 9.850 𝑘𝑚 9. 8 50

7. Aakash bought vegetables weighing 10 kg. Out of this, 3 kg 500 g is onions, 2 kg 75 g is

tomatoes and the rest is potatoes. What is the weight of the potatoes?

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Sol: Total weight of vegetables bought by Aakash=10 kg=10.000 kg
9 9 9 10

Total weight of onions and tomatoes=3 kg 500 g+2 kg 75 g 10. 0 00

− 5. 5 75
=5 kg 575 g=5.575 kg 4. 4 25

The weight of the potatoes =10.000 − 5.575 = 4.425 𝑘𝑔

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 CHAPTER
9. DATA HANDLING (Notes)
9 REPARED BY: BALABHADRA SURESH

1. Data: A data is a collection of numbers gathered to give some information.

2. To get a particular information from the given data quickly, the data can be arranged in a tabular
form using tally marks
Example 2 : Ekta is asked to collect data for size of shoes of students in her Class VI. Her finding are
recorded in the manner shown below

Sol:

Pictograph
A pictograph represents data through pictures of objects.
Example 3 : The following pictograph shows the number of absentees in a class of 30 students
during the previous week :

(a) On which day was the maximum number of students absent?

Sol: Saturday.
(b) Which day had full attendance?
Sol: Thursday
(c) What was the total number of absentees in that week?
Sol: Total number of absentees=5+4+2+0+1+8=20
Example 4 : The colours of fridges preferred by people living in a locality are shown by the following
pictograph.
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(a) Find the number of people preferring blue colour.
Sol: Blue colour is preferred by 5×10=50 people
(b) How many people liked red colour?
Sol: Number of people preferring red colour=5×10+5=50+5=55
Example 5 : A survey was carried out on 30 students of class VI in a school. Data about the different
modes of transport used by them to travel to school was displayed as pictograph. What can you
conclude from the pictograph?

Sol: From the pictograph we find that

(a) The number of students coming by private car is 4.
(b) Maximum number of students use the school bus. This is the most popular way.
(c) Cycle is used by only three students.
(d) The number of students using the other modes can be similarly found.
Example 6 : Following is the pictograph of the number of wrist watches manufactured by a factory in a
particular week.

(a) On which day were the least number of wrist watches manufactured?

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Sol: Saturday
(b) On which day was the maximum number of wrist watches manufactured?
Sol: Thursday
(c) Find out the approximate number of wrist watches manufactured in the particular week?
Sol: The approximate number of wrist watches manufactured in the particular week
=600+750+650+800+600+550=3950

1. In a Mathematics test, the following marks were obtained by 40 students. Arrange these marks in
a table using tally marks.

Sol:
Marks Tally marks Number of students
1 || 2
2 ||| 3
3 ||| 3
4 |||| || 7
5 |||| | 6
6 |||| || 7
7 |||| 5
8 |||| 4
9 ||| 3
Total 40
(a) Find how many students obtained marks equal to or more than 7.
Sol: 5+4+3=12
(b) How many students obtained marks below 4?
Sol: 2+3+3=8
2. Following is the choice of sweets of 30 students of Class VI.
Ladoo, Barfi, Ladoo, Jalebi, Ladoo, Rasgulla, Jalebi, Ladoo, Barfi, Rasgulla, Ladoo, Jalebi, Jalebi,
Rasgulla, Ladoo, Rasgulla, Jalebi, Ladoo, Rasgulla, Ladoo, Ladoo, Barfi, Rasgulla, Rasgulla, Jalebi,
Rasgulla, Ladoo, Rasgulla, Jalebi, Ladoo.
(a) Arrange the names of sweets in a table using tally marks.
Sol:
Sweet Tally marks Number of students
Ladoo |||| |||| | 11
Barfi ||| 3
Jalebi |||| || 7
Rasgulla |||| |||| 9
Total 30

(b) Which sweet is preferred by most of the students?

Sol: Ladoo.
3. Catherine threw a dice 40 times and noted the number appearing each time as shown below :

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 Make a table and enter the data using tally marks. Find the number that appeared.
Sol:
Number Tally marks Number of times
on dice
1 |||| || 7
2 |||| | 6
3 |||| 5
4 |||| 4
5 |||| |||| | 11
6 |||| || 7
Total 40
(a) The minimum number of times
Sol: 4
(b) The maximum number of times
Sol: 5
(c) Find those numbers that appear an equal number of times.
Sol:1 and 6
4. Following pictograph shows the number of tractors in five villages.

Observe the pictograph and answer the following questions.

(i) Which village has the minimum number of tractors?
Sol: Village D
(ii) Which village has the maximum number of tractors?
Sol: Village C
(iii) How many more tractors village C has as compared to village B.
Sol: 8-5=3
(iv) What is the total number of tractors in all the five villages?
Sol: 6+5+8+3+6=28
5. The number of girl students in each class of a co-educational middle school is depicted by the
pictograph :

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 Observe this pictograph and answer the following questions :
(a) Which class has the minimum number of girl students?
Sol: VIII class.
(b) Is the number of girls in Class VI less than the number of girls in Class V?
Sol: No.
(c) How many girls are there in Class VII?
Sol: 12
6. The sale of electric bulbs on different days of a week is shown below :

Observe the pictograph and answer the following questions :

(a) How many bulbs were sold on Friday?
Sol: 14
(b) On which day were the maximum number of bulbs sold?
Sol: Sunday.
(c) On which of the days same number of bulbs were sold?
Sol: Wednesday and Saturday (8 bulbs)
(d) On which of the days minimum number of bulbs were sold?
Sol: Wednesday and Saturday (8 bulbs)
(e) If one big carton can hold 9 bulbs. How many cartons were needed in the given week?
Sol: Total number of bulbs sold in the given week=12+16+8+10+14+8+18=86
If one big carton can hold 9 bulbs
86 5
=9
9 9
Required number of cartons=10

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7. In a village six fruit merchants sold the following number of fruit baskets in a particular season :

Observe this pictograph and answer the following questions :

(a) Which merchant sold the maximum number of baskets?
Sol: Martin
(b) How many fruit baskets were sold by Anwar?
Sol: 700
(c) The merchants who have sold 600 or more number of baskets are planning to buy a godown for
the next season. Can you name them?
Sol: Anwar, Martin and Ranjit Singh.

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VI Class NCERT(2023-24) 10.Mensuration

VI-MATHEMATICS-NCERT (2023-24)
CHAPTER
10 .MENSURATION (notes)
10 REPARED BY: BALABHADRA SURESH
https://sureshmathsmaterial.com/

Perimeter: Perimeter is the distance covered along the boundary forming a closed figure. When
you go round the figure once.
1. Meera went to a park 150 m long and 80 m wide. She took one complete round on its boundary.
What is the distance covered by her?

