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[03] Functions and Graphs (cont.) - classes of functions - inverse functions

The document outlines the content of a mathematics course focused on calculus, specifically covering functions and graphs. It includes topics such as linear functions, polynomials, trigonometric functions, transformations of functions, and inverse functions, along with examples and exercises. The course is conducted by TS. Trịnh Hoàng Minh at FPT University, Quy Nhon AI Campus.

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hoathuanmmag
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

[03] Functions and Graphs (cont.) - classes of functions - inverse functions

The document outlines the content of a mathematics course focused on calculus, specifically covering functions and graphs. It includes topics such as linear functions, polynomials, trigonometric functions, transformations of functions, and inverse functions, along with examples and exercises. The course is conducted by TS. Trịnh Hoàng Minh at FPT University, Quy Nhon AI Campus.

Uploaded by

hoathuanmmag
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MAE101

Mathematics for Engineering


Part 1: Calculus
Session 3: Functions and Graphs
Lecturer: TS. Trịnh Hoàng Minh
FPT University, Quy Nhon AI Campus

8/2023
Chapter 1: Functions and Graphs
• Review of Functions
• Basic Classes of Functions
• Inverse Functions

Quy Nhon AI Campus MAE 101: Mathematics for Engineering 2


Basic Classes of Functions
Linear functions
• Linear function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑎 ≠ 0 (affine function)

• Slope: two points


𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑦2
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑎=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
Linear function • 𝑏=𝑓 0

• Standard form of a line: 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐 for 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 > 0

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Polynomials
• Polynomials 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0
• 𝑛 ∈ ℕ (𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0): degree of the polynomial
• 𝑎𝑛 : leading polynomial
• 𝑎0 : free coefficient

• Example
a) Quadratic function: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 (zeros?)
b) Cubic function: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
c) Power function: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑏 , 𝑏 ∈ ℕ+ (odd/even
functions)

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Polynomials
• Example Consider the function 𝑓 𝑥 = −2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1,
(i) describe the behavior of 𝑓 𝑥 as 𝑥 → ±∞, (ii) find all
zeros of 𝑓, and (iii) sketch a graph of 𝑓
• Question Consider a mathematical model that a
company could use to describe its revenue for the sale of
a particular item. The amount of revenue 𝑅 a company
receives for the sale of 𝑛 items sold at a price of 𝑝 dollars
per item is described by the equation 𝑅 = 𝑝𝑛. In turn, 𝑛
depends on the price per item 𝑝 by 𝑛 = −1.04𝑝 + 26, for
0 ≤ 𝑝 ≤ 25.
• Write the equation which describe the revenue as a
function of 𝑝
• Graph the function. Find zeros of 𝑅 𝑝
• Find the 𝑝 that maximizes the revenue

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Trigonometric functions
• Measure the angle

Unit circle: circle of radius 1, centered at 0


An angle 𝜃 ↔ an arc of length 𝑠 in the unit circle
180o
𝜃 = 𝑠 (rad)= 𝑠 (degree)
𝜋

Example Convert between radian


and degree
a. 225o =? radian
5𝜋
b. =? degee
3

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Trigonometric functions
• Trigonometric Identities [1, p. 68]

Reciprocal identities
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 1 1
tan 𝜃 = , cot 𝜃 = , csc 𝜃 = , sec 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

Pythagorean identities
sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1, 1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃 , 1 + cot 2 𝜃 = csc 2 𝜃

Addition and subtraction formulas


sin 𝛼 ± 𝛽 = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 ± cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽
cos 𝛼 ± 𝛽 = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 ∓ sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽

Double angle formulas


sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
cos 2𝜃 = 2 cos2 𝜃 − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃

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Trigonometric functions
Example Using trigonometric identities, show that:
1. cos 3𝑥 = 4 cos3 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥
tan 𝑥−tan 𝑦
2. tan 𝑥 − 𝑦 =
1+tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦

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Transformations of functions
• Shifting

𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 has graph 𝐺
• Shifting 𝐺 to the right 𝑐 > 0
unit: 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑐
• Shifting 𝐺 to the left 𝑐 > 0 unit:
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥+𝑐
• Shifting 𝐺 up 𝑐 > 0 unit:
𝑦 =𝑓 𝑥 +𝑐
• Shifting 𝐺 down 𝑐 > 0 unit:
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 −𝑐
• Translation: combining horizontal
and vertical shifting

