Java syllabus

PART -I
1.​ JAVA INTO
2.​ WHAT IS JAVA
3.​ FEATURES OF JAVA
4.​ C VS C++ VS JAVA
5.​ PROGRAM INTERNAL
6.​ WHAT IS JDK JRE JVM
7.​ JDK DOWNLOAD AND PATH SETTING
8.​ WHAT IS CLASS
9.​ WHAT IS OBJECT
10.​ HELLO JAVA PROGRAM
11.​ DATA TYPES
12.​ VARIABLES
13.​ MEMORY MANAGEMENT
14.​ KEYWORDS
15.​ SCANNER CLASS
16.​ JAVA CONTROL STATEMENTS

PART -II
1.​ PACKAGES
2.​ ACCESS MODIFIERS
3.​ METHODS
4.​ JAVA OPP’S CONCEPT
●​ CLASS
●​ OBJECT
●​ INHERITANCE
i.​ INHERITANCE(IS-A)
ii.​ INHERITANCE(HAS-A)
●​ POLYMORPHISM
i.​ COMPILE TIME POLYMORPHISM
ii.​ RUNTIME POLYMORPHISM
●​ ABSTRACTION
i.​ ABSTRACT CLASS
ii.​ INTERFACE
●​ ENCAPSULATION
5.​ this AND super ,final KEYWORDS
6.​ CONSTRUCTOR
7.​ this() AND super() KEYWORDS

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PART -III
1.​ JAVA ARRAY
2.​ ARRAYS CLASS
3.​ STRING
4.​ STRING BUFFER AND STRING BUILDER
5.​ EXCEPTION HANDLING
6.​ FILE HANDLING
7.​ MULTITHREADING
a.​ SYNCHRONIZATION
b.​ INTER THREAD COMMUNICATION
c.​ DEADLOCK
d.​ DAEMON THREAD
8.​ INNER CLASS
9.​ OBJECT CLASS

PART -IV
1.​ WRAPPER CLASS
2.​ COLLECTION
●​ LIST
●​ QUEUE
●​ SET
3.​ COLLECTIONS
4.​ COMPARABLE INTERFACE
5.​ COMPARATOR INTERFACE
6.​ MAP INTERFACE
7.​ HASHTABLE
8.​ JAVA JDBC

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PART - I
1. What is Java?

Java is an object-oriented, platform-independent, high-level programming language designed to

provide a smooth, efficient, and secure programming environment. Java follows the "Write Once, Run
Anywhere" philosophy, as Java programs can run on any platform with a JVM (Java Virtual
Machine).

Key Features of Java:

●​ Platform-independent: Java code is compiled into bytecode that can run on any platform
having a JVM.
●​ Object-Oriented: Java supports object-oriented programming concepts like classes, objects,
inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and abstraction.
●​ Multithreading: Java supports concurrent execution of threads, making it suitable for
complex applications.
●​ Secure: Java uses the JVM to run code in a safe execution environment.
●​ Robust: Java’s strong exception handling and automatic memory management make it a
reliable language.
●​ Distributed: Java provides built-in networking capabilities and APIs.

2. C vs C++ vs Java
Feature C C++ Java

Paradigm Procedural Object-Oriented + Object-Oriented

Procedural

Memory Manual (malloc/free) Manual (new/delete) Automatic (Garbage

Management Collection)

Platform Platform-dependent Platform-dependent Platform-independent

(JVM)

Exception Not built-in Supports try-catch Built-in exception

Handling handling

Compilation Compiled to machine Compiled to machine Compiled to bytecode

code code (JVM)

3. Program Internal

●​ Source Code: Java programs are written in .java files.

●​ Compilation: The Java compiler (javac) compiles the source code into bytecode.
●​ JVM Execution: The bytecode is then executed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
●​ Platform Independence: The JVM allows the bytecode to run on any platform, making Java
cross-platform.

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4. What is JDK, JRE, JVM?

●​ JDK (Java Development Kit): A software development kit that contains the necessary tools
for developing Java applications, including the compiler (javac), debugger, and JRE.
●​ JRE (Java Runtime Environment): A runtime environment that includes libraries and the
JVM to run Java applications.
●​ JVM (Java Virtual Machine): The engine that runs Java bytecode and provides platform
independence.