Sol: The distance covered by Meera=150 m+80 m+150 m+80 m=460 m

2. Find the perimeter of the following figures:

(a) Perimeter = AB + BC + CD + DA

=40 cm+10 cm+40 cm+10 cm=100 cm

(b) Perimeter = AB + BC + CD + DA

=5 cm+5 cm+ 5 cm+ 5 cm= 20 cm

(C ) Perimeter = AB + BC + CD + DE + EF + FG + GH +HI + IJ + JK + KL + LA

=1 cm+ 3 cm+ 3 cm+ 1 cm+3 cm+ 3 cm+1 cm+3 cm+ 3 cm

+1 cm+ 3 cm+ 3cm

= 28 cm

(d) Perimeter = AB + BC + CD + DE + EF + FA

=100 cm+ 120 cm + 90 cm+ 45 cm+60 cm+80 cm

=495 cm

Perimeter of a rectangle:

Perimeter of a rectangle = 2 × (length + breadth)=2(𝑙 + 𝑏)

Find the perimeter of the following rectangles:

(i) Length=25 cm, Breadth= 12 cm

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VI Class NCERT(2023-24) 10.Mensuration

Perimeter by adding all the sides=25 cm+12 cm+25 cm+12 cm=74 cm

Perimeter by 2×(Length +Breadth)= 2×(25 cm+12 cm)=2×(37 cm)=74 cm

(ii) Length=0.5 cm, Breadth= 0.25 cm

Perimeter by adding all the sides=0.5 cm+0.25 cm+0.5 cm+0.25 cm=1.5 cm

Perimeter by 2×(Length + Breadth)= 2×(0.5 cm+0.25 cm)=2×(0.75 cm)=1.5 cm

(iii) Length=18 cm, Breadth= 15 cm

Perimeter by adding all the sides=18 cm+15 cm+18 cm+15 cm=66 cm

Perimeter by 2×(Length +Breadth)= 2×(18 cm+15 cm)=2×(33 cm)=66 cm

(iv) Length=10.5 cm, Breadth= 8.5 cm

Perimeter by adding all the sides=10.5 cm+8.5 cm+10.5 cm+8.5 cm=38 cm

Perimeter by 2×(Length +Breadth)= 2×(10.5 cm+8.5 cm)=2×(19 cm)=38 cm

Example 1 : Shabana wants to put a lace border all around a rectangular table cover 3 m long and 2 m
wide. Find the length of the lace required by Shabana.

Sol: Length= 3 m , Breadth=2 m

Perimeter =2 × (length + breadth)

= 2 × (3 m + 2 m) = 2 × 5 m = 10 m

So, required length of the lace is 10 m.

Example 2 : An athlete takes 10 rounds of a rectangular park, 50 m long and 25 m wide. Find the total
distance covered by him.

Sol: Length of the rectangular park = 50 m

Breadth of the rectangular park = 25 m

Perimeter of the rectangular park= = 2 × (length + breadth)

= 2 × (50 m + 25 m)

= 2 × 75 m = 150 m

The distance covered by the athlete in one round=150 m.

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VI Class NCERT(2023-24) 10.Mensuration

Distance covered in 10 rounds = 10 × 150 m = 1500 m.

The total distance covered by the athlete is 1500 m.

Example 3 : Find the perimeter of a rectangle whose length and breadth are 150 cm and 1 m
respectively.

Sol: Length = 150 cm, Breadth = 1m = 100 cm.

Perimeter of the rectangle= 2 × (length + breadth)

= 2 × (150 cm + 100 cm)

= 2 × (250 cm) = 500 cm = 5 m.

Example 4 :A farmer has a rectangular field of length and breadth 240 m and 180 m respectively. He
wants to fence it with 3 rounds of rope as shown in figure 10.4. What
is the total length of rope he must use?

Sol: Length=240 m, Breadth=180 m.

Perimeter of the field = 2 × (length + breadth)

= 2 × ( 240 m + 180 m)

= 2 × 420 m = 840 m

Total length of rope required = 3 × 840 m = 2520 m.

Example 5 : Find the cost of fencing a rectangular park of length 250 m and breadth 175 m at the rate
of ₹ 12 per metre.

Sol: Length of the rectangular park = 250 m

Breadth of the rectangular park = 175 m

Perimeter of the rectangle = 2 × (length + breadth)

= 2 × (250 m + 175 m) = 2 × (425 m) = 850 m

Cost of fencing 1m of park = ₹ 12

The total cost of fencing the park = ₹ 12 × 850 = ₹ 10200

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 VI Class NCERT(2023-24) 10.Mensuration

Perimeter of a square:

Perimeter of a square = 4 × side

Perimeter of an equilateral triangle:

Perimeter of an equilateral triangle = 3 × side

Example 6 : Find the distance travelled by Shaina if she takes three rounds of a square park of side 70 m.

Sol: Length of side=70 m

Perimeter of the square park = 4 × length of a side = 4 × 70 m = 280 m

Distance covered in one round = 280 m.

Distance travelled in three rounds=3×280m = 840m.

Example 7 : Pinky runs around a square field of side 75 m, Bob runs around a rectangular field with
length 160 m and breadth 105 m. Who covers more distance and by how much?

Sol: Perimeter of the square = 4 × length of a side= = 4 × 75 m = 300 m

Distance covered by Pinky in one round=300 m.

Perimeter of the rectangle= 2 × (length + breadth)

= 2 × (160 m + 105 m)

= 2 × 265 m = 530 m.

Difference in the distance covered = 530 m – 300 m = 230 m.

Therefore, Bob covers more distance by 230 m.

Example 8 : Find the perimeter of a regular pentagon with each side measuring 3 cm.

Sol: Side=3 cm,

Perimeter of the regular pentagon=5× side=5×3 cm=15 cm.

Example 9 : The perimeter of a regular hexagon is 18 cm. How long is its one side?

Sol: perimeter of a regular hexagon = 18 cm

6×Side=18 cm

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VI Class NCERT(2023-24) 10.Mensuration

18
Side = = 3 𝑐𝑚
6

1. Find the perimeter of each of the following figures :

(a) Perimeter=2+1+5+4=12cm

(b) Perimeter=23+35+40+35=133 cm

(c) Perimeter=15+15+15+15=60 cm

(d) Perimeter=4+4+4+4+4=20 cm

(e) Perimeter=2.5+2.5+0.5+4+1+4+0.5=15 cm

2. The lid of a rectangular box of sides 40 cm by 10 cm is sealed all round with tape. What is the
length of the tape required?

Sol: Length of lid=40 cm, Breadth of lid=10 cm

Perimeter=2 × (length + breadth)

= 2 × (40 + 10)=2×50=100 cm

The length of the tape required=100 cm. =1 m.

3. A table-top measures 2 m 25 cm by 1 m 50 cm. What is the perimeter of the table-top?

Sol: Length =2 m 25 cm=2.25 m, Breadth=1 m 50 cm=1.50 m

Perimeter=2 × (length + breadth)

=2×(2.25+1.50)

=2×3.75=7.50 m=7 m 50 cm

4. What is the length of the wooden strip required to frame a photograph of length and breadth 32
cm and 21 cm respectively?

Sol: Length of frame=32 cm

Breadth of frame=21 cm

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VI Class NCERT(2023-24) 10.Mensuration

Perimeter of the frame=2× (length + breadth)

=2×(32+21)=2×53=106 cm

 The length of the wooden strip required=106 cm.

5. A rectangular piece of land measures 0.7 km by 0.5 km. Each side is to be fenced with 4 rows of
wires. What is the length of the wire needed?

Sol: Length of land=0.7 km

Breadth of land=0.5 km

Perimeter of the land=2× (length + breadth)

=2×(0.7+0.5)=2×1.2=2.4 km

The length of the wire needed to fence=4×2.4 km=9.6 km.

6. Find the perimeter of each of the following shapes :

(a) A triangle of sides 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm.
Sol: Perimeter of triangle= 3 cm+4 cm+5 cm=12 cm.
(b) An equilateral triangle of side 9 cm.
Sol: Perimeter of An equilateral triangle=3×side=3×9 cm=27 cm.
(c) An isosceles triangle with equal sides 8 cm each and third side 6 cm
Sol: Perimeter of An isosceles triangle=8 cm+8 cm+6 cm=22 cm
7. Find the perimeter of a triangle with sides measuring 10 cm, 14 cm and 15 cm.

Sol: The perimeter of triangle=10+14+15=39 cm.

8. Find the perimeter of a regular hexagon with each side measuring 8 m.

Sol: The perimeter of regular hexagon=6×side=6×8 m=48 m.

