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Inheritance Part 2

The document outlines Mendel's experiments on inheritance using pea plants, demonstrating the concepts of dominant and recessive traits through genetic crosses. It includes definitions of key genetic terms such as genotype, phenotype, homozygous, and heterozygous, as well as applications of these concepts in various genetic scenarios. Additionally, it discusses co-dominance and blood heredity, along with the determination of sex based on sex chromosomes.

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amrfarouk3011
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© © All Rights Reserved
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2 views

Inheritance Part 2

The document outlines Mendel's experiments on inheritance using pea plants, demonstrating the concepts of dominant and recessive traits through genetic crosses. It includes definitions of key genetic terms such as genotype, phenotype, homozygous, and heterozygous, as well as applications of these concepts in various genetic scenarios. Additionally, it discusses co-dominance and blood heredity, along with the determination of sex based on sex chromosomes.

Uploaded by

amrfarouk3011
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Inheritance

Mendel’s first experiments

 Parents: Pea plant with red flowers X


Pea plant with white flowers
 Offspring (F1): All pea plants have red
flowers

 Conclusion
 Red is dominant; white is recessive
 When F1 % is 100, this means that the
parents are (were) pure (homozygous).
Genetic diagram

 Symbols (for alleles)


 Red flower (R) ; White flower (r );
 Parental phenotype: Red flower x
white flower
 Parental genotype: RR x rr
 Gametes:
 Offspring genotype:
 Offspring phenotype:
Mendel’s second step

 Then he crossed two plants from the Offspring


 Pea plant with red flowers X Pea plant with
red flowers
Heterozygous Heterozygous
 Offspring
 2nd generation (F2): 75% red flower; 25%
White Flower
 Or ratio (3 red:1 white)
 Conclusion: parents were (are) Heterozygous
(hybrids)
 Heterozygous is dominant.
Genetic diagram

 Parental phenotype: red flowerXred flower


 Parental genotypes: X
 Gametes:
 Offspring genotype
 Offspring phenotype
 Ratio
Genetic diagram

 Parental Phenotype :red flower X


white flower
(Heterozygous) (Homozygous)
 Parental Genotype
 Gametes
 Offspring Genotype
 Offspring Phenotype
 Offspring Ratio
Test cross/Back Cross

 It is a cross used to find whether the dominant parent is


homozygous or heterozygous for its genotype;

 The dominant parent is always crossed by the


homozygous recessive;
Test cross analysis and
conclusions
 Parents Offspring
 Black moue x white mouse; 100% black;
(homozygous)
 Black mouse X white mouse; 50% black;
(Heterozygous) 50% white;
SOME GENETIC TERMS
 Monohybrid cross
When one gene is considered at a time in a
genetic cross
 Alleles: alternative forms of a gene, occupying
the same place on homologous chromosomes
and affecting same characteristic, but
sometimes in different way;
It is represented by chosen symbol or letter.
 Genotype: is the set of genes (genetic makeup)
present in an organism with reference to a
single trait or set of traits.
 Phenotype: is an inherited feature in an
individual’s appearance.
SOME GENETIC TERMS
 Homozygous (pure)
The genotype is made of two identical alleles e.g
BB, bb, …
 Heterozygous (hybrid)
The genotype is made of two different alleles.
e.g Aa, Bb, …
SOME GENETIC TERMS

 Dominant
A dominant is a one that has a strong control on the
development of a characteristic. It is the allele that
is able to show itself.
Note: In case of dominance, the heterozygous
offspring look like one of the parents of pure race.
One of the genes is dominant and is expressed alone
masking the other allele which is recessive. The
dominant gene is given a capital letter.

 Recessive gene
It is a gene which has a weak control on a
characteristic, and unable to show itself when it is
masked by the dominant allele.
It is given a small letter.
APPLICATION (1)
 We crossed two varieties of maize, the 1st with pale seeds and the 2nd
with dark seeds, we obtained offspring with only black seeds.
Use a genetic diagram to explain the result.
APPLICATION (2)

 We crossed pea plants having round seeds


among themselves. We obtained in a sample
of 39 seeds, 29 seeds which are round and 10
seeds which are wrinkled.
A which is the dominant gene? The
recessive?

B Find the phenotypic ratio of the


offspring. Show your working.
C Choose symbols for the alleles
D Use a genetic diagram to explain the
heredity.
APPLICATION (3)

 A man with myopic eye married a woman with normal


sight . They got a normal child. Knowing that myopic
eye dominates normal eye, Use a genetic diagram to
explain the heredity.
Co dominance

 Both genes have same dominancy; no one is dominant


over the other. Both genes show themselves in the
phenotype, no matter what the combination is going to
be.
The alleles are always given capital letters.
Application (4)

 Parents phenotype: Red flower X White


flower.
 Offspring: Pink flowers (a new Phenotype).
 Symbols for Alleles :
 Parental phenotype: red flower X white
flower
 Parental Genotype:
 Gametes:
 Offspring genotype:
 Offspring phenotype :
Blood Heredity

 The blood shows an example of co


dominance It is between blood group A
and blood group B.
 It also gives an example of dominancy
because blood group O is recessive.
 Blood group A dominates blood group
O
 Blood group B dominates blood group
O
 Alleles for blood groups are
represented as IA , IB, I0
 Note: for blood O , we use either IO
or i (because blood O is recessive).
Blood Heredity
Blood Group Genotype
(Phenotype) Homozygous Heterozygous

A I A IA IA Io

B IB IB IB Io

AB - IA IB

O Io Io -
Application (5)

 Parental phenotype :blood group AB X blood group O

 Parental genotype:
 Gametes:
 Offspring genotype:
 Offspring phenotype:
Application (5)

 A man of blood group A and a woman of the same blood


group have a child of blood group O . Use a genetic
diagram to explain the heredity.
Application (6)

 Parents of which none of them have blood group O,


they got two children, one with blood group O, and
the second child with blood group AB. Use a genetic
diagram to explain the heredity.
PEDIGREE OR FAMILY TREE

Parents

Offspring
DETERMINATION OF SEX

 The sex of a child depends on one particular pair


of chromosomes called the sex chromosomes.

 In females, the two sex chromosomes, called the X


chromosomes, are the same size as each other.

 In males, the two sex chromosomes are of


different sizes. One corresponds to the female sex
chromosomes and is called the X chromosome. The
other is smaller and is called Y chromosome.

 The female genotype is XX and the male genotype


is XY
Application (7)

 Parental phenotype: Female x Male


 Parental genotypes:
 Gametes:
 Offspring genotype:
 Offspring phenotype:

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