5. JDK Download and Path Setting

1.​ Download JDK: Visit Oracle’s official website to download the JDK.
2.​ Path Setting:
○​ Windows:
■​ Set JAVA_HOME environment variable to JDK's installation path.
■​ Add JAVA_HOME/bin to the PATH system variable.
○​ Linux/Mac:

In the .bashrc or .zshrc file, add:​

bash​
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export JAVA_HOME=/path/to/jdk
export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH

■​

To verify the installation, run:​

bash​
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java -version

○​

6. What is a Class?

In Java, a class is a template or blueprint used to create objects. It defines the properties (fields) and
behaviors (methods) that the objects created from it will have.

Example:
java
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class Car {
String model;
int year;

void displayInfo() {

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 System.out.println("Model: " + model + ", Year: " + year);
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Car myCar = new Car();
myCar.model = "Tesla";
myCar.year = 2022;
myCar.displayInfo(); // Output: Model: Tesla, Year: 2022
}
}

7. What is an Object?

An object is an instance of a class. It holds the data (state) and methods (behavior) that are defined in
the class.

Example:
java
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class Dog {
String name;

void bark() {
System.out.println(name + " is barking!");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Dog myDog = new Dog(); // Object of Dog class
myDog.name = "Buddy";
myDog.bark(); // Output: Buddy is barking!
}
}

8. Hello Java Program

A simple program to display "Hello, World!" in Java.

java

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public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, World!"); // Output: Hello,
World!
}
}

9. Data Types

Java supports eight primitive data types:

1.​ byte: 1 byte

2.​ short: 2 bytes
3.​ int: 4 bytes
4.​ long: 8 bytes
5.​ float: 4 bytes
6.​ double: 8 bytes
7.​ char: 2 bytes
8.​ boolean: 1 byte

Example:
java
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public class DataTypesExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 10; // Integer
double pi = 3.14; // Double
char letter = 'A'; // Character
boolean isJavaFun = true; // Boolean

System.out.println("Integer: " + x);

System.out.println("Double: " + pi);
System.out.println("Character: " + letter);
System.out.println("Boolean: " + isJavaFun);
}
}

10. Variables

Variables in Java are used to store data. Java supports different types of variables:

●​ Local Variables: Declared inside methods.

●​ Instance Variables: Declared inside a class but outside methods.

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 ●​ Class Variables: Declared with the static keyword.

Example:
java
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public class VariableExample {
int instanceVar = 5; // Instance variable

public void display() {

int localVar = 10; // Local variable
System.out.println("Local Variable: " + localVar);
System.out.println("Instance Variable: " + instanceVar);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

VariableExample obj = new VariableExample();
obj.display();
}
}

11. Memory Management

Java has automatic memory management, which is handled by the Garbage Collector (GC). The GC
automatically removes objects that are no longer in use to free up memory.

Example:
java
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public class GarbageCollectionExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = new String("Garbage Collection");
str = null; // Nullifying the reference to let GC clear the
object
System.gc(); // Request garbage collection (not guaranteed
to run immediately)
}
}

12. Keywords

Keywords are reserved words in Java that have a predefined meaning and cannot be used as
identifiers. Examples include class, public, private, static, final, etc.

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Example:
java
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public class KeywordsExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
final int MAX_VALUE = 100; // 'final' keyword
System.out.println(MAX_VALUE); // Output: 100
}
}

13. Scanner Class

The Scanner class is used to get input from the user.

Example:
java
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import java.util.Scanner;

public class ScannerExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter your name: ");

String name = sc.nextLine();

System.out.println("Enter your age: ");

int age = sc.nextInt();

System.out.println("Name: " + name + ", Age: " + age);

}
}

14. Java Control Statements

Control statements in Java help control the flow of execution in a program:

●​ if, if-else: Conditional statements.

●​ switch-case: Switch control structure.
●​ for, while, do-while: Looping structures.

Example:
java

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public class ControlStatementsExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// if-else example
int age = 18;
if (age >= 18) {
System.out.println("You are eligible to vote.");
} else {
System.out.println("You are not eligible to vote.");
}

// switch-case example
int day = 3;
switch (day) {
case 1:
System.out.println("Monday");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("Tuesday");
break;
case 3:
System.out.println("Wednesday");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Invalid day");
}
}
}

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PART - II

1. Packages

In Java, a package is a namespace that organizes classes and interfaces. Packages are used to avoid
name conflicts and to control access. They can be classified as built-in packages (like java.util
and java.io) or user-defined packages.