9. Find the side of the square whose perimeter is 20 m.

Sol: Perimeter of square= 20 m

4×side =20 m

20 𝑚
Side of the square = =5𝑚
4

10. The perimeter of a regular pentagon is 100 cm. How long is its each side?

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VI Class NCERT(2023-24) 10.Mensuration

Sol: The perimeter of a regular pentagon = 100 cm

5× side of pentagon=100 cm

100 cm
Side of pentagon = = 20 cm
5

11. A piece of string is 30 cm long. What will be the length of each side if the string is used to form :
(a) a square?
Sol: Perimeter of square=30 cm
4× side of square=30 cm
30 𝑐𝑚
Side of square = = 7.5 𝑐𝑚
4
(b) an equilateral triangle?
Sol: Perimeter of an equilateral triangle =30 cm
3× side of an equilateral triangle =30 cm
30 cm
Side of an equilateral triangle = = 10 cm
3
(c) a regular hexagon?
Sol: Perimeter of a regular hexagon =30 cm
6× side of a regular hexagon =30 cm
30 𝑐𝑚
Side of a regular hexagon = = 5 𝑐𝑚
6

12. Two sides of a triangle are 12 cm and 14 cm. The perimeter of the triangle is 36 cm. What is its
third side?

Sol: The perimeter of the triangle = 36 cm

AB+BC+CA=36 cm

12 cm+14 cm + CA=36 cm

26 cm + CA=36 cm

CA = 36 cm − 26cm = 10 cm

The third side=10 cm.

13. Find the cost of fencing a square park of side 250 m at the rate of ₹ 20 per metre.

Sol: side of the square park=250 m

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VI Class NCERT(2023-24) 10.Mensuration

Perimeter of the square park=4×side=4×250 m=1000 m.

Cost of fencing per 1 m=₹ 20

Total cost of fencing =₹20×1000=₹ 20,000

14. Find the cost of fencing a rectangular park of length 175 m and breadth 125 m at the rate of ₹ 12
per metre.

Sol: length =175 m and breadth =125 m

Perimeter of rectangular park=2×(Length + Breadth)=2×(175+125)=2×300=600 m

The cost of fencing per 1 m=₹ 12

Total cost of fencing= ₹ 12×600=₹ 7200

15. Sweety runs around a square park of side 75 m. Bulbul runs around a rectangular park with length
60 m and breadth 45 m. Who covers less distance?

Sol: Side of square park=75 m.

Perimeter of the square park=4×side=4×75 m=300 m.

Rectangular park : Length=60m , Breadth=45 m

Perimeter of rectangular park=2× (Length+Breadth)=2×(60 m+45 m)=2×105m=210 m.

Sweety covers 300 m and Bulbul covers 210 m.

 Bulbul covers less distance.

16. What is the perimeter of each of the following figures? What do you infer from the answers?

(a) Side of the square=25 cm.

Perimeter of the square=4×side=4×25 cm=100 cm.

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VI Class NCERT(2023-24) 10.Mensuration

(b) Length=40 cm, Breadth=10 cm.

Perimeter of rectangular =2×(Length + Breadth)=2×(40cm+10cm)=2×50 cm=100 cm
(c) Length=30 cm, Breadth=20 cm.
Perimeter of rectangular =2×(Length + Breadth)=2×(30cm+20cm)=2×50 cm=100 cm

(d) Perimeter of triangle=Sum of all sides=30 cm+30 cm+40 cm=100 cm.

We observe all the figures have same perimeter.

𝟏
17. Avneet buys 9 square paving slabs, each with a side of 𝟐m. He lays them in the form of a square.

(a) What is the perimeter of his arrangement [Fig

10.7(i)]?
1 3
Sol: Side of square = 3 × m. = 𝑚 = 1.5 𝑚
2 2
Perimeter of the square = 4 × 1.5 m = 6 m
(b) Shari does not like his arrangement. She gets him to lay them out like a cross. What is the
perimeter of her arrangement [(Fig 10.7 (ii)]?
1
Sol: Perimeter of the cross figure = 20 × 𝑚 = 10 𝑚
2
(c) Which has greater perimeter?
Sol: The cross figure has greater perimeter.
(d) Avneet wonders if there is a way of getting an even greater perimeter. Can you find a way of
doing this? (The paving slabs must meet along complete edges i.e. they cannot be broken.)
Sol:

Length=9×0.5=4.5 m, Breadth=0.5 m
Perimeter=2×(4.5 m+0.5 m)=2×5 m=10 m.
Area
The amount of surface enclosed by a closed figure is called its area.
(i) The area of one full square is taken as 1 sq unit.
(ii)The area of one full square with side 1 cm will be 1 sq cm.

Example 10 : Find the area of the shape shown in the figure 10.10.

Sol: Fully-filled squares = 3

Area covered by full squares = 3 × 1 sq units = 3 sq units

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VI Class NCERT(2023-24) 10.Mensuration

Half-filled squares = 3

1 3 1
Area covered by half squares = 3 × sq units = = 1 sq units
2 2 2
1 1
Total area = 3 + 1 = 4 sq units
2 2

Example 11 : By counting squares, estimate the area of the figure

Sol: Full-filled squares =11

More than half-filled squares=7

Half-filled squares=3

1
Total area = (11 + 7) × 1 sq unit + 3 × sq unit
2

1 1
= 18 + 1 = 19 sq units
2 2

Example 12 : By counting squares, estimate the area of the figure 10.9 a.

Sol: Full-filled squares =1

More than half-filled squares=7

Half-filled squares=0

Total area = (1 + 7) × 1 sq unit = 8 sq unit.

EXERCISE 10.2
1. Find the areas of the following figures by counting square:

(a) Full filled squares=9

Area of the figure=9×1sq unit=9 sq units.

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VI Class NCERT(2023-24) 10.Mensuration

(b) Full filled squares=5

Area of the figure=5×1sq unit=5 sq units.
(c) Full filled squares=2
Half-filled squares=4
1
Area of the figure = 2 × 1 + 4 × = 2 + 2 = 4 sq units.
2
(d) Full filled squares=8
Area of the figure=8×1sq unit=8 sq units
(e) Full filled squares=10
Area of the figure=10×1sq unit=10 sq units.
(f) Full filled squares=2
Half-filled squares=4
1
Area of the figure = 2 × 1 + 4 × = 2 + 2 = 4 sq units.
2
(g) Full filled squares=4
Half-filled squares=4
1
Area of the figure = 4 × 1 + 4 × = 4 + 2 = 6 sq units.
2
(h) Full filled squares=5
Area of the figure=5×1sq unit=5 sq units.
(i) Full filled squares=9
Area of the figure=9×1sq unit=9 sq units.
(j) Full filled squares=2
Half-filled squares=4
1
Area of the figure = 2 × 1 + 4 × 2 = 2 + 2 = 4 sq units.