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Transformations of functions
• Scaling

𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 has graph 𝐺
• Vertical scaling 𝐺 a factor 𝑐 > 0: 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑓 𝑥
• 𝑐 > 1: vertical stretch
• 0 < 𝑐 < 1: vertical compression

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Transformations of functions
• Scaling

𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 has graph 𝐺
Horizontal scaling 𝐺 a factor 𝑐 > 0: 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑐𝑥
• 𝑐 > 1: horizontal compression
• 0 < 𝑐 < 1: horizontal stretched

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Transformations of functions
• Reflection

𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 has graph 𝐺
• Reflect 𝐺 about the 𝑥-axis: 𝑦 = −𝑓 𝑥
• Reflect 𝐺 about the 𝑦-axis: 𝑦 = 𝑓 −𝑥

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Transformations of functions
• Example Let 𝐹 the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 . Obtain the
graph 𝐺 of 𝑔 𝑥 = − 𝑥 + 2 − 3 by using a sequence of
basic transformations.

• Step 1: Obtain
𝐹1 : 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2
by horizontally shifting 𝐺 by 2 units
to the left
• Step 2: Obtain
𝐹2 : 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + 2
by reflecting 𝐹1 about 𝑥 axis
• Step 3: Obtain
𝐺 :− 𝑥 + 2 − 3
by vertically shifts 𝐹2 down by 3
units

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Transformations of functions
• Example Let 𝐹 the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 . Obtain the
𝑥2
graph 𝐺 of 𝑔 𝑥 = − − 𝑥 − 3 by using a sequence of
4
basic transformations.

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Inverse function
One-to-one function
• A function 𝑓 is one-to-one if 𝑓 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑓 𝑥2 when
𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2
• Horizontal line test

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Inverse function
• 𝑓: 𝐷 → 𝑅
• The inverse function of 𝑓 (if it exists) is 𝑓 −1 with domain
𝑅 and range 𝐷 such that 𝑓 −1 𝑦 = 𝑥 if 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦

• Finding an inverse function


• Solve 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 for 𝑥
• Interchange variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 and write 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 𝑥

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Inverse function
• Finding an inverse function
• Solve 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 for 𝑥 on the domain that 𝑓 is one-to-one
• Interchange variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 and write 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 𝑥

• Example Finding the inverse function of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 4


• The function 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 4 is one-to-one on 𝐷 = ℝ
⇒ 𝑥 = 3 𝑦 − 4, ∀𝑦 ∈ ℝ
3
• Inverse function: 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 4, with domain 𝐷 = ℝ
• Example Finfing the inverse function of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2
• The function has 𝐷 = −2, +∞ , 𝑅 = 0, +∞
⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 − 2, ∀𝑦 ≥ 0
• Inverse function: 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2, with domain 0, +∞

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Inverse function
• Example Finding the inverse function of 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
• The function 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 is one-to-one on 𝐷 =
𝜋 𝜋
− ,
2 2
⇒ 𝑥 = sin−1 𝑦 , ∀𝑦 ∈ −1, 1
• Inverse function: 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = sin−1 𝑥 , domain −1, 1 .

• Question: Inverse functions of cos 𝑥 , tan 𝑥 , cot 𝑥 ?

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References
• E. Herman & G. Strang, Calculus 1 & 2, Openstax
https://openstax.org/details/books/calculus-volume-1
• W. K. Nicholson, Linear algebra with Application, LyryX Ver 2021-A
https://lyryx.com/linear-algebra-applications/
• https://assets.openstax.org/oscms-
prodcms/media/documents/OpenStax.Effective.Reading.and.Notetaki
ng.Guide_E7WFZSP.pdf
• https://www.ocw.mit.edu/courses/18-01-calculus-i-single-variable-
calculus-fall-2020/
• https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/18-06-linear-algebra-spring-2010/
• Slides MAE101, FPT University, Quy Nhon
• Nguyễn Đình Trí, Tạ Văn Đĩnh, Nguyễn Hồ Quỳnh Bài tập Toán cao cấp
Tập 1 và Tập 2, NXB Giáo dục

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