Example:
java
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// User-defined package example
package com.example;

public class MyClass {

public void display() {
System.out.println("Hello from MyClass in a package!");
}
}

To use the package:

java
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import com.example.MyClass;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyClass obj = new MyClass();
obj.display();
}
}

2. Access Modifiers

Access modifiers are keywords used to define the accessibility of classes, methods, and variables.
Java has four types of access modifiers:

●​ private: Accessible only within the same class.

●​ default (no modifier): Accessible within the same package.
●​ protected: Accessible within the same package and subclasses.

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 ●​ public: Accessible from any class.

Example:
java
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public class AccessModifiersExample {
private int privateVar = 10; // Accessible only within this
class
int defaultVar = 20; // Accessible within the same
package
protected int protectedVar = 30; // Accessible within the same
package and subclasses
public int publicVar = 40; // Accessible from any class
}

3. Methods

Methods in Java are blocks of code that perform a specific task. Methods have a name, a return type,
and parameters.

Types of Methods:

●​ Instance Method: Requires an object to invoke.

●​ Static Method: Can be invoked without an object, using the class name.

Example:
java
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public class MethodExample {
// Instance Method
public void greet() {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}

// Static Method
public static void staticMethod() {
System.out.println("Static method called!");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

MethodExample obj = new MethodExample();
obj.greet(); // Calling instance method

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 MethodExample.staticMethod(); // Calling static method
}
}

4. Java OOP's Concept

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects,"

which contain data and methods. The four fundamental concepts of OOP in Java are:

●​ Class: Blueprint for creating objects.

●​ Object: Instance of a class.
●​ Inheritance: Mechanism of acquiring properties from parent class.
●​ Polymorphism: Ability to take multiple forms (method overloading and overriding).
●​ Abstraction: Hiding the implementation details and showing only the functionality.
●​ Encapsulation: Wrapping of data and code together.

5. Inheritance

Inheritance allows one class to inherit the properties and behaviors of another class.

IS-A Relationship

An object of a subclass is a type of its superclass.

HAS-A Relationship

A class has an instance of another class.

Example of IS-A (Inheritance):

java
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class Animal {
void eat() {
System.out.println("Eating...");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

void bark() {
System.out.println("Barking...");
}
}

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public class InheritanceExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Dog dog = new Dog();
dog.eat(); // Inherited method
dog.bark(); // Dog's own method
}
}

6. Polymorphism

Polymorphism is the ability of a single method to perform different tasks. It can be of two types:

1.​ Compile-time Polymorphism (Method Overloading)

2.​ Runtime Polymorphism (Method Overriding)

Method Overloading (Compile-time Polymorphism)

java
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class Printer {
void print(int i) {
System.out.println("Printing integer: " + i);
}

void print(String s) {
System.out.println("Printing string: " + s);
}
}

public class OverloadingExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Printer p = new Printer();
p.print(10); // Calls print(int)
p.print("Hello"); // Calls print(String)
}
}

Method Overriding (Runtime Polymorphism)

java
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class Animal {
void sound() {

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 System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

@Override
void sound() {
System.out.println("Dog barks");
}
}

public class PolymorphismExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Animal animal = new Dog();
animal.sound(); // Calls Dog's overridden method
}
}

7. Abstraction

Abstraction is the concept of hiding the implementation details and showing only the necessary
functionality. It can be achieved using:

●​ Abstract Class
●​ Interface

Abstract Class Example:

java
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abstract class Animal {
abstract void sound(); // Abstract method

void eat() {
System.out.println("Eating...");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

@Override
void sound() {
System.out.println("Barking...");

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 }
}

public class AbstractionExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Dog dog = new Dog();
dog.sound();
dog.eat();
}
}

Interface Example:
java
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interface Animal {
void sound();
}

class Dog implements Animal {

@Override
public void sound() {
System.out.println("Barking...");
}
}

public class InterfaceExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Animal dog = new Dog();
dog.sound();
}
}

8. Encapsulation

Encapsulation is the process of wrapping data (variables) and code (methods) into a single unit. It is
achieved by providing access to the data using getter and setter methods.