Area of a rectangle:
Area of a rectangle = length × breadth
Area of a square:
Area of the square = side × side
Example 13 : Find the area of a rectangle whose length and breadth are 12 cm and 4 cm respectively.
Sol: Length=12 cm, Breadth=4 cm.
Area of the rectangle = length × breadth
= 12 cm × 4 cm = 48 sq cm.
Example 14 : Find the area of a square plot of side 8 m.
Sol: Side = 8 m
Area of the square = side × side

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VI Class NCERT(2023-24) 10.Mensuration

= 8 m × 8 m = 64 sq m.
Example 15 : The area of a rectangular piece of cardboard is 36 sq cm and its length is 9 cm. What is
the width of the cardboard?
Sol: Length = 9 cm, Width= ?
Area of the rectangle = 36 sq cm
length × width=36 sq cm
9 × width=36
36
Width = = 4 cm
9
 The width of the rectangular cardboard is 4 cm.
Example 16 : Bob wants to cover the floor of a room 3 m wide and 4 m long by squared tiles. If each
square tile is of side 0.5 m, then find the number of tiles required to cover the floor of the room.
Sol: Length = 4 m, Breadth=3m
Area of the floor = length × breadth = 4 m × 3 m = 12 sq m
Area of one square tile = side × side=0.5 m×0.5 m=0.25 sq m
Area of the floor 12 × 100 1200
Number of tiles required = = = = 48
Area of one tile 0.25 × 100 25
Example 17 : Find the area in square metre of a piece of cloth 1m 25 cm wide and 2 m long.
Sol: Length=2 m, Breadth=1 m 25 cm=1.25 m
Area of the cloth = length × breadth
=2 m×1.25 m=2.50 sq.m
EXERCISE 10.3
1. Find the areas of the rectangles whose sides are :
(a) 3 cm and 4 cm
Sol: Length=3 cm, Breadth=4 cm.
Area of the rectangle = length × breadth =3 cm×4 cm=12 sq cm
(b) 12 m and 21 m
Sol: Length=12 m, Breadth=21 m.
Area of the rectangle = length × breadth =12 cm×21 cm=252 sq m
(c) 2 km and 3 km
Sol: Length=2 km, Breadth=3 km.
Area of the rectangle = length × breadth =2 km ×3 km =6 sq km
(d) 2 m and 70 cm
Sol: Length=2 m, Breadth=70 cm=0.70 m.
Area of the rectangle = length × breadth =2 m×0.70 m=1.40 sq cm
2. Find the areas of the squares whose sides are :

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VI Class NCERT(2023-24) 10.Mensuration

(a) 10 cm
Sol: Side= 10 cm
Area of the square=side × side
=10 cm×10 cm=100 sq cm
(b) 14 cm
Sol: Side= 14 cm
Area of the square=side × side
=14 cm×14 cm=196 sq cm
(c) 5 m
Sol: Side= 5 m
Area of the square=side × side
=5 m×5 m=25 sq m
3. The length and breadth of three rectangles are as given below : Which one has the largest area
and which one has the smallest?
(a) 9 m and 6 m, (b) 17 m and 3 m. (c) 4 m and 14 m
Sol: Area of the rectangle (a) =9 m×6 m=54 sq m
Area of the rectangle (b) =17 m×3 m=51 sq m
Area of the rectangle(c) =4 m×14 m=56 sq m
The rectangle (c) has the largest area and (b) has the smallest area.
4. The area of a rectangular garden 50 m long is 300 sq m. Find the width of the garden.

Sol: The area of a rectangular garden =300 sq m.

long × width = 300 sqm

50 × width = 300

300
width = = 6𝑚
50

The width of the garden=6 m

5. What is the cost of tiling a rectangular plot of land 500 m long and 200 m wide at the rate of ₹ 8
per hundred sq m.?

Sol: Length=500m, Breadth=200 m

Area of rectangular plot=length × breadth =500 m× 200 m=100000 sq m

Cost of tiling per 100 sq m=₹8

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VI Class NCERT(2023-24) 10.Mensuration

100000 × 8
Cost of tiling per 100000 𝑠𝑞 𝑚 = = ₹ 8000
100

The cost of tiling a rectangular plot of land=₹ 8000

6. A table-top measures 2 m by 1 m 50 cm. What is its area in square metres?

Sol: Length=2 m, Breadth=1 m 50 cm=1.50 m

Area of table top= length × breadth=2 m×1.50 m=3 sq m

7. A room is 4 m long and 3 m 50 cm wide. How many square metres of carpet is needed to cover the
floor of the room?

Sol: Length =4 m, Bredth=3 m 50 cm=3.50 m

Area of room= length × breadth=4 m×3.50 m=14 sq m

The area of required carpet=14 sq m

8. A floor is 5 m long and 4 m wide. A square carpet of sides 3 m is laid on the floor. Find the area of
the floor that is not carpeted.

Sol: Length =5 m, breadth =4 m

Area of floor= length × breadth=5 m×4 m=20 sq m

Side of square carpet=3 m

Area of square carpet=side × side=3 m× 3 m=9 sq m

The area of the floor that is not carpeted =20 sq m − 9 sq m = 11 sq m

9. Five square flower beds each of sides 1 m are dug on a piece of land 5 m long and 4 m wide. What
is the area of the remaining part of the land?

Sol: Side of square flower bed=1 m

Area of flower bed=side × side=1 m×1 m=1 sq m

Area of 5 flower beds=5×1 sq m=5 sq m

Area of land=5 m× 4 m=20 sq m

The area of the remaining part of the land = 20 sq m − 5 sq m = 15 sq m

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VI Class NCERT(2023-24) 10.Mensuration

10. By splitting the following figures into rectangles, find their areas (The measures are given in
centimetres).

Sol: (a) Area of rectangle (I)=2×3=6 sq cm

Area of rectangle (II)=4×1=4 sq cm

Area of rectangle (III)=2×3=6 sq cm

Area of rectangle (IV)=4×3=12 sq cm

Total area of the figure(a)=6+4+6+12=28 sq cm

(b) Area of rectangle (I)=5×1=5 sq cm

Area of rectangle (II)=2×1=2 sq cm

Area of rectangle (III)=2×1=2 sq cm

Total area of the figure(b)=5+2+2=9 sq cm

11. Split the following shapes into rectangles and find their areas. (The measures are given in
centimetres)

Sol: (a) Area of rectangle (I)=10×2=20 sq cm

Area of rectangle (II)=10×2=20 sq cm

Total area of the figure=20+20=40 sq cm

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VI Class NCERT(2023-24) 10.Mensuration

(b) Area of square (I)=7×7=49 sq cm

Area of square (II)=7×7=49sq cm

Area of rectangle (III)=21×7=147 sq cm

Total area of the figure=49+49+147=245 sq cm

(c) Area of rectangle (I)=5×1=5 sq cm

Area of rectangle (II)=4×1=4 sq cm

Total area of the figure=5+4=9 sq cm

12. How many tiles whose length and breadth are 12 cm and 5 cm respectively will be needed to fit in
a rectangular region whose length and breadth are respectively: (a) 100 cm and 144 cm (b) 70 cm
and 36 cm.

Sol: Area of tile=12 cm×5 cm

(a) Area of rectangular region=100 cm×144 cm

Area of rectangular region 100 × 144

The number of tiles needed = = = 20 × 12 = 240
Area of tile 12 × 5

(b) Area of rectangular region=70 cm×36 cm

Area of rectangular region 7014 × 363

The number of tiles needed = = = 14 × 3 = 42
Area of tile 12 × 5

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VI CLASS(2023-24) 11.ALGEBRA NCERT
VI-MATHEMATICS-NCERT-2023-24
CHAPTER
11. ALGEBRA (Notes)
11 REPARED BY: BALABHADRA SURESH

1. Variable: A variable takes on different values, its value is not fixed.

2. We may use any letter 𝑛, 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑝, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, etc. to show a variable.
3. A variable allows us to express relations in any practical situation.
4. Using different operations we can form expressions with variables.
1 𝑛
𝐸𝑥: 𝑥 + 5, 2𝑦 − 7, 5𝑚 + , − 15, …
2 3
EXERCISE 11.1
1. Find the rule which gives the number of matchsticks required to make the following matchstick
patterns. Use a variable to write the rule.

(a) A pattern of letter T as (e) A pattern of letter E as

Sol: To make a T , 2 match sticks required. Sol: To make a E , 5 match sticks required.

Rule =2×n=2n (n= number of T) Rule =5×n=5n (n= number of E)

(b) A pattern of letter Z as (f) A pattern of letter S as

Sol: : To make a Z , 3 match sticks required. Sol: : To make a S , 5 match sticks required.

Rule =3×n=3n (n= number of Z) Rule =5×n=3n (n= number of S)

(c) A pattern of letter U as (g) A pattern of letter A as

Sol: : To make a Z , 3 match sticks required. Sol: To make a A , 6 match sticks required.

