Linux

Basic Commands
 Basic Linux Commands
• File Handling
• Text Processing
• System Administration
• Process Management
• Archival
• Network
• File Systems
• Advanced Commands
 Sources to learn commands??


Primary – man(manual) pages.

man <command> ­ shows all information about the
command

<command> ­­help ­ shows the available options
for that command

Secondary – Books and Internet
 File Handling commands
• mkdir – make directories
Usage: mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY...
eg. mkdir prabhat
• ls – list directory contents
Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
eg. ls, ls ­l, ls prabhat
• cd – changes directories
Usage: cd [DIRECTORY]
eg. cd prabhat
 File Handling(contd...)

• pwd ­ print name of current working directory

Usage: pwd

• vim – Vi Improved, a programmers text editor

Usage: vim [OPTION] [file]...
eg. vim file1.txt
 File Handling(contd...)

cp – copy files and directories
Usage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
eg. cp sample.txt sample_copy.txt
cp sample_copy.txt target_dir

mv – move (rename) files
Usage: mv [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
eg. mv source.txt target_dir
mv old.txt new.txt
 File Handling(contd...)

• rm ­ remove files or directories

Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...
eg. rm file1.txt , rm ­rf some_dir
• find – search for files in a directory hierarchy
Usage: find [OPTION] [path] [pattern]
eg. find file1.txt, find ­name file1.txt
• history – prints recently used commands
Usage: history
 Pattern

A Pattern is an expression that describes a set of

strings which is used to give a concise description
of a set, without having to list all elements.

eg. ab*cd matches anything that starts with ab and

ends with cd etc.

ls *.txt – prints all text files

 Text Processing

• cat – concatenate files and print on the standard output

Usage: cat [OPTION] [FILE]...
eg. cat file1.txt file2.txt
cat ­n file1.txt
• echo – display a line of text
Usage: echo [OPTION] [string] ...
eg. echo I love India
echo $HOME
 Text Processing(contd...)

• grep ­ print lines matching a pattern

Usage: grep [OPTION] PATTERN [FILE]...
eg. grep ­i apple sample.txt

• wc ­ print the number of newlines, words, and bytes in files

Usage: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
eg. wc file1.txt
wc ­L file1.txt
 Text Processing(contd...)
• sort – sort lines of text files
Usage: sort [OPTION]... [FILE]...
eg. sort file1.txt
sort ­r file1.txt
 Linux File Permissions
• 3 types of file permissions – read, write, execute
• 10 bit format from 'ls ­l' command
1 234 567 8 9 10
file type owner group others
eg. drwxrw­r­­ means owner has all three permissions,
group has read and write, others have only read
permission
• read permission – 4, write – 2, execute ­1
eg. rwxrw­r­­ = 764
673 = rw­rwx­wx
 System Administration

• chmod – change file access permissions

Usage: chmod [OPTION] [MODE] [FILE]
eg. chmod 744 calculate.sh
• chown – change file owner and group
Usage: chown [OPTION]... OWNER[:[GROUP]] FILE...
eg. chown remo myfile.txt
 System Administration (contd...)

• su – change user ID or become super­user

Usage: su [OPTION] [LOGIN]
eg. su remo, su
• passwd – update a user’s authentication tokens(s)
Usage: passwd [OPTION]
eg. passwd
• who – show who is logged on
Usage: who [OPTION]
eg. who , who ­b , who ­q
 Process Management
• ps – report a snapshot of the current processes
Usage: ps [OPTION]
eg. ps, ps ­el

• kill – to kill a process(using signal mechanism)

Usage: kill [OPTION] pid
eg. kill ­9 2275
 Archival
• tar – to archive a file
Usage: tar [OPTION] DEST SOURCE
eg. tar ­cvf /home/archive.tar /home/original
tar ­xvf /home/archive.tar
• zip – package and compress (archive) files
Usage: zip [OPTION] DEST SOURSE
eg. zip original.zip original
• unzip – list, test and extract compressed files in a ZIP archive
Usage: unzip filename
eg. unzip original.zip
 Network
• ssh – SSH client (remote login program)
“ssh is a program for logging into a remote machine and for
executing commands on a remote machine”
Usage: ssh [options] [user]@hostname
eg. ssh ­X guest@10.105.11.20
• scp – secure copy (remote file copy program)
“scp copies files between hosts on a network”
Usage: scp [options] [[user]@host1:file1] [[user]@host2:file2]
eg. scp file1.txt guest@10.105.11.20:~/Desktop/
 File Systems
• fdisk – partition manipulator
eg. sudo fdisk ­l
• mount – mount a file system
Usage: mount ­t type device dir
eg. mount /dev/sda5 /media/target
• umount – unmount file systems
Usage: umount [OPTIONS] dir | device...
eg. umount /media/target
 File Systems(contd...)
• du – estimate file space usage
Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
eg. du
• df – report filesystem disk space usage
Usage: df [OPTION]... [FILE]...
eg. df
• quota – display disk usage and limits
Usage: quota [OPTION]
eg. quota ­v
 Advanced Commands
• reboot – reboot the system
Usage: reboot [OPTION]
eg. reboot

• poweroff – power off the system

Usage: poweroff [OPTION]
eg. poweroff
 Suggested Material

• The UNIX Programming Environment

by Kernighan and Pike (PrenticeHall)
• Your UNIX: The Ultimate Guide
by Sumitabha Das
Thank You
 Editor commands
• kate – KDE Advanced Text Editor
Usage: kate [options][file(s)]
eg. kate file1.txt file2.txt

• vim – Vi Improved, a programmers text editor

Usage: vim [OPTION] [file]...
eg. vi hello.c
• gedit ­ A text Editor. Used to create and edit files.
Usage: gedit [OPTION] [FILE]...
eg. gedit
 Process Management(contd...)
• bg – make a foreground process to run in background
Usage: type 'ctrl+z' and then 'bg <job id>'
• fg – to make background process as foreground process
Usage: fg [jobid]
• jobs – displays the names and ids of background jobs
Usage: jobs
 Advanced Commands (contd...)

• sed ­ stream editor for filtering and transforming text

Usage: sed [OPTION] [input­file]...
eg. sed 's/love/hate/g' loveletter.txt

• awk ­ pattern scanning and processing language

eg. awk ­F: '{ print $1 }' sample_awk.txt
• find ­ search for files in a directory hierarchy
Usage: find [OPTION] [path] [pattern]
eg. find ­name file1.txt
• locate – find or locate a file
Usage: locate [OPTION]... FILE...
eg. locate file1.txt