Example:
java
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class Person {

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 private String name;
private int age;

// Getter method
public String getName() {
return name;
}

// Setter method
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}

public int getAge() {

return age;
}

public void setAge(int age) {

this.age = age;
}
}

public class EncapsulationExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Person person = new Person();
person.setName("John");
person.setAge(25);

System.out.println("Name: " + person.getName());

System.out.println("Age: " + person.getAge());
}
}

9. this and super, final Keywords

this Keyword

Used to refer to the current instance of the class.

super Keyword

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Used to refer to the parent class constructor or methods.

final Keyword

Used to declare constants, prevent method overriding, or inheritance.

Example:
java
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class Parent {
void display() {
System.out.println("Parent class display");
}
}

class Child extends Parent {

@Override
void display() {
super.display(); // Calling parent method
System.out.println("Child class display");
}
}

public class KeywordExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Child child = new Child();
child.display(); // Calls both parent and child method
}
}

10. Constructor

A constructor is a special method used to initialize objects. It is called when an object of a class is
created.

Types of Constructors:

●​ Default Constructor: A constructor with no parameters.

●​ Parameterized Constructor: A constructor with parameters.

Example:
java
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class Car {
String model;
int year;

// Parameterized constructor
Car(String m, int y) {
model = m;
year = y;
}

void display() {
System.out.println("Model: " + model + ", Year: " + year);
}
}

public class ConstructorExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Car car = new Car("Tesla", 2022);
car.display(); // Output: Model: Tesla, Year: 2022
}
}

11. this() and super() Keywords

●​ this(): Refers to the current class constructor.

●​ super(): Refers to the parent class constructor.

Example:
java
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class Animal {
Animal() {
System.out.println("Animal constructor");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

Dog() {
super(); // Calling parent class constructor
System.out.println("Dog constructor");
}

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}

public class ConstructorExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Dog dog = new Dog();
}
}

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PART - III

1. Java Array

An array is a collection of elements of the same type, stored in contiguous memory locations. It can be
of any data type (primitive or object).

Types of Arrays:

●​ Single-dimensional array: A simple list of elements.

●​ Multidimensional array: Arrays containing other arrays (2D, 3D, etc.).

Example:
java
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// Single-dimensional array
int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

// Accessing elements
System.out.println(numbers[0]); // Output: 1

// Multidimensional array (2D)

int[][] matrix = {{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6}};

// Accessing elements of 2D array

System.out.println(matrix[1][0]); // Output: 3

2. Arrays Class

The Arrays class provides various utility methods for array manipulation like sorting, searching,
and filling.

Common Methods:

●​ sort(): Sorts an array.

●​ binarySearch(): Searches an array for a specific element.
●​ copyOf(): Copies an array.
●​ equals(): Checks if two arrays are equal.

Example:
java
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import java.util.Arrays;

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public class ArraysExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] numbers = {5, 1, 3, 2, 4};

// Sorting the array

Arrays.sort(numbers);
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(numbers)); // Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

// Searching for an element

int index = Arrays.binarySearch(numbers, 3);
System.out.println("Index of 3: " + index); // Output: 2

// Copying the array

int[] copiedArray = Arrays.copyOf(numbers, numbers.length);
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(copiedArray)); //
Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
}
}

3. String

A String in Java is an object that represents a sequence of characters. Strings are immutable,
meaning once created, their values cannot be changed.

Common String Methods:

●​ length(): Returns the length of the string.

●​ substring(): Extracts a substring.
●​ equals(): Checks if two strings are equal.
●​ toUpperCase(), toLowerCase(): Converts string case.
●​ charAt(): Returns the character at a specific position.

Example:
java
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public class StringExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "Hello, World!";

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 System.out.println("Length: " + str.length()); // Output:
13
System.out.println("Substring: " + str.substring(0, 5)); //
Output: Hello
System.out.println("To Upper Case: " + str.toUpperCase());
// Output: HELLO, WORLD!
}
}

4. StringBuffer and StringBuilder

●​ StringBuffer: Mutable string class designed for thread-safety (slower performance due to
synchronization).
●​ StringBuilder: Mutable string class designed for faster performance (not thread-safe).

Example:
java
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public class StringBufferBuilderExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Hello");
sb.append(", World!");
System.out.println(sb); // Output: Hello, World!