Rule =3×n=3n (n= number of Z) Rule =6×n=6n (n= number of Z)

(d) A pattern of letter V as

Sol: : To make a V , 3 match sticks required.

Rule =3×n=3n (n= number of V)

2. We already know the rule for the pattern of letters L, C and F. Some of the letters from Q.1 (given
above) give us the same rule as that given by L. Which are these? Why does this happen?

Sol: (a) T and (d) V; The number of matchsticks required in each of them is 2

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VI CLASS(2023-24) 11.ALGEBRA NCERT

3. Cadets are marching in a parade. There are 5 cadets in a row. What is the rule which gives the
number of cadets, given the number of rows? (Use n for the number of rows.)

Sol: Number of cadets in a row =5

Number of rows=n

Total number of cadets=5×n=5n

4. If there are 50 mangoes in a box, how will you write the total number of mangoes in terms of the
number of boxes? (Use b for the number of boxes.)

Sol: Number of mangoes in a box=50

Number of boxes=b

The total number of mangoes=50×b=50b

5. The teacher distributes 5 pencils per student. Can you tell how many pencils are needed, given the
number of students? (Use s for the number of students.)

Sol: Number of pencils distributed per student=5

Number of students=s

Total number of pencils needed=5×s=5s

6. A bird flies 1 kilometer in one minute. Can you express the distance covered by the bird in terms
of its flying time in minutes? (Use t for flying time in minutes.)

Sol: A bird flies in 1 minute=1 km

The distance covered by the bird in t minutes=t×1 km=t km

7. Radha is drawing a dot Rangoli (a beautiful pattern of lines joining dots) with chalk powder. She
has 9 dots in a row. How many dots will her Rangoli have for r rows? How many dots are there if
there are 8 rows? If there are 10 rows?

Sol: Number of dots in a row=9

Number of dots in r rows =9×r=9r

Number of dots in 8 rows=9×8=72

Number of dots in 10 rows=9×10=90

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8. Leela is Radha's younger sister. Leela is 4 years younger than Radha. Can you write Leela's age in
terms of Radha's age? Take Radha's age to be x years.

Sol: Radha’s age=𝑥 years

Leela’s age=(𝑥 − 4) years

9. Mother has made laddus. She gives some laddus to guests and family members; still 5 laddus
remain. If the number of laddus mother gave away is l, how many laddus did she make?

Sol: Number of laddus given to guests and family members =𝑙

Number of remaining laddus=5

Total number of laddus made by mother=𝑙 + 5

10. Oranges are to be transferred from larger boxes into smaller boxes. When a large box is emptied,
the oranges from it fill two smaller boxes and still 10 oranges remain outside. If the number of
oranges in a small box are taken to be x, what is the number of oranges in the larger box?

Sol: The number of oranges in the small box=𝑥

The number of oranges in two smaller boxes=2𝑥

Remaining oranges=10

The number of oranges in the larger box=2𝑥 + 10

11. (a) Look at the following matchstick pattern of squares (Fig 11.6). The squares are not separate.
Two neighbouring squares have a common matchstick. Observe the patterns and find the rule that
gives the number of matchsticks in terms of the number of squares. (Hint : If you remove the
vertical stick at the end, you will get a pattern of Cs.)

Sol: Number of sticks are 4,7,10,13

3+1,6+1,9+1,12+1

3×1+1, 3×2+1, 3×3+1, 3×4+1

If the number of squares=n

Then the rule for the pattern=3×n+1=3n+1

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VI CLASS(2023-24) 11.ALGEBRA NCERT

(b) Fig 11.7 gives a matchstick pattern of triangles. As in Exercise 11 (a) above, find the general rule
that gives the number of matchsticks in terms of the number of triangles.

Sol: Number of sticks are 3,5,7,9

2×1+1, 2×2+1, 2×3+1, 2×4+1

If number of triangles=n

Then the rule for the pattern=2×n+1=2n+1

Exemplar
1. 4𝑎 is equals to 𝟒 × 𝒂
2. 8 more than three times the number x can be represented as 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟖
3. If each match box contains 50 matchsticks, the number of matchsticks required to fill n such
boxes is 𝟓𝟎𝒏
4. Amulya is 𝑥 years of age now. 5 years ago her age was (𝒙 – 𝟓) 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔
5. If 𝑥 takes the value 2, then the value of 𝑥 + 10 is 12
6. If the perimeter of a regular hexagon is x metres, then the length of each of its sides is (x ÷ 6)
metres
7. “Variable” means that it can take different values.
8. (10 − 𝑥)means x is subtracted from 10
9. Savitri has a sum of Rs x. She spent Rs 1000 on grocery, Rs 500 on clothes and Rs 400 on
education, and received Rs 200 as a gift. How much money (in Rs) is left with her? (A) 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟎
10. If 7𝑥 + 4 = 25, then the value of 𝑥 is 3
11. ‘𝑥 exceeds y by 7’ can be expressed as 𝒙 = 𝒚 + 𝟕
12. The number of days in w weeks is 𝟕𝒘
13. 𝑥 metres =100𝒙 centimetres
14. 𝑟 rupees = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒓 paise
15. If the present age of Ramandeep is n years, then her age after 7 years will be 𝒏 + 𝟕

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VI CLASS 12.RATIO AND PROPORTION NCERT(2023-24)

VI-MATHEMATICS-NCERT-2023-24
CHAPTER
12 .RATIO AND PROPORTION(Notes)
PREPARED BY: BALABHADRA SURESH
12 Sureshmathsmaterial.com

1. We compare the two quantities in terms of ‘how many times’. This comparison is known as the
Ratio. We denote ratio using symbol ‘:’(is to)
2. Two quantities can be compared only if they are in the same unit.
𝑎
3. The ratio of two quantities 𝑎 to b is 𝑎: b = 𝑏

1. In a class, there are 20 boys and 40 girls. What is the ratio of the number of boys to the number of
girls?

20 1
Sol: The ratio of boys to girls = 20: 40 = = = 1: 2
40 2
2. Ravi walks 6 km in an hour while Roshan walks 4 km in an hour. What is the ratio of the distance
covered by Ravi to the distance covered by Roshan?

6 3
Sol: The ratio of the distance covered by Ravi to the distance covered by Roshan = 6: 4 = =
4 2
= 3: 2

3. Saurabh takes 15 minutes to reach school from his house and Sachin takes one hour to reach
school from his house. Find the ratio of the time taken by Saurabh to the time taken by Sachin.

Sol: The ratio of the time taken by Saurabh to the time taken by Sachin = 15 minutes: 1 hour
15 1
= 15 minutes: 60 minutes = 60 = 4 = 1: 4 1 hour=60 minutes

4. Cost of a toffee is 50 paise and cost of a chocolate is ₹ 10. Find the ratio of the cost of a toffee to the
cost of a chocolate.

Sol: The ratio of the cost of a toffee to the cost of a chocolate 1 rupee=100 paise
50 1
= 50 paise: 10 rupees = 50 paise: 1000 paise = = = 1: 20
1000 20
5. In a school, there were 73 holidays in one year. What is the ratio of the number of holidays to the
number of days in one year?

Sol: The ratio of the number of holidays to the number of days in one year

73 1
= 73: 365 = = = 1: 5
365 5
Example 1 : Length and breadth of a rectangular field are 50 m and 15 m respectively. Find the ratio of
the length to the breadth of the field.

Sol: Length=50 m , Breadth=15 m

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VI CLASS 12.RATIO AND PROPORTION NCERT(2023-24)

50 10
The ratio of the length to the breadth = 50: 15 = = = 10: 3
15 3

Required ratio=10:3

Example 2 : Find the ratio of 90 cm to 1.5 m.

