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Lecture Note 06 - Functions

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41 views

Lecture Note 06 - Functions

Uploaded by

sajanajeem026
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BSSS 01542-Basic Mathematics

Department of Mathematics
BSSS 01542- Basic Mathematics
Lesson 02
Functions
Definition:
Let 𝑋 and 𝑌 be two non-empty sets. Then a rule correspondence 𝑓 which associates to
each element 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋, a unique element denoted by 𝑓(𝑥) of 𝑌, is called a function or a
mapping from 𝑋 to 𝑌 and we write 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌.
The element 𝑓(𝑥) of 𝑌, associate with the element 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 is called the 𝑓-image or simply the
image of 𝑥, while 𝑥 is called the pre-image of 𝑓(𝑥).
The sets 𝑋 and 𝑌 are respectively, known as the domain and co-domain of 𝑓, while the set
𝑓(𝑋) = {𝑓(𝑥): 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋} consist of all possible images of elements of 𝑋 is called the Range of
the mapping 𝑓.

NOTE:
• If 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌, then a single element in 𝑋 cannot have more than one images in 𝑌.
However, two or more than two elements in 𝑋 may have the same image in 𝑌.
• Every element in 𝑋 must have its image in 𝑌, but every element in 𝑌 may not have its
pre-image in 𝑋.
• Sometimes, a function is described only by a formula and the domain of the function
is not explicitly stated. In all such cases, the domain of the function is the set of all
those elements for which the formula is meaningful.
BSSS 01542-Basic Mathematics

• Sometimes, a function 𝑓 can be expressed by different formulas in different parts of


the domain.
Example:
𝑓: ℝ → ℝ, with 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 5 is a function from real numbers to real numbers. For
each real 𝑥, there is exactly one real 𝑦, given by 3𝑥 + 5.
Example:
Let 𝑋 = {−1,1,2,3} and 𝑌 = {1,4,9,16}. Consider the rule, 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 ∶ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑋.
Clearly f associates to each 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋, a unique element 𝑥 2 ∈ 𝑌. Thus, the images of -1, 1, 2 and
3 are 1 ,1, 4 and 9 respectively. We may write, 𝑓(−1) = 1, 𝑓(1) = 1, 𝑓(2) = 4, 𝑓(3) = 9.
Hence, 𝑓 is a function. Clearly, 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛(𝑓) = {−1,1,2,3} and 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒(𝑓) = {1,4,9}.
Example: Determine whether each of the following is a function or not under 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ,
i. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5
𝑥
ii. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +1
iii. 𝑓(𝑥) = 1/𝑥
1
iv. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−1

Composite Functions
Definition:
Let 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 and 𝑔: 𝐵 → 𝐶 be two functions. Then the composition of 𝑓 and 𝑔,
denoted by 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓, is defined as the function 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 : 𝐴 → 𝐶 given by (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓) (𝑥) =
𝑔(𝑓 (𝑥)), ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴.

Example:
Let 𝑓, 𝑔: ℝ ⟶ ℝ with 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3. Then find (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) and
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥).
Solution:
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 2(𝑥 − 3) + 1 = 2𝑥 − 5

(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = (2𝑥 + 1) − 3 = 2𝑥 − 2


BSSS 01542-Basic Mathematics

Example:
Suppose two functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 are mapping from 𝐴 to 𝐵 and from 𝐵 to 𝐶 respectively. Then
find the two composite functions (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) and (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥).
1
i. 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 1, 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 𝑥 + 4
𝑥−1
ii. 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑔(𝑥) = 7𝑥 2 − 1
2
iii. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 , 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
1
iv. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 5, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥

Inverse Functions
Definition:
If 𝑓 is a function from 𝑋 to 𝑌. Then we write 𝑓 −1 to denote the map that takes every
element 𝑏 ∈ 𝑌 to the corresponding 𝑎 ∈ 𝑋 for which 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑏. Then 𝑓 −1 : 𝑌 ⟶ 𝑋,
𝐷(𝑓 −1 ) = 𝑌 and 𝑅(𝑓 −1 ) = 𝑋.
Example: Let the following functions are map from ℝ 𝑡𝑜 ℝ. Then find the inverse functions.
i. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1
6𝑥−1
ii. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
3
iii. 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 2 𝑥
5(𝑥−1)
iv. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2

Identity Functions
Definition:
Let ℝ be the set of real numbers. Thus, the real-valued function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ by 𝑦 =
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, is called the identity function. Here the domain and range (codomain)
of function 𝑓 are ℝ.

Constant Functions
Definition:
If a function is expressed as 𝑦 = 𝑘 or 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘, where k is any real number, it can be
treated as a constant function.
1
For instance, 𝑓(𝑥) = 0, 𝑓(𝑥) = 2, 𝑓(𝑥) = −1, 𝑓(𝑥) = 2

Graph of a Function
The graph of a real-valued function of one variable is a curve in the 𝑥𝑦-plane. It is described
by 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ(𝑓) = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)}.
BSSS 01542-Basic Mathematics

Graph of square root function:

Graph of identity function Graph of constant function:


BSSS 01542-Basic Mathematics

Example: Plot the graph of linear function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1


𝑥 -1 0 1
𝑦 =𝑥+1 0 1 2

Example: Plot the graph of following linear functions


i. 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1
ii. 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1
iii. 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 + 1
iv. 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = −3𝑥
Example: Plot the graph of following quadratic functions
i. 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)
ii. 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3)
iii. 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3)
Example: Plot the graph of following constant functions
i. 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
ii. 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = −2
iii. 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
Exponential Functions
An exponential function is a Mathematical function in the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑥 , where “𝑥” is a
variable and “𝑎” is a constant which is called the base of the function and it should be greater
than 0 (but 𝑎 ≠ 1).
Most of the time used exponential function base is the transcendental number 𝑒, which is
approximately equal to 2.71828.
For instance, 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 , 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 , 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥
BSSS 01542-Basic Mathematics

Logarithmic Functions
In mathematics, the logarithmic function is an inverse function to exponentiation. The
logarithmic function is defined as
For 𝑥 > 0, 𝑎 > 0 and 𝑎 ≠ 1
𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 if and only if 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦
Then the function is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑎 𝑥.
The base of the logarithm is 𝑎. This can be read it as 𝑙𝑜𝑔 base 𝑎 of 𝑥.

Example: Write the corresponding logarithmic functions of the following exponential


functions.
i. 𝑥 = 10𝑦
ii. 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑦
iii. 𝑥 = 5𝑦
iv. 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑦

Modulus Functions
The modulus function 𝑓(𝑥) of 𝑥 is defined as, 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = |𝑥|. Where 𝑓: ℝ ⟶ ℝ+ and
|𝑥| states modulus or mod 𝑥.
BSSS 01542-Basic Mathematics

Since, 𝑓(𝑥) has a positive real value for any real values 𝑥, we can redefine the modulus
function as,
𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| = {
−𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
To sketch the graph,
𝑥 -2 -1 0 1 2
𝑦 = |𝑥| 2 1 0 1 2

Example: Sketch the graph of following modulus functions (by creating a table)
i. 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 1|
ii. 𝑦 = |𝑥 − 2|
iii. 𝑦 = 2|𝑥| + 1
iv. 𝑦 = −|𝑥|
v. 𝑦 = |1 − 𝑥|

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