StringBuilder sb2 = new StringBuilder("Java");

sb2.append(" Programming");
System.out.println(sb2); // Output: Java Programming
}
}

5. Exception Handling

Exception handling in Java is managed using try, catch, finally, throw, and throws
keywords.

Common Keywords:

●​ try: Code that may throw an exception.

●​ catch: Catches the exception.
●​ finally: Executes after try/catch, used for cleanup.
●​ throw: Throws an exception explicitly.

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 ●​ throws: Declares exceptions that a method might throw.

Example:
java
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public class ExceptionExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int result = 10 / 0; // ArithmeticException
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
} finally {
System.out.println("This will always execute");
}
}
}

6. File Handling

File handling in Java is done using File, FileReader, FileWriter, BufferedReader, and
BufferedWriter.

Example:
java
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import java.io.*;

public class FileHandlingExample {

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
// Writing to a file
FileWriter writer = new FileWriter("example.txt");
writer.write("Hello, File Handling!");
writer.close();

// Reading from a file

BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new
FileReader("example.txt"));
String line = reader.readLine();
System.out.println("File content: " + line);
reader.close();
}

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}

7. Multithreading

Multithreading is the concurrent execution of more than one part of a program to maximize CPU
utilization.

Common Concepts:

●​ Thread Creation: Implement Runnable or extend Thread class.

●​ Synchronization: Ensures that only one thread can access a resource at a time.

Example:
java
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class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
System.out.println("Thread is running");
}
}

public class ThreadExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread thread = new MyThread();
thread.start(); // Start the thread
}
}

8. Inner Class

An inner class is a class defined within another class. It can be of several types: static inner class,
non-static inner class, local inner class, and anonymous inner class.

Example:
java
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class OuterClass {
int outerVar = 10;

class InnerClass {
void display() {

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 System.out.println("Outer Variable: " + outerVar);
}
}
}

public class InnerClassExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
OuterClass outer = new OuterClass();
OuterClass.InnerClass inner = outer.new InnerClass();
inner.display(); // Output: Outer Variable: 10
}
}

9. Object Class

The Object class is the root of the Java class hierarchy. Every class in Java inherits from the
Object class.

Common Methods:

●​ toString(): Returns the string representation of an object.

●​ equals(): Compares two objects for equality.
●​ hashCode(): Returns the hash code of the object.

Example:
java
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class Person {
String name;
int age;

Person(String name, int age) {

this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}

@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person[name=" + name + ", age=" + age + "]";
}
}

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public class ObjectClassExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Person p = new Person("John", 25);
System.out.println(p.toString()); // Output:
Person[name=John, age=25]
}
}

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PART - IV

1. Wrapper Class

Wrapper classes allow primitive types to be represented as objects. Java provides wrapper classes for
each primitive type.

Common Methods:

●​ valueOf(): Converts primitive to wrapper object.

●​ parse<Type>(): Converts string to primitive type.
●​ toString(): Converts wrapper object to string.
●​ equals(): Compares wrapper objects for equality.

Example:
java
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public class WrapperClassExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer i = Integer.valueOf(100);
System.out.println(i.toString()); // Output: 100
}
}

2. Collection Framework

Java's Collection Framework is a set of classes and interfaces that implement commonly reusable
collection data structures. It includes:

●​ List: Ordered collection (e.g., ArrayList, LinkedList).

●​ Set: Unordered collection (e.g., HashSet).
●​ Queue: Collection for holding elements before processing (e.g., PriorityQueue).
●​ Map: Collection of key-value pairs (e.g., HashMap).

Example (ArrayList - List):

java
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import java.util.*;

public class CollectionExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();

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 list.add("Apple");
list.add("Banana");
System.out.println(list); // Output: [Apple, Banana]
}
}

3. Collections Class

The Collections class provides static methods for sorting, searching, and manipulating
collections.

Common Methods:

●​ sort(): Sorts a collection.

●​ reverse(): Reverses a list.
●​ shuffle(): Randomly shuffles a list.

Example:
java
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import java.util.*;

public class CollectionsExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9);
Collections.sort(list);
System.out.println(list); // Output: [1, 1, 3, 4, 5, 9]
}
}

4. Comparable and Comparator Interfaces

●​ Comparable: Used for defining a natural ordering of objects.

●​ Comparator: Used for defining multiple ways to order objects.