Sol: 1 m=100 cm

1.5 m=1.5 × 100 cm = 150 cm

90 3
Required ratio = 90: 150 = = = 3: 5
150 5
Example 3 : There are 45 persons working in an office. If the number of females is 25 and the
remaining are males, find the ratio of: (a) The number of females to number of males. (b) The number
of males to number of females.

Sol : Total number of workers = 45

Number of females = 25

Number of males = 45 – 25 = 20

(a)The ratio of number of females to the number of males = 25 : 20 = 5 : 4

(b) The ratio of number of males to the number of females = 20 : 25 = 4 : 5.

Equivalent ratio:

We can get equivalent ratios by multiplying or dividing the numerator and denominator by the
same number.

Example 4 : Give two equivalent ratios of 6 : 4.

6 6×2 6×3 6×4

Sol: 6: 4 = = = =
4 4×2 4×3 4×4
6 12 18 24
6: 4 = = = =
4 8 12 16
6: 4 = 12: 8 = 18: 12 = 24: 16

Example 5 : Fill in the missing numbers :

14 6
= =
21 3

14 14 ÷ 7 2
Sol: = =
21 21 ÷ 7 3
2 2×3 6
= =
3 3×3 9

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VI CLASS 12.RATIO AND PROPORTION NCERT(2023-24)

14 2 6
= =
21 3 9

Example 6 : Ratio of distance of the school from Mary’s home to the distance of the school from John’s
home is 2 : 1. (a) Who lives nearer to the school? (b) Complete the following table which shows some
possible distances that Mary and John could live from the school.

(c) If the ratio of distance of Mary’s home to the distance of Kalam’s home from school is 1 : 2, then
who lives nearer to the school?

2 2×2 2×3 2×4 2×5

Sol: 2: 1 = = = = =
1 1×2 1×3 1×4 1×5
2 4 6 8 10
= = = =
1 2 3 4 5

(c) Since the ratio is 1 : 2, so Mary lives nearer to the school.

Example 7 : Divide ₹ 60 in the ratio 1 : 2 between Kriti and Kiran.

Sol: Ratio=1:2

Total parts=1+2=3

1
Kriti’s share = × 60 = ₹ 20
3
2
Kiran’s share = × 60 = ₹ 40.
3

1. There are 20 girls and 15 boys in a class.

(a) What is the ratio of number of girls to the number of boys? (b) What is the ratio of number of
girls to the total number of students in the class?

Sol: Number of girls=20

Number of boy=15

Total number of students=20+15=35

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VI CLASS 12.RATIO AND PROPORTION NCERT(2023-24)

(a) The ratio of girls to boys=20:15=4:3

(b) The ratio girls to the total number of students in the class=20:35=4:7

2. Out of 30 students in a class, 6 like football, 12 like cricket and remaining like tennis. Find the ratio
of
(a) Number of students liking football to number of students liking tennis. (b) Number of students
liking cricket to total number of students.

Sol: Total number of students=30

Football=6, Cricket=12

Tennis=30-(6+12)=30-18=12

(a) The ratio of number of students liking football to number of students liking
tennis=6:12=1:2

(b) The ratio of number of students liking cricket to total number of students=12:30=2:5

3. See the figure and find the ratio of

Number of triangles=3, Number of squares=2, number of circles=2,
Number of all figures=3+2+2=7
(a) Number of triangles to the number of circles inside the rectangle.
Sol: The ratio of triangles to circles=3:2
(b) Number of squares to all the figures inside the rectangle.
Sol: The ratio of squares to all the figures=2:7
(c) Number of circles to all the figures inside the rectangle.
Sol: The ratio of circles to all the figures=2:7

4. Distances travelled by Hamid and Akhtar in an hour are 9 km and 12 km. Find the ratio of speed
of Hamid to the speed of Akhtar.

Diatance 9 km
Sol: Speed of Hamid = = = 9km/h
Time 1h
Diatance 12 km
Speed of Akhtar = = = 12 km/h
Time 1h
The ratio of speed of Hamid to the speed of Akhtar=9:12=3:4

5. Fill in the following blanks:

𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟎
= = = [𝐀𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐬? ]
𝟏𝟖 𝟔 𝟑𝟎
15 15 ÷ 3 5 × 2 5 × 5
Sol: = = =
18 18 ÷ 3 6 × 2 6 × 5
15 5 10 25
= = =
18 6 12 30
Are these equivalent ratios?

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VI CLASS 12.RATIO AND PROPORTION NCERT(2023-24)

Sol: Yes, these are equivalent ratios.

6. Find the ratio of the following :

(a) 81 to 108 (b) 98 to 63 (c) 33 km to 121 km (d) 30 minutes to 45 minutes.

81 9 3
Sol: (a)81: 108 = = = = 3: 4
108 12 4
98 14
(b)98: 63 = = = 14: 9
63 9
33 3
(c)33: 121 = = = 3: 11
121 11
30 6 2
(d) 30: 45 = = = = 2: 3
45 9 3
7. Find the ratio of the following:
(a) 30 minutes to 1.5 hours
Sol: 1.5 hours=1.5×60 minutes=90 minutes
Required ratio=30:90=1:3
(b) 40 cm to 1.5 m
Sol: 1.5 m=1.5×100 cm=150 cm
Required ratio=40:150=4:15
(c) 55 paise to ₹1
Sol: ₹1=100 paise
Required ratio=55:100=11:20
(d) 500 mL to 2 litres
Sol: 2 litres=2×1000 mL=2000 mL
Required ratio=500:2000=5:20=1:4
8. In a year, Seema earns ₹ 1, 50, 000 and saves ₹ 50,000. Find the ratio of (a) Money that Seema
earns to the money she saves. (b) Money that she saves to the money she spends.

Sol: Money earned by Seema=₹ 1,50,000

Money saved by Seema=₹50,000

Money spent by Seema=₹1,50,000-₹ 50,000=₹1,00,000

(a)The ratio of money earns to money saves = 1,50,000: 50,000 = 15: 5 = 3: 1

(b)The ratio of money saves to money spends = 50,000: 1,00,000 = 5: 10 = 1: 2

9. There are 102 teachers in a school of 3300 students. Find the ratio of the number of teachers to
the number of students.

Sol: Number of teachers=102

Number of students=3300

The ratio of teachers to students = 102: 3300(÷ 6) = 17:550

10. In a college, out of 4320 students, 2300 are girls. Find the ratio of

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VI CLASS 12.RATIO AND PROPORTION NCERT(2023-24)

(a) Number of girls to the total number of students. (b) Number of boys to the number of girls. (c)
Number of boys to the total number of students.

Sol: Number of students=4320

Number of girls=2300

Number of boys=4320-2300=2020

(a)Ratio of number of girls to the total number of students=2300:4320 = 230:432=115:216

(b) Ratio of number of boys to the number of girls=2020:2300=202:230=101:115

(c) Ratio of number of boys to the total number of students=2020:4320=202:432=101:216

11. . Out of 1800 students in a school, 750 opted basketball, 800 opted cricket and remaining opted
table tennis. If a student can opt only one game, find the ratio of
(a) Number of students who opted basketball to the number of students who opted table tennis.
(b) Number of students who opted cricket to the number of students opting basketball. (c)
Number of students who opted basketball to the total number of students.

Sol: Total number of students=1800

Number of students opted basketball=750

Number of students opted cricket=800

Number of students opted table tennis=1800-750-800=1800-1550=250

(a) Ratio of students opted basketball to students opted table tennis=750:250=75:25=3:1

(b) Ratio of students opted cricket to students opted basketball =800:750=80:75=16:15

(a) Ratio of students opted basketball to total number of students

=750:1800=75:180=15:36=5:12

12. Cost of a dozen pens is ₹ 180 and cost of 8 ball pens is ₹ 56. Find the ratio of the cost of a pen to the
cost of a ball pen.

Sol: Cost of 12 pens =₹ 180

180
Cost of a pen = = ₹15
12
Cost of 8 ball pens = ₹ 56

56
Cost of a ball pen = = ₹7
8
The ratio of the cost of a pen to the cost of a ball pen=15:7

13. Consider the statement: Ratio of breadth and length of a hall is 2 : 5. Complete the following table
that shows some possible breadths and lengths of the hall.

Sol: Ratio of breadth and length of a hall=2:5

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VI CLASS 12.RATIO AND PROPORTION NCERT(2023-24)

2 2 × 5 2 × 10 2 × 20
2: 5 = = = =
5 5 × 5 5 × 10 5 × 20
2 10 20 40
2: 5 = = = =
5 25 50 100

14. Divide 20 pens between Sheela and Sangeeta in the ratio of 3 : 2.

Sol: Ratio of Sheela to Sangeeta=3:2

Total parts=3+2=5

Total pens=20

3
Number of pens to Sheela = × 204 = 3 × 4 = 12
5
2
Number of pens to Samgeeta = × 204 = 2 × 4 = 8
5
15. Mother wants to divide ₹ 36 between her daughters Shreya and Bhoomika in the ratio of their
ages. If age of Shreya is 15 years and age of Bhoomika is 12 years, find how much Shreya and
Bhoomika will get.

Sol: Ratio of Shreya’s age to Bhoomika’s age=15:12=5:4

Total parts=5+4=9

Total money=₹ 36

5
Money that Shreya will get = × 364 = 5 × 4 = ₹20
9
4
Money that Bhoomika will get = × 36 = 4 × 4 = ₹16
9
16. Present age of father is 42 years and that of his son is 14 years. Find the ratio of
(a) Present age of father to the present age of son. (b) Age of the father to the age of son, when son
was 12 years old. (c) Age of father after 10 years to the age of son after 10 years. (d) Age of father
to the age of son when father was 30 years old.

Sol: Present age of father = 42 years

Present age of son = 14 years

(a) Ratio of present age of father to the present age of son=42:14=3:1

(b) When son was 12 years old , age of father =42-2=40 years

Ratio of Age of the father to the age of son, when son was 12 years old=40:12=10:3

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VI CLASS 12.RATIO AND PROPORTION NCERT(2023-24)

(c) Ratio of age of father after 10 years to the age of son after 10 years =(42+10):(14+10)
=52:24=13:6

(c) When father was 30 years old, age of son=14-12=2 years

Ratio of age of father to the age of son when father was 30 years old.= 30:2=15:1
Proportion:

If two ratios are equal, we say that they are in proportion and use the symbol ‘::’ or ‘=’ to equate the
two ratios.

If two ratios are not equal, then we say that they are not in proportion.

In a statement of proportion, the four quantities involved when taken in order are known as
respective terms. First and fourth terms are known as extreme terms. Second and third terms are
known as middle terms.

In a : b : : c : d; ( a is to b as c is to d)a, b, c, d are the four terms.

a and d are the extreme terms. b and c are the middle terms.
Example 8 : Are the ratios 25g : 30g and 40 kg : 48 kg in proportion?

25 5
Sol: 25 𝑔: 30 𝑔 = = = 5: 6
30 6
40 5
40 kg: 48 kg = = = 5: 6
48 6
25 𝑔: 30 𝑔 = 40 𝑘𝑔: 48 𝑘𝑔

 The ratios 25 g : 30 g and 40 kg : 48 kg are in proportion.

Example 9 : Are 30, 40, 45 and 60 in proportion?

30
Sol: 30: 40 = = 3: 4
40
45 3
45: 60 = =
60 4
Since, 30 : 40 = 45 : 60.

Therefore, 30, 40, 45, 60 are in proportion.

Example 10 : Do the ratios 15 cm to 2 m and 10 sec to 3 minutes form a proportion?

Sol: 15 cm: 2 m = 15 cm: 200 cm = 15: 200 = 3: 40 1 m=100 cm

1 min=60 sec
10 sec: 3 min = 10 sec: 180 sec = 10: 180 = 1: 18

Since, 3 : 40 ≠ 1 : 18

The given ratios do not form a proportion.

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VI CLASS 12.RATIO AND PROPORTION NCERT(2023-24)

1. Determine if the following are in proportion.

(a) 15, 45, 40, 120 (d) 32, 48, 70, 210
15 1 32 2
Sol: 15: 45 = = = 1: 3 Sol: 32: 48 = = = 2: 3
45 3 48 3
40 1 70 1
40: 120 = = = 1: 3 70: 210 = = = 1: 3
120 3 210 3
15: 45 = 40: 120 32: 48 ≠ 70: 210
15, 45, 40, 120 are in proportion 32, 48, 70, 210 are not in proportion.
(b) 33, 121, 9,96 (e) 4, 6, 8, 12
33 3 Sol: 4: 6 = 2: 3
Sol: 33: 121 = = = 3: 11
121 11 8: 12 = 2: 3
9 3 4: 6 = 8: 12
9: 96 = = = 3: 32
96 32 4, 6, 8, 12 are in proportion
33: 121 ≠ 9: 96
(f) 33, 44, 75, 100
33, 121, 9,96 are not in proportion.
Sol: 33: 44 = 3: 4
(c) 24, 28, 36, 48
75: 100 = 3: 4
24 6
Sol: 24: 28 = = = 6: 7 33: 44 = 75: 100
28 7
36 3 33, 44, 75, 100 are in proportion
36: 48 = = = 3: 4
48 4
24: 28 ≠ 36: 48
24, 28, 36, 48 are not in proportion.
2. Write True ( T ) or False ( F ) against each of the following statements.
(a) 16 : 24 :: 20 : 30 (T) (d) 8 : 9 :: 24 : 27 (T)
Sol: 16: 24 = 2: 3 Sol: 8: 9 = 8: 9
20: 30 = 2: 3 24: 27 = 8: 9
(b) 21: 6 :: 35 : 10 (T) (e) 5.2 : 3.9 :: 3 : 4(F)
Sol: 21: 6 = 7: 2 Sol: 5.2: 3.9 = 52: 39 = 4: 3
35 ∶ 10 = 7: 2 3 : 4=3:4
(c) 12 : 18 :: 28 : 12(F) (f) 0.9 : 0.36 :: 10 : 4 (T)
Sol: 12: 18 = 2: 3 Sol: 0.9: 0.36 = 90: 36 = 10: 4 = 5: 2
28: 12 = 7: 3 10: 4 = 5: 2
3. Are the following statements true?
(a) 40 persons : 200 persons = ₹ 15 : ₹ 75 (c) 99 kg : 45 kg = ₹ 44 : ₹ 20
Sol: 40 persons : 200 persons =40:200=1:5
Sol: 99 kg : 45 kg=99:45=11:5
₹ 15 : ₹ 75=15:75=1:5
₹ 44 : ₹ 20=44:20=11:5
Hence given statement is true
Hence given statement is true
(b) 7.5 litres : 15 litres = 5 kg : 10 kg
(d) 32 m : 64 m = 6 sec : 12 sec
Sol: 7.5 litres : 15 litres = 7.5:15=75:150=1:2 Sol: 32 m : 64 m=32:64=1:2

5 kg : 10 kg=5:10=1:2 6 sec : 12 sec=6:12=1:2

Hence given statement is true Hence given statement is true

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VI CLASS 12.RATIO AND PROPORTION NCERT(2023-24)
(e) 45 km : 60 km = 12 hours : 15 hours 12 hours : 15 hours=12:15=4:5

Sol: 45 km : 60 km=45:60=3:4 Hence given statement is false.

4. Determine if the following ratios form a proportion. Also, write the middle terms and extreme

terms where the ratios form a proportion.

(a) 25 cm : 1 m and ₹ 40 : ₹ 160 (c) 2 kg : 80 kg and 25 𝒈 : 625 𝒈

Sol: 25 cm : 1 m=25 cm:100 cm=25:100=1:4 Sol: 2 kg : 80 kg=2:80=1:40

₹ 40 : ₹ 160=40:160=4:16=1:4 25 𝑔 ∶ 625 𝑔 = 25: 625 = 1: 25

25 cm : 1 m = ₹ 40 : ₹ 160 2 kg : 80 kg  25 g : 625 g

Hence given ratios are in proportion Hence given ratios are not in proportion.

(b) 39 litres : 65 litres and 6 bottles : 10 bottles (d) 200 mL : 2.5 litre and ₹ 4 : ₹ 50

Sol: 39 litres : 65 litres=39:65=3:5 Sol: 200 mL : 2.5 litre=200 mL : 2500 mL=2:25

6 bottles : 10 bottles=6:10=3:5 ₹ 4 : ₹ 50=4:50=2:25

39 litres : 65 litres = 6 bottles : 10 bottles 200 mL : 2.5 litre = ₹ 4 : ₹ 50

Hence given ratios are in proportion Hence given ratios are in proportion

In unitary method first we find the value of one unit and then the value of required number of
units.

1. Read the table and fill in the boxes.

Example 11 : If the cost of 6 cans of juice is ₹ 210, then what will be the cost of 4 cans of juice?

Sol : Cost of 6 cans of juice = ₹ 210

210
Cost of one can of juice = = ₹ 35
6
Cost of 4 cans of juice = ₹ 35 × 4 = ₹ 140.

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VI CLASS 12.RATIO AND PROPORTION NCERT(2023-24)
Example 12 : A motorbike travels 220 km in 5 litres of petrol. How much distance will it cover in 1.5
litres of petrol?

Sol: In 5 litres of petrol, motorbike can travel =220 km

220
In 1 litre of petrol, motor bike travels = = 44 km
5
In 1.5 litres of petrol, motorbike travels = 1.5 × 44 km = 66 km

Example 13 : If the cost of a dozen soaps is ₹ 153.60, what will be the cost of 15 such soaps?

Sol: cost of 12 soaps = ₹ 153.60 1 dozen=12

153.60
Cost of 1 soap = = ₹ 12.80
12
Cost of 15 soaps = ₹ 12.80 × 15 = ₹ 192

Example 14 : Cost of 105 envelopes is ₹ 350. How many envelopes can be purchased for ₹ 100?

Sol: Number of envelopes can be purchased for ₹350 = 105

105
Number of envelopes can be purchased for ₹1 =
350
105
Number of envelopes can be purchased for ₹100 = × 100 = 3 × 10 = 30
350
𝟏
Example 15 : A car travels 90 km in 𝟐 hours.
𝟐

(a) How much time is required to cover 30 km with the same speed? (b) Find the distance covered in
2 hours with the same speed.

1 5
Sol: (𝑎)2 hours = × 60 minutes = 150 minutes
2 2
Time is required for 90 km = 150 minutes

150
Time is required for 1 km = minutes
90

15050
Time is required for 30 km = × 301 = 50minutes
903

(b)The distance covered in 150 minutes = 90 𝑘𝑚

90
The distance covered in 1 minute = km
150
9018
The distance covered in 120 minutes(2 hours) = × 1204 𝑘𝑚 = 18 × 4 = 72 km
1505

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VI CLASS 12.RATIO AND PROPORTION NCERT(2023-24)

1. If the cost of 7 m of cloth is ₹ 1470, find the cost of 5 m of cloth.

Sol: The cost of 7 m of cloth = ₹ 1470
₹ 1470
The cost of 1 m of cloth = = ₹ 210
7
The cost of 5 m of cloth = ₹ 210 × 5 = ₹ 1050
2. Ekta earns ₹ 3000 in 10 days. How much will she earn in 30 days?
Sol: Money earned by Ekta in 10 days=₹ 3000
₹ 3000
Money earned by Ekta in 1 day = = ₹300
10
Ekta will earn in 30 days = ₹300 × 30 = ₹9000
3. If it has rained 276 mm in the last 3 days, how many cm of rain will fall in one full week (7 days)?
Assume that the rain continues to fall at the same rate.
Sol: Rain in 3 days=276 mm 1
1 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑐𝑚
276 10
Rain in 1 day = = 92 𝑚𝑚
3
644
Rain will fall in 7 days = 7 × 92 𝑚𝑚 = 644 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑐𝑚 = 64.4 𝑐𝑚
10
4. Cost of 5 kg of wheat is ₹ 91.50
(a) What will be the cost of 8 kg of wheat? (b) What quantity of wheat can be purchased in ₹ 183?
Sol: (a) Cost of 5 kg of wheat =₹ 91.50
₹ 91.50
Cost of 1 kg of wheat = = ₹ 18.30
5
Cost of 8 kg of wheat = ₹ 18.30 × 8 = ₹146.40
(b) Quantity of wheat can be purchased in ₹ 91.50=5 kg
5 500 50 10
Quantity of wheat can be purchased in ₹ 1 = = = = kg
91.50 9150 915 183
10
Quantity of wheat can be purchased in ₹ 183 = 183 × kg = 10 kg
183
5. The temperature dropped 15 degree celsius in the last 30 days. If the rate of temperature drop
remains the same, how many degrees will the temperature drop in the next ten days?
Sol: The temperature dropped in the last 30 days = 150 𝐶
150 𝐶
Temperature drop in 1 day =
30
150 C
The temperature drop in the next 10 days = 10 × = 50 C
30
6. Shaina pays ₹ 15000 as rent for 3 months. How much does she has to pay for a whole year, if the
rent per month remains same?

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VI CLASS 12.RATIO AND PROPORTION NCERT(2023-24)
Sol: Rent for 3 months=₹15000
₹15000 1 year=12 months
Rent for 1 month = = ₹5000
3
Rent for a whole year(12 months) = ₹5000 × 12 = ₹60,000
7. Cost of 4 dozen bananas is ₹ 180. How many bananas can be purchased for ₹ 90?
Sol: 4 dozen=4×12=48
Number of bananas purchased for ₹180=48
48
Number of bananas purchased for ₹1 =
180
48
Number of bananas purchased for ₹90 = 90 × = 24
180
8. The weight of 72 books is 9 kg. What is the weight of 40 such books?
Sol: The weight of 72 books = 9 kg
9
The weight of 1 book = kg
72
9
The weight of 40 book = 40 × kg = 5 kg
72
9. A truck requires 108 litres of diesel for covering a distance of 594 km. How much diesel will be
required by the truck to cover a distance of 1650 km?

Sol: Diesel requires for covering a distance of 594 km=108 L

108 2
Diesel required for covering a distance of 1 km = = L
594 11

2
Diesel required for covering a distance of 1650 km = 1650 × L = 150 × 2 L = 300 litres
11

10. Raju purchases 10 pens for ₹ 150 and Manish buys 7 pens for ₹ 84. Can you say who got the pens
cheaper?
Sol: Raju purchases 10 pens for ₹ 150
₹ 150
Raju purchased 1 pen for = ₹15
10
Manish buys 7 pens for ₹ 84
₹ 84
Manish buy 1 pen for = ₹ 12
7
Manish got the pens cheaper.
11. Anish made 42 runs in 6 overs and Anup made 63 runs in 7 overs. Who made more runs per
over?
Sol: Number of runs made by Anish in 6 overs=42

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VI CLASS 12.RATIO AND PROPORTION NCERT(2023-24)
42
Number of runs made by Anish in 1 over = =7
6
Number of runs made by Anup in 7 overs=63

63
Number of runs made by Anup in 1 over = =9
7

Anup made more runs per over than Anish.

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