Example (Comparable):
java
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class Student implements Comparable<Student> {
int age;
String name;

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 Student(int age, String name) {
this.age = age;
this.name = name;
}

@Override
public int compareTo(Student other) {
return this.age - other.age;
}
}

public class ComparableExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
List<Student> students = Arrays.asList(new Student(20,
"Alice"), new Student(18, "Bob"));
Collections.sort(students);
for (Student s : students) {
System.out.println(s.name + " " + s.age);
}
}
}

4o mini

You said:
continue Part IV

ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT

PART - IV (Continued)

5. Map Interface

The Map interface represents a collection of key-value pairs. Common implementations include
HashMap, TreeMap, and LinkedHashMap.

Methods in Map:

●​ put(): Adds a key-value pair.

●​ get(): Retrieves the value associated with a key.
●​ remove(): Removes a key-value pair.

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 ●​ containsKey(): Checks if the map contains a specified key.
●​ keySet(): Returns a set view of the keys.
●​ values(): Returns a collection view of the values.

Example (HashMap):
java
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import java.util.*;

public class MapExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Map<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
map.put("Alice", 25);
map.put("Bob", 30);
System.out.println(map.get("Alice")); // Output: 25
System.out.println(map.containsKey("Bob")); // Output: true
System.out.println(map.keySet()); // Output: [Alice, Bob]
}
}

6. Hashtable

Hashtable is a collection of key-value pairs, similar to HashMap, but it is synchronized and

thread-safe. However, it is slower than HashMap.

Methods in Hashtable:

●​ put(): Inserts a key-value pair.

●​ get(): Retrieves a value based on the key.
●​ remove(): Removes a key-value pair.

Example (Hashtable):
java
Copy code
import java.util.*;

public class HashtableExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Hashtable<String, Integer> table = new Hashtable<>();
table.put("John", 40);
table.put("Mary", 35);
System.out.println(table.get("John")); // Output: 40

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 table.remove("Mary");
System.out.println(table); // Output: {John=40}
}
}

7. Java JDBC (Java Database Connectivity)

JDBC is a Java API for connecting and executing queries with a database. It provides methods for
querying and updating data, and managing database connections.

Steps in JDBC:

1.​ Load JDBC Driver: Load the database driver.

2.​ Establish Connection: Connect to the database.
3.​ Create Statement: Prepare a statement to execute SQL queries.
4.​ Execute Query: Execute the SQL query.
5.​ Process Results: Retrieve and process the results.
6.​ Close Connection: Close the connection to the database.

Example (JDBC Connection to MySQL):

java
Copy code
import java.sql.*;

public class JdbcExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
// Load the driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");

// Establish connection
Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(
"jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydatabase", "root",
"password");

// Create statement
Statement statement = connection.createStatement();

// Execute query
ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery("SELECT *
FROM users");

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 // Process results
while (resultSet.next()) {
System.out.println("ID: " + resultSet.getInt("id"));
System.out.println("Name: " +
resultSet.getString("name"));
}

// Close connection
connection.close();

} catch (ClassNotFoundException | SQLException e) {

e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

8. Collection Framework Summary

The Collection Framework is a powerful set of interfaces and classes for handling groups of objects
in Java. It enables the storage, retrieval, and manipulation of collections of objects. Here's a summary
of key components:

●​ Interfaces:
○​ Collection: The root interface in the collection hierarchy.
○​ List: A sequence of elements (e.g., ArrayList, LinkedList).
○​ Set: A collection of unique elements (e.g., HashSet).
○​ Queue: A collection used to hold elements before processing (e.g.,
PriorityQueue).
○​ Map: A collection of key-value pairs (e.g., HashMap).
●​ Classes:
○​ ArrayList: A resizable array implementation of the List interface.
○​ HashSet: A Set implementation backed by a hash table.
○​ PriorityQueue: A queue where elements are ordered based on priority.
○​ HashMap: A Map implementation based on a hash table.
●​ Utility Class:
○​ Collections: Provides static methods to operate on collections (e.g., sort(),
reverse()).

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9. Conclusion

Java provides a robust set of tools for managing data, handling exceptions, working with threads, and
interacting with databases. The Collection Framework and JDBC enable developers to efficiently
manage and query data, while Exception Handling ensures that Java programs are more robust and
easier to